Department of : Subject

of:
Computer Systems Operating Systems Design
Engineering Concepts
Mehran University of Year 3RD Semeste 5TH
Engineering & r
Technology Batc 17CS Duratio 03
h n Hour
Jamshoro s

Lab 2: Installation of Linux Distribution

Outlines
• Linux
• Uses of Linux OS
• Basic Linux Features
• Kernel Mode Vs User Mode
• Linux System Architecture
• Linux File System
• Linux Distributions
• Introduction to Ubuntu OS
• Ubuntu Minimum System Requirements
• Installing Ubuntu
• Exercise

Requirements
• Computer System
• Operating System Ubuntu 16.04.1 Desktop Iso Image
• Wubi Installer
• USB minimum 8GB space
• Universal USB Installer/ Power ISO

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LINUX
 Linux was developed by "Linus Torvalds" at the University of
Helsinki, with the help of UNIX programmers from across the
Internet.
 Just like Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Mac OS X,
Linux is an operating system and usually comes bundled with
free and open source software.
 Linux is a generic term referring to Unix-like computer
operating systems based on the Linux kernel.
 The development of Linux is one of the most prominent
examples of free and open source software collaboration;
typically, all the underlying source code can be used, freely
modified, and redistributed by anyone.
 Linux is an open-source, free operating system that we will be
used to better understand the concepts and techniques in this
operating systems course. Linux is written primarily in C
Language.
 From smartphones to cars, supercomputers and home
appliances, the Linux operating system is everywhere.
 Linux is actually everywhere. It’s in your phones, in your cars,
in your refrigerators. It runs most of the Internet, the
supercomputers making scientific breakthroughs, and the
world's stock exchanges. But before Linux became the
platform to run desktops, servers, and embedded systems
across the globe, it was (and still is) one of the most reliable,
secure, and worry-free operating systems available.
 Unix is an operating system that originated at Bell Labs in

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 1969 as an interactive time-sharing system.
 Unix became the first operating system written in the C language.

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USES OF LINUX OS
• Linux is used for a variety of applications
• File and Print Server
• E-mail Server
• Fax Server
• Internet Gateway
• Database Server
• ISP Server
• Application Server
• Desktop OS

BASIC LINUX FEATURES

Linux systems excel in many areas, ranging from end user concern

such as stability, speed, and ease of use, to serious concerns such as

development and networking. Some important feature of Linux are:

• Multiprogramming, Multitasking, Timesharing, Multiuser

• High speed
• Support for programming languages
• Virtual memory • Licensing
• Shared libraries
• Portable
• Open Source
• Hierarchical File System
• Shell
• Security

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KERNEL MODE VS USER MODE

 In Kernel mode, the executing code has complete and

unrestricted access to the underlying hardware. It can execute
any CPU instruction and reference any memory address.
Kernel mode is generally reserved for the lowest-level, most
trusted functions of the operating system. Crashes in kernel
mode are catastrophic; they will halt the entire PC.
 User programs and other system programs works in User
Mode which has no access to system hardware and kernel
code.

LINUX SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The architecture of a Linux System consists of the following layers:

USER INTERFACE
The user interface (UI) is everything designed into an information
device with which a human being may interact. Two types CLI
(Command line interface) and GUI (Graphical User Interface).

SHELL

An interface to kernel; hides complexity of kernel’s functions from users.

Takes commands from user and executes kernel’s functions.

KERNEL

This is the one piece of the whole that is actually called “Linux”.
Kernel is a Core component of operating system, interacts directly
with hardware and provides low level services to upper layer
components. The central nervous system of the Linux is kernel, the

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operating system code that runs the whole computer.

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The kernel is the core of the system and manages the CPU, memory,
and peripheral devices.

HARDWARE LAYER:

Hardware consists of all peripheral devices (RAM/ HDD/ CPU etc).

LINUX FILE SYSTEM

The way the files of an operating system are organized on the disk.
All the files are grouped together in the directory structure. The
file-system is arranged in a hierarchical structure, like an inverted
tree. The top of the hierarchy is traditionally called root (written as
a slash /). Linux sorts directories descending from the root directory
according to their importance to the boot process. The File system
hierarchy standard (FHS) governs the unified file system for Linux
by defining a standard set of directories, sub-directories and files.
Linux is case sensitive operating system.

