Charter 01

CHARTER 01
INDUSTRY PROFILE
Retail refers to the activity of selling goods or services directly to consumers or

end users Some retailers may sell to bo6iness customers, and such sales are
termed non retail activi\y. In some)urisdicrions or regions, legal definitions of
‹etail specify thet at leest 80 pement of seles ac¥iviTy must be to endmsers.
Retailing often occurs in retail stores or servlce establishments, dut may also
occurltirough direct selling such as through vending machines, door to-door
sales or electronic channels. Although the idea of rmail is often associated wlth
the purchase of goods, the term may be applied to service providers that aell
to consumers. eetail Bernice provi6erB include retail basking, tourism,
insurence, pnvete heahhcere, private education, private gecurily fiW4. lagal
firms, @MbIlshers, pubTlc transport, and others. For example, a 1ourIsm
provlder might have a re1aiI division that books travel and accommodatlon for
consumers plus a wholesale dlvisJon that purchases blocks of accommodalion,
hospitality. transport. and sightseeing which are subsequently packaged inlo a
holiday tour for sale to retail travel agents.
Some retailers badge their stores as ”wholesale outlets- offering ”wholesale
prices.” While this practice may encourage consumers to imagine that they
have access to lower pfices, vrhile being prepared \o trade-ofl reduced prices
for cremped in store environments, in a strictly legal sense, a store that sells
the mefority of its rnerChendiee directly to conswerB, iB defined as e reteiler
rather then e wJnOIeaeIe‹. Oifferent junsdicsons set puameters fw the ratio of
consumer to buGlnesa sales that deflne a retail business.
eetail markets have existed 8inCe ancient times. AFch8eological evidence for
trade, probably ‹n'rolxing barter systems, dates back more then 1Q.000 yeers.
As eiv‹IizatIons grew, berter was replaced with reiail trade Involving coinage.
Selllng and buying are ihought to have emerged In Asla Hlnor (modern Turkey)
In around the 7th millennium BCE. In ancient Greece, markets operated wlthin
ihe agora. an open space where. on market days. goods were displayed on
mats or temporary stalls. In ancient Rome, trade tool place in the forum. The
Roman forum was arguably the earliest example of e permanent retail shop-
front
Research from July 200B suggests that China exhibited a rish history of early
retail systems.From as early as 200 BCE, Chinøae'pác@ğÍng en'd örgnding were
ueed tg signal femiÇ, pleçe neme'$ and product quTity, and The uee õf
government imposed poduct breeding wea used between 600 end 900 CA
GckharT and Bengtsaon havg argued that during thø Bang dynasty (960-I127),
Chinaàe society.developed a con8umêrisl cuhure, where a hlgh level óf
consumption was attainable for a wlde variety of ord nary consumers rather
than Just the elute.
Tn Med‹evaT England and Eurepe, relatively /ew permanent shops were to be
found: insteed, ¢vstomers walked inns the tradesman’s woitähops where they
discussed purchäsińg options directly with tradesmen In Chi more populous
cities. a ømeTT number of ehopB were beginning to emerge by The 4 3sh
century. Outside Thø ma¡o'r čities, rrtoet 0ońsurrtabTe purchases mere made
through ma4cets or fglrs.Merkei-places appear to have emerged independently
outwde Europe. the Grand Ba2aar In TgtanbuI is often cited as the weld’s oldest
contlnuõusly operaLng market; its construction began in 1455. The Spanlsh
conquistadors *rote glowlngly of markets in the Americas. In the 1Sth century,
the Mexlca łAztec) market of Tlatelolco was the larqes ›n all the
Americas.
The modem ere of retailing is defined g6 the period from the indu$triaI
reveIu‹ien to the 216t Century.In major citieB, the degørtmenz store Emerged
iń the mid- to Tgze 4 R h cenwry, and permànentty reBh sped ańogpin g hebñs,
and redefined concepts of service and luxury. Idany of the early deoanment
sto‹es wefe mere than just 'a reta1 emporiam; rather they were venues *heré
shoğpers could spend \heir leisure time ąnd be eń\enained Retall, using mail
order, cam'e ef ege during the mid 19th œntury. Althou@ cæalogue sales had
been uBed sinc• ‹he T sth œ'ntury, this method of relailing was čońfin'ed To a
few industrieB arch ad the áaTe' ef booke and seeds. However. Improvements
in transport and postal servioøe Ta-d several entrepreneurs on eithe side of tke
atIant›c to expaiiment wah catalogue saws.
In ‹he poet war perœd. an American architect, Victor Gruen developed a
concept for a shopplng maIŁ a planned. self comalned shopping cõmplex
complete with an Indoor plaza; siatues, p!antińg schemes, plped music 'and car
parX*ng. Grueo’s vi6\on was to create a shopgiog atmosphere where peogle
felt so oomtortable, they would spend möre tlme in the envlronment, thereby
enhancing ogportunitin fõr purchasing. The Łrst of these malls
» •ao a se u ed uaii u 0@roİt in 1954. Threughow the twentieth century, a
trend towerds lerger stere togtprints became discernible. The.average size ot a
U S. superruarł‹et grew from 31,000 sguarg feet (2,900 m2) sguare łeel in 1991
to 44,000 square feet (4,100 m2) sgvare feet in 2000.By the énd of the
tweńtieth Century. stores were usin9 lab8le such aB ”fTfegø•stg/B" and
’warehouse" atorea to reflect iheif growing size. The ugward trend of increasing
retgiT spece bag not čon'aJstent across nations and led in the early 21st
century la a 2-fold difference m sQuare footage per capita been Ge Unitad
8t8tes and Europe.
As the 21st century takes shape, some Andf cations suggest 1ha1 large re\aiI
stores have eome under inoreasing pres sure trem online sales models ard that
reductlons in siore size are evldent. Undèr such competition and uther i66ues
such a's' buśiness debt, there has been a noted búsinës 6 diàruption c'alled the
rêtàil apocalypse ir recem beers which several retøiT bupine6sæ. esggciøTŞ in
Nort h Ameriçg. are $h àrgly reducing thefr numlaer òf øtgres, õr goin'g out óf
business entirely .
Retail Gro+ips
1. G4Iman Inc .
- ke enue: $524 b‹|iion t2022}
' Em probe s: 2.3 mill a t+
- Branus: W alrrjart, Barry’s C I+ab. Asda
- Rewnue: S5 4 a I\ion Tzg 2s}
E m Qoyees- 1.6 mlTl•on
- Brands: Amazoo, Whoie £ oods Mai ed Zappc s
. Co stco Wholesale Uorgoration
' Re¥en ue: S195 bullion (zB22›
-Em¥gee«:395.009
- Brandg: t•osico. hlrkisnd S'9nature
Rem ue: $1€I6 billion {2B 22}
-Empres:3K.000
Br anda: TargeL ShJpr
S. some Depot. inc
•Rem ue: S1 5 T billion f2B22}
- Em pipes: 490.000
•BI anas! Home Deoot, eent
- Run ue: S.a 1 bil lit (z02z)
- E makes: S20.000
•Brandt: TJ M axx, MattfialTa, HomeEoods

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CHARTER 01

Retail refers to the activity of selling goods or services directly to consumers or

- ke enue: $524 b‹|iion t2022}

' Em probe s: 2.3 mill a t+

- Branus: W alrrjart, Barry’s C I+ab. Asda

- Rewnue: S5 4 a I\ion Tzg 2s}

E m Qoyees- 1.6 mlTl•on

- Brands: Amazoo, Whoie £ oods Mai ed Zappc s

. Co stco Wholesale Uorgoration

' Re¥en ue: S195 bullion (zB22›

- Brandg: t•osico. hlrkisnd S'9nature

Rem ue: $1€I6 billion {2B 22}

S. some Depot. inc

•Rem ue: S1 5 T billion f2B22}

•BI anas! Home Deoot, eent

- Run ue: S.a 1 bil lit (z02z)

•Brandt: TJ M axx, MattfialTa, HomeEoods

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