Computer Systems Engineering Operating Systems Design Concepts
Mehran University of Engineering & Year 3RD Semester 5TH Technology Batch F-16CS Duration 03 Hours Jamshoro
Lab 1: Introduction to Operating Systems
Outlines • Overview − Computer System − Computer Software and its types • Operating System • Bootstrap Process • Goals of Operating System • Functions of Operating System • Operating System Terms • History of Operating Systems • Open Source Vs Closed Source Operating System • Types of Operating Systems • Exercise
Requirements • None
1 OVERVIEW Computer System
A computer is a system composed of two major components: hardware and software.
The best example to define Computer System is Human; it is made up of the body and soul. As the human body doesn’t work without soul, similarly the computer hardware doesn’t work without computer software.
2 Computer Software
Computer software is divided into two broad categories:
3 OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is complex, so it is difficult to define it with a simple universal
definition. So, following are some common definitions:
4 Some popular Operating Systems are: Windows, Linux and Mac OS.
5 BOOTSTRAP PROCESS A Bootstrap process alternatively referred to as the bootstrapping or boot loader/ bootstrap loader or boot program is the program that initializes the operating system (OS) during startup. A bootstrap loader is the first piece of code that runs when a machine starts, and is responsible for loading the rest of the operating system. This program resides in the computer's ROM or other non-volatile memory, CD/DVD or other storage devices. It is automatically executed by the processor when turning on the computer.
Steps: 1. A very small section of memory called ROM that holds a small program called the bootstrap program. When the computer is turned on, the CPU counter is set to the first instruction of this bootstrap program and executes the instructions in this program.
2. And it starts loading the Operating System into the RAM.
3. When loading is done, the program counter is set to the first instruction of the operating system in RAM, and the operating system runs.
6 Note: The RAM area in which the Operating System resides is called “Resident Portion” remaining is called the “User Program Area”.
GOALS/BENEFITS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
• Convenient for the user to use (user friendly)
• Efficient operation (error-free, fast) • Optimal use of computing resources (100 % use of resources) • Execute user programs (slave for user)
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating system has to carry out a variety of functions:
7 8 OPERATING SYSTEM TERMS
Single-User Operating System:
Allows only one user to run the program(s)
Multi-User Operating System:
Allows two or more users to run the program(s)
Single-Tasking Operating System:
Allows running one program at a time
Multi-Tasking Operating System:
Allows running multiple programs at a time
9 HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
Software/OS Hardware
10 OPEN SOURCE VS CLOSED SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM
Open Source OS: Ubuntu, CentOS, Android, OpenSUSE, FreeBSD.
Closed Source OS: Windows, MAC, Symbian OS.
11 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
Batch Processing Users do not interact directly with the computer. Each user submits its job to the computer operator (human). To speed up processing, similar types of jobs are firstly batched together and then will be submitted to the system for processing. The system then executes all jobs one by one.
12 Uniprogramming Allows only one program to be present in memory and executed at a time. All the system resources are exclusively available for the job until it completed.
Multiprogramming Allows two or more programs to be present in memory and executed at the same time. When one job has to wait (e.g. I/O operation), CPU switch to another job to execute. When the first job finishes waiting, CPU will get back the first job to execute. Timesharing
Time sharing is extension of multiprogramming. Allow multiple users to interact
with a computer at the same time. Each user is served in sequence. Concept of Time-slice used, each user is given a time slice to interact with the CPU.
CPU scheduling algorithm used:
• Programs queued for execution in FIFO (First In First Out) order.
• Timer device interrupts after a quantum (time-slice). • Interrupted program is returned to end of FIFO • Next program is taken from head of FIFO.
Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing system is an integrated system with two or more CPUs. Allow
simultaneous execution of several programs.
15 Distributed Computers in a distributed system are independent and do not physically share memory or processors.
Distributed systems work in a network. They can share the network resources and communicate with each other using messages. These are referred as loosely coupled systems. These computers are commonly referred as nodes.
Network Network Operating System having features:
• Deals with the Users log on
• Maintain the network client- server connections • Expand the file system to view folders on other computers • Provides security and separate accounts to users Examples: Microsoft Windows Server 2008, Linux- servers.
Real-time Real time system is a data processing system that must guarantee response within specified time constraints, often referred to as "deadlines". Real-time systems are used when there are immediate time requirements on the operation.
These types of operating systems support single application.
Examples: Airline reservation, banking systems
Real-time systems can also be used as a controlling system, in which monitoring
assistant is associated.
Examples: image processing systems, industrial control systems, robots, and home appliance controllers, Air traffic control system etc.
15 EXERCISE Q1: What are the various components of a computer system? Q2: What is user interface? Q3: What do you mean by CLI & GUI? Q4: What are residence monitors? Q5: What are operating system services? Q6: Give at least two examples of each OS: SUST, SUMT, MUST, MUMT Q7: In your opinion, which one is the best, open source or closed source operating system, and why? Q8: List the open source and closed source operating system other than mentioned in manual? Q9: Is Windows an Open Source Operating System? Q10: Define the term “FIFO” with its application/implementation. Q11: List the Operating Systems you have used till today. Q12: Have you heard the term “Linux” before? If Yes, where exactly? Q13: What is purpose of different operating systems? Q14: List Some Network Operating Systems. Q14: Define loader, linker and compiler in system software. Q16: List some application software. Q17: What is utility software? Explain with examples. Q18. Which is the latest version of Ubuntu currently available in market?