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LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS
Linux has a number of different versions to suit nearly any type of
user. From new users to hard-core users, you’ll find a “flavor” of
Linux to match your needs. These versions are called distributions
(or, in the short form, “distros.”) Nearly every distribution of Linux
can be downloaded for free, burned onto disk (or USB thumb drive),
and installed (on as many machines as you like).

The most popular Linux distributions are:

 Ubuntu Linux
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  Linux Mint

 Arch Linux

 Deepin

 Fedora

 Debian

 openSUSE.

Each distribution has a different take on the desktop. Some opt

for very modern user interfaces such as Ubuntu whereas others
stick with a more traditional desktop environment openSUSE.

INTRODUCTION TO UBUNTU OS
Ubuntu is an ancient African word meaning 'humanity to others'.
Ubuntu is a Debian based Linux operating system (Debian is a
computer operating system that is composed entirely of free software) with
Unity as its default desktop environment. Ubuntu is composed of
many software packages, the majority of which are free software.
Free software gives users the freedom to
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study, adapt/modify, and distribute it. Ubuntu can also run
proprietary software. Ubuntu comes installed with a wide range of
software that includes LibreOffice, Firefox, Empathy, Transmission,
and several lightweight games (such as Sudoku and chess). Ubuntu
Official started sending out free compact discs with Ubuntu Linux in
2004 and quickly became popular for home users (many switching
from Microsoft Windows).

Why use Linux

This is the one question that most people ask. Why bother learning a
completely different computing environment, when the operating
system that ships with most desktops, laptops, and servers works
just fine? To answer that question, here is one another question.
Does that operating system you’re currently
using really work “just fine”? Or are you constantly battling viruses,
malware,
slowdowns, crashes, costly repairs, and licensing fees?

If you struggle with the above, and want to free yourself from the
constant fear of losing data or having to take your computer in for the
“yearly clean up,” Linux might be the perfect platform for you. Linux
has evolved into one of the most reliable computer ecosystems on the
planet. Combine that reliability with zero cost of entry and you have
the perfect solution for a desktop platform. You can install Linux on as
many computers as you like without paying a penny for software or
server licensing.

UBUNTU MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

For the Ubuntu desktop release 16.04.1 LTS, a PC is recommended with at
least:

• 2 GHz dual core processor

• 2 GB of RAM
• 25 GB of free disk space

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INSTALLING UBUNTU

There are many methods through which you can install Ubuntu in your
system.

DOWNLOAD UBUNTU

For downloading Ubuntu’s latest ISO image just go to the following

links and download. Use either official site or BitTorrent.

https://www.ubuntu.com/download

https://www.ubuntu.com/download/alternative-downloads

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METHOD 01: USING WUBI INSTALLER

DOWNLOAD WUBI INSTALLER

For downloading Wubi installer just go to the following link:

https://github.com/hakuna-m/wubiuefi/releases

Make sure that:

• Downloaded version of the wubi and Ubuntu image should be same

• Both setups should be at the same location
Now double click on the wubi installer and follow the

steps below: Put the username and password then

install, it will extract the files.

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13
Select Reboot now and click Finish. Your computer restarts and the
Ubuntu installation process will automatically will be started.

After completing this, the Windows Boot Manager appears.

Using your keyboard’s up and down arrow keys, select Ubuntu and
press Enter. Ubuntu OS will be booted.

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NOTE: Since Wubi installs Ubuntu on the same file partition as
Windows, there may be a slight degradation in Ubuntu’s
performance over time due to file fragmentation.

METHOD 02: USING BOOTABLE USB STICK

DOWNLOAD UNIVERSAL USB INSTALLER

The easiest way to get up running with USB is to use the USB installer
provided by pendrivelinux.com.

Download the latest version of Universal USB Installer from the

following link: https://www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-

installer-easy-as-1-2-3/

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CREATING BOOTABLE USB

After finishing download, you should have the ISO image of Ubuntu.
Now insert a USB stick with 8GB of free space, and follow the steps
below:

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Or you can make your USB bootable using Power ISO
tool. Power ISO is a powerful CD / DVD / BD image file
processing tool.
For downloading Power ISO, Just go to the
following link:
https://www.poweriso.com/download.
php

In order to install Ubuntu with dual boot option you need to go to

the “disk management” and shrink the volume depending on you. In
this case 35000 MBs shrinked:

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After shrinking you will have an unallocated space:

Now restart your computer, run “BIOS”, go for the “boot options”
and disable fast boot option.
Select “Bootable USB”, select the option “Install Ubuntu” it will start the
installation
process:

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Follow the steps below:

Continue…..

