SUDHIR MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
MADHYAMGRAM, DOLTOLA
BOARD PRACTICAL EXAMINATION 2024-
25
TOPIC –To investigate the relation between
the ratio of: -
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a self-made
transformer.
AISSCE: 2024-25
NAME – Aishik Paul
CLASS – XII
SEC – C
ROLL –
SUBJECT- PHYSICS
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this "PHYSICS
Investigatory Project" on the topic " the ratio
of: -
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the COIL"
has been successfully completed by Aishik
Paul of class XII - C under the guidance of
PHYSICS teachers in particular fulfilment of
the curriculum of Central Board of Secondary
Education {CBSE} leading to the award of
annual examination of the year 2024-25.
________________ ________________
Signature of internal Signature of
external
DECLERATION
I hereby declare that
investigatory project entitled
“the ratio of :-
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the
COIL” has
been carried out by own efforts
and successfully submitted by
Aishik Paul, class XII
(science) to our subject
teacher Mr. Pankaj SIR
Thank you
____________
[Link] STUDENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would
not have been possible without the kind support and
help of many individuals.
I would like to thank my principal Mr. Palash Kumar
Saha and school for providing me with facilities
required to do my project.
I am highly indebted to my PHYSICS TEACHER for their
invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts in
all the stages of this project work.
I would also like to thank my parents for their
continuous support and encouragement.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my classmates
and the laboratory assistant in developing the project
and to the people who have willingly helped me out
with their abilities.
_________________
Signature of
student
AIM:
TOPIC –To investigate the relation
between the ratio of: -
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a
self-made transformer.
INTROD
UCTION
The
transformer is
a device used
for converting
a low
alternating
voltage to a
high
alternating
voltage or
vice-versa. A
Transformer
based on
the Principle
of mutual
induction
according to
this principle,
the amount of
magnetic flux
linked with a
coil changing,
an e.m.f is
induced
in the
neighboring
coil. A
transformer is
an
electrical
device which
is used for
changing the
A.C. voltages.
As such
transformers
are built in an
amazing
strength of
sizes. In
electronic,
measurement
and control
circuits,
transformer
size may be so
small that it
weight only a
few tens of
grams
where as in
high voltage
power circuits,
it may
weight
hundreds of
tones.
In a
transformer,
the electrical
energy
transfer
from one
circuit to
another circuit
takes place
without the
use of moving
parts. A
transformer
which
increases the
voltages is
called a step
up
transformer. A
transformer
which
decreases
the A.C.
voltages is
called a step-
down
transformer.
Transformer
is, therefore,
an
essential
piece of
apparatus
both for high
and
low current
circuit
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on the
Principle of mutual induction according to this
principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a
coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighboring coil. A transformer is an electrical
device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. As such transformers are built in an
amazing strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits, transformer
size may be so small that it weight only a few tens
of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it
may weight hundreds of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts. A transformer
which increases the voltages is called a step up
Transformer. A transformer which decreases The
A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuit.
THEORY
The relationship between input and output voltage
depends on the circuit design:
1. Ohm’s Law: In resistive circuits, output voltage is
proportional to input voltage, influenced by
resistance: V=IR.
2. Voltage Divider: In a divider, output voltage is a
fraction of the input, scaled by resistor values:
Vout = Vin /{R2}/{R1 + R2}
3. Amplifiers: In amplifier circuits, output voltage is
typically a multiplied version of the input,
determined by the circuit's gain.
APPARATUS REQURED:
1. Primary and Secondary Wire
2. Ferromagnetic Core
3. Insulation Tape
4. Bobbin or Coil Form
5. Multimeter
6. Soldering Kit
7. Wire Cutter and Stripper
8. Heat Shrink Tubing or Electrical Tape
9. AC Power Source
10. Load Resistor or Bulb (Optional)
LAW
. Transformer Equation
The transformer equation can be stated as:
Voltage Ratio:
o The ratio of the output voltage (Vs) to the input voltage
(Vp) is equal to the ratio of the number of turns in the
secondary coil (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary
coil (Np).
This can be expressed as:
Vs:Vp=Ns:Np
Where:
Vs = Output (secondary) voltage
Vp= Input (primary) voltage
Ns= Number of turns in the secondary coil
Np = Number of turns in the primary coil
2. Implications of the Transformer Equation
Step-Up Transformer: If the number of turns in the secondary
coil (Ns) is greater than the number of turns in the primary coil
(Np), then the output voltage (Vs) will be greater than the input
voltage (Vp). This means the transformer increases the voltage.
Step-Down Transformer: If the number of turns in the
secondary coil (Ns) is less than the number of turns in the
primary coil (Np), then the output voltage (Vs) will be less than
the input voltage (Vp). This means the transformer decreases
the voltage.
3. Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic
Induction
Faraday's Law states that a change in
magnetic flux through a coil induces an
electromotive force (EMF) in that coil.
For transformers:
The alternating current (AC) in the
primary coil creates a changing
magnetic field.
This changing magnetic field
induces a voltage in the secondary
coil.
Summary
The relationship between input and output voltage in
a transformer is directly proportional to the ratio of
the number of turns in the secondary and primary
coils. The fundamental principle underlying this
behaviour is Faraday's Law.
Conclusion
In conclusion, physics project
plays a crucial role in academic
success. Regular calculations can
improve concentration and
memory retention, reduce stress
enhance creativity and problem-
solving skills, and improve logical
thinking
DATE
[Link]
________
BIBLIOGRAOHY
NCERT TEXT BOOK
PHYSICS LAB
MANUAL
[Link]
M
INDEX
s.l no topic Pgno.
1 certificate 1
2 declaration 2
3 acknowledgemen 3
t
4 aim 4
5 introduction 5
6 theory 6
7 Material required 7
8 law 9-10
9 conclusion 11
10 bibliography 12
