NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED

Ch 1. SOLUTIONS

2.1. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) and carbon

tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22 g of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon
tetrachloride.
Ans: Mass of solution = Mass of C6H6 + Mass of CCl4
= 22 g+122 g= 144 g
Mass % of benzene = 22/144 x 100 =15.28 %
Mass % of CCl4 = 122/144 x 100 = 84.72 %
2.2. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30%
by mass in carbon tetrachloride.
Ans: 30% by mass of C6H6 in CCl4 => 30 g C6H6 in 100 g solution
.’. no. of moles of C6H6,(nC6h6) = 30/78 = 0.385

2.3. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions

(a) 30 g of Co(NO3)26H2O in 4·3 L of solution
(b) 30 mL of 0-5 M H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL.
Ans:
2.4. Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2.5 kg of
0.25 molal aqueous solution.
Ans: 0.25 Molal aqueous solution to urea means that
moles of urea = 0.25 mole
mass of solvent (NH2CONH2) = 60 g mol-1
.’. 0.25 mole of urea = 0.25 x 60=15g
Mass of solution = 1000+15 = 1015g = 1.015 kg
1.015 kg of urea solution contains 15g of urea
.’. 2.5 kg of solution contains urea =15/1.015 x 2.5 = 37 g
2.5. Calculate
(a) molality
(b) molarity and
(c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI
solution is 1·202 g mL-1.
Ans:
Step I. Calculation of molality of solution
Weight of KI in 100 g of the solution = 20 g
Weight of water in the solution = 100 – 20 = 80 g = 0-08 kg
Molar mass of KI = 39 + 127 = 166 g mol -1.

Step II. Calculation of molarity of solution

Step III. Calculation of mole fraction of Kl

2.6. H2 S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the
qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 m,
calculate Henry’s law constant.
Ans: Solubility of H2S gas = 0.195 m
= 0.195 mole in 1 kg of solvent
1 kg of solvent = 1000g

2.7. Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 x 108 Pa at 298 K.
Calculate the quantity of CO2 in 500 mL of soda water when packed
under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.
Ans.:

2.8 The vapour pressures of pure liquids A and B are 450 mm and 700
mm of Hg respectively at 350 K. Calculate the composition of the liquid
mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm of Hg. Also find the
composition in the vapour phase.
Ans:
Vapour pressure of pure liquid A (P∘A) = 450 mm
Vapour pressure of pure liquid B (P∘B) = 700 mm
Total vapour pressure of the solution (P) = 600 mm

2.9. Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 m m Hg. 50 g of

urea (NH2CONH2) is dissolved in 850 g of water. Calculate the vapour
pressure of water for this solution and its relative lowering.
Ans:

2.10. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much

sucrose is to be added to 500 g of water such that it boils at 100°C.
Ans:

2.11 Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, C6H8O6) to be

dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid to lower its melting point by 1·5°C.
(Kf for CH3COOH) = 3·9 K kg mol-1)
Ans:

2.12. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution

prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450
mL of water at 37°C.
Ans:

NCERT EXERCISES
2.1. Define the terra solution. How many types of solutions are formed?
Write briefly about each type with an example.
Sol: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more chemically non-
reacting substances. Types of solutions: There are nine types of solutions.
Types of Solution Examples
Gaseous solutions
(a) Gas in gas Air, mixture of 02 and N2, etc.
(b) Liquid in gas Water vapour
(c) Solid in gas Camphor vapours in N2 gas, smoke etc.
Liquid solutions
(a) Gas in liquid C02 dissolved in water (aerated water), and 02 dissolved in
water, etc.
(b) Liquid in liquid Ethanol dissolved in water, etc.

(c) Solid in liquid Sugar dissolved in water, saline water, etc.

Solid solutions
(a) Gas in solid Solution of hydrogen in palladium
(b) Liquid in solid Amalgams, e.g., Na-Hg
(c) Solid in solid Gold ornaments (Cu/Ag with Au)
2.2. Suppose a solid solution is formed between two substances, one
whose particles are very large and the other whose particles are very
small. What type of solid solution is this likely to be ?
Sol: The solution likely to be formed is interstitial solid solution.
2.3 Define the following terms:
(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Molality
(iii) Molarity
(iv) Mass percentage
Sol: (i) Mole fraction: It is defined as the ratio of the number of moles of the
solute to the total number of moles in the solution. If A is the number of moles of
solute dissolved in B moles of solvent, then Mole fraction of solute

(ii) Molality: It is defined as die number of moles of a solute present in 1000g

(1kg) of a solvent.

NOTE: Molality is considered better way of expressing concentration of solutions,

as compared to molarity because molality does not change with change in
temperature since the mass of solvent does not vary with temperature,
(iii) Molarity: It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in one litre
of solution.

NOTE: Molarity is the most common way of expressing concentration of a

solution in laboratory. However, it has one disadvantage. It changes with
temperature because volume of a solution alters due to expansion and
contraction of the liquid with temperature.
(iv) Mass percentage: It is the amount of solute in grams present in 100g of
solution.

