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#Micromeritics

Introduction

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5 views

#Micromeritics

Introduction

Uploaded by

usmanxan920
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Micromeritics

Introduction:
The science and technology of small particles is micromeritics and it
was named by Dalle Valle .
In micromeritics we study about a number of characteristics,
including particle size and distribution, shape, angle of repose, porosity,
true volume, bulk volume, apparent density, and bulkiness.
Determination of particle size is very essential in several industries
because the physical characteristics that must be selected and
controlled from the raw material source to the final product. For most
formulations (!that include particles) there is an optimum particle size .
Typical collection of particles have irregular size and shapes. To obtain
particle size information we may use different techniques.
Micromeritics offers different instruments that use different technology
to measure particle size.

Particle size:
Size, volume, shape ( length, breadth, height) and surface area
properties emphasize the term particles. Dimensions of solid powders,
liquid particles and gas bubbles mostly use the term particle size.
In a polydisperse sample ( collection of particles of more than one size )
following two properties are important:
(a) the shape and surface area of each particle
(b) the size range and total surface area
Particle size is expressed as equivalent spherical diameter to correlate
with the size of particles to that of sphere with diameter, surface area
or volume.
Unit: Unit used to express particles size is micrometer (µm) also
known as micron. ( 1 micrometer =1×10^-⁶ meters). Other unit used is
milli micron ( nanometers).

 Control of the size and the size ranges of particles are of great
importance in pharmacy.
 particle size is related to the physical, pharmacological and
chemical properties of drugs.

US standards for particle size


Methods to determine Particle Size

1.Microscopy:
microscopy is used to measure smaller particle size in accurate way.
By this method, we can look the shape of particle as well as check
dispersion in sample.
This method is reasonably cheap.
It provides image analysis that can be used to examine discrete
particles

Limitations:
Diameter of the particle is obtained from only length and breadth
( Two-dimensional) and doesn't allow for estimation of thickness of
particles.

OPTICAL MICROSCOPY:
It is used for the measurement of particles whose size ranges from 0.25
µm to 100 µm.
This is used in particle size determination in suspensions, aerosols and
globule size of emulsion.
Particle size is expressed as projected diameter.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY:
It uses highly energetic electrons of beam for determination of very fine
size of particles (upto 0.2 µm).
It has higher resolving power than optical microscope that allows
examination of very small objects.
It has high magnification that allows examination of each particle.
We can measure particle shape.

SEM( Scanning Electron Microscopy) and TEM (Transmission


Electron Microscopy):
By SEM ( Scanning Electron Microscopy) and TEM (Transmission
Electron Microscopy) particles size and surface area can be
determined by using electron beam.
SEM and TEM allows to measure particle size from 0.001 to 5 µm.
3-dimensional image of particles is obtained.
Limitation:
It is very expensive and requires trained operator.

2.SEIVING METHOD:

By this method we can measure particles size from 5 to 12,000 µm.


It is simpler and cost-effective method for particles shape analysis
than microscope.
AIR-JET SEIVING METHOD:

By this method we can message particles size below 40 µm.


A schematic diagram of air jet seiving

SEDIMENTATION METHOD:

It measures rate of settlement of particles of particular uniformly


dispersed in fluid.
Particle size range can be measured from 1 to 200 µm by this
process.

3.DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING METHOD:


It is also known as photon correlation spectroscopy or quasi-elastic
light scattering.
It is non invasive method for measuring particle size submicron
particles to 1 nm.
It is used for evaluation of samples such as polymers, protein,
micelles, carbohydrates, nano particles and emulsions.

4.ELECTRONIC SCANNING ZONE( COULTER COUNTER):


It is most accurate method and can measure particle size from 0.1
to 1000 µm.

Working principle of coulter COUNTER

5.CASCADE IMPACTOR:
It works on the principle of law of inertia.
When sedimentation technique is inadequate for measurement of
small particles it is good method.
It can measure the particle size from 0.1 to 100 µm.

A schematic representation of Cascade Impactor


6.LASER DIFFRACTION:
Particles size from 0.0001 to 1000 µm can be measured by this
method.
We measure particle size by measuring the angular variatioins
intensity of light scattered when a laser beam enters across
dispersed sample.

7.ELUTRIATION:
It separates the particles depending on their particle size, shape
and density. Process of reverse gravity sedimentation is followed
by this method. By this method we separate fine and coarse
particles from overflow liquid or fluid and suspended fluid or liquid.
It can measure the particle size of less than 1 µm.

8.Acoustic Spectroscopy:
The work is based on principles of sonication in acoustic
spectroscopy. Ellectric field is applied to sample and sound waves
interacts with samples. The resultant attenuation is converted to
size.
By this method we can analyze the particle size in the range of 0.01
to 0.10 µm.

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