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 Continue….

Check on “Something else” then continue….

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 Now select the free space then click on “+” button…

Keep 2000 MBs for the “swapping area” remaining for the “Ext4
journaling file system”

Again do this for creating the partition for

“swapping area”
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“Ok” then “Install now”

Continue…

Select the region then Continue…

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 Continue…

Insert “username” and “password” then Continue…

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 Restart now

Here you have dual options for booting the operating system

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METHOD 03: Another way of creating bootable USB:
Search for “diskpart”

Click on Yes

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 Type list disk

It shows all the disks on your computer. Don’t go for Disk 0! It is

for hard disk.
Go for Disk 1

Type clean

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 Create Primary partition

Mark the created partition

Exit window.
Select the USB from This Pc and format it.

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 Copy all files of wubi installer to USB

Insert USB in your computer and restart PC.

METHOD 03: USING Oracle Virtual Machine (OVM)

What’s a Virtual Machine?

A virtual machine app creates a virtualized environment—called, simply

enough, a virtual machine—that behaves like a separate computer system,
complete with virtual hardware devices. The VM runs as a process in a
window on your current operating system.
In the VM world, the operating system running on your computer is called
the host and any operating systems running inside VMs are called guests. It
helps keep things from getting too confusing.

Setting Up a Virtual Machine

Open your VM app and click the button to create a new virtual
machine.

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You’ll be guided through the process by a wizard that first asks which
OS you’ll be installing. If you type the name of the OS in the “Name” box,
the app will most likely automatically select the type and version for the OS.
If it doesn’t—or it guesses wrong—select those items yourself from the
dropdown menus.
When you’re done,
click “Next.”

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Based on the OS you plan to install, the wizard will preselect some
default settings for you, but you can change them over the screens
that follow. You’ll be asked how much memory to allocate to the VM.
If you want something other than the default, select it here.
Otherwise, just click “Next.” And don’t worry, you’ll be able to
change this value later if you need to.

The wizard will also create the virtual hard disk file to be used by
the VM. Unless you already have a virtual hard disk file you want to
use, just select the option to create a new one.

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You’ll also be asked whether to create a dynamically allocated or
fixed size disk. With a dynamically allocated disk, you’ll set a
maximum disk size, but the file will only grow to that size as it needs
to. With a fixed size disk, you’ll also set a size, but the file created
will be that large from its creation.
We recommend creating fixed size disks because, while they eat up
a little more disk space, they also perform better making your VM
feel a bit more responsive. Plus, you’ll know how much disk space
you’ve used and won’t get surprised when your VM files start
growing.

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You’ll then be able to set the size of the virtual disk. You’re free to go with
the default setting or change the size to suit your needs. Once you click
“Create,” the virtual hard disk is created.

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After that, you’re dumped back into the main VM app window, where your
new VM should show up. Make sure the installation media you need is
available to the machine—usually this involves pointing to an ISO file or real
disc through the VM’s settings. You can run your new VM by selecting it and
hitting “Start.”

How to attach an ISO to a Virtual Machine

Right-click on the newly created virtual machine entry (in the left pane of
VirtualBox Manager) and then click Settings button.

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 In the left-pane of Settings, click Storage, double-click on the Controller
(located under Storage tree) to expand the same and see newly created
virtual hard drive entry.

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Under IDE Controller There should be an icon that shows a CD with a +
sign on it, to create a new disc drive as shown highlighted in yellow color
in the below snapshot:

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A box will come up, click Choose Disk and then choose your .iso file.

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 EXERCISE
Q1: Using which method did you install Ubuntu? Also list the steps.

Q2: Did you face any problem while installing Ubuntu? (If yes,
list the problems)
Q3: Explain briefly the concept of proprietary. List some
proprietary software by Linux.
Q4: List security features of LINUX.
Q5: List devices that run on LINUX.
Q6: Use the virtual machine method to install the ubuntu.
Write up all the difficulties you faced and share your experience
using the virtual machine.

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