2.4. Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68% nitric
acid by mass in aqueous solution. What should be the molarity of such a
sample of acid if the density of the solution is 1·504 g mL-1 ?
Sol: Mass of HNO3 in solution = 68 g
Molar mass of HNO3 = 63 g mol-1
Mass of solution = 100 g
Density of solution = 1·504 g mL-1

2.5. A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would

be the molality and mole fraction of each component in the solution? If
the density of solution is 1 .2 g m L-1, then what shall be the molarity of
the solution?
Sol: 10 percent w/w solution of glucose in water means 10g glucose and 90g of
water.
Molar mass of glucose = 180g mol-1 and molar mass of water = 18g mol-1
2.6. How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1
g mixture of Na2C03 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of both?
Sol: Calculation of no. of moles of components in the mixture.
2.7. Calculate the percentage composition in terms of mass of a
solution obtained by mixing 300 g of a 25% and 400 g of a 40% solution
by mass.
Sol:

2.8. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol,

(C2 H6O2 ) and200 g of water. Calculate the molality of the solution. If the
density of the solution is 1.072 g mL-1, then what shall be the molarity
of the solution?
Sol:

2.9. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated

with chloroform (CHCl3), supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of
contamination was 15 ppm (by mass).
(i) express this in percent by mass.
(ii) determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.
Sol: 15 ppm means 15 parts in million (106) by mass in the solution.

2.10. What role does the molecular interaction play in solution of

alcohol in water?
Sol: In case of alcohol as well as water, the molecules are interlinked by
intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, the hydrogen bonding is also
present in the molecules of alcohol and water in the solution but it is
comparatively less than both alcohol and water. As a result, the magnitude of
attractive forces tends to decrease and the solution shows positive deviation
from Raoult’s Law. This will lead to increase in vapour pressure of the solution
and also decrease in its boiling point.
2.11. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the
temperature is raised?
Sol: When gases are dissolved in water, it is accompanied by a release of heat
energy, i.e., process is exothermic. When the temperature is increased,
according to Lechatlier’s Principle, the equilibrium shifts in backward direction,
and thus gases becomes less soluble in liquids.
2.12. State Henry’s law and mention some of its important applications.
Sol:
Henry’s law: The solubility of a gas in a liquid at a particular temperature is
directly proportional to the pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid at
that temperature.
or
The partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase is proportional to the mole fraction
of the gas (x) in the solution. p = KHX
where KH is Henry’s law constant.
Applications of Henry’s law :
(i) In order to increase the solubility of CO 2 gas in soft drinks and soda water, the
bottles are normally sealed under high pressure. Increase in pressure increases
the solubility of a gas in a solvent according to Henry’s Law. If the bottle is
opened by removing the stopper or seal, the pressure on the surface of the gas
will suddenly decrease. This will cause a decrease in the solubility of the gas in
the liquid i.e. water. As a result, it will rush out of the bottle producing a hissing
noise or with a fiz.
(ii) As pointed above, oxygen to be used by deep sea divers is generally diluted
with helium inorder to reduce or minimise the painfril effects during
decompression.
(iii) As the partial pressure of oxygen in air is high, in lungs it combines with
haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. In tissues, the partial pressure of oxygen
is comparatively low. Therefore, oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen in order to
carry out cellular activities.
2.13. The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing 6.56 ×
10-3 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the solution contains 5.00 × 10-2 g of ethane,
then what shall be the partial pressure of the gas?
Sol:

2.14. According to Raoult’s law, what is meant by positive and negative

deviaitions and how is the sign of ∆solH related to positive and negative
deviations from Raoult’s law?
Sol: Solutions having vapour pressures more than that expected from Raoult’s
law are said to exhibit positive deviation. In these solutions solvent – solute
interactions are weaker and ∆solH is positive because stronger A – A or B – B
interactions are replaced by weaker A – B interactions. Breaking of the stronger
interactions requires more energy & less energy is released on formation of
weaker interactions. So overall ∆sol H is positive. Similarly ∆solV is positive i.e. the
volume of solution is some what more than sum of volumes of solvent and
solute.
So there is expansion in volume on solution formation.
Similarly in case of solutions exhibiting negative deviations, A – B interactions
are stronger than A-A&B-B. So weaker interactions are replaced by stronger
interactions so , there is release of energy i.e. ∆ sol H is negative.
2.15. An aqueous solution of 2 percent non-volatile solute exerts a
pressure of 1·004 bar at the boiling point of the solvent. What is the
molecular mass of the solute ?
Sol:
According to Raoult’s Law,

2.16 Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour
pressures of the two liquid components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa
respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of
heptane and 35.0 g of octane?
Sol.

2.17. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate

vapour pressure of 1 molal solution of a non-volatile solute in it
Sol: 1 molal solution of solute means 1 mole of solute in 1000g of the solvent.

2.18. Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molecular mass 40 g

mol-1) that should be dissolved in 114 g of octane to reduce its pressure
to 80%. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2008)
Sol: According to Raoult’s Law,

2.19. A solution containing 30g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of

water has a vapour pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further, 18g of water
is then added to the solution and the new of vapour pressure becomes
2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate
(i) molar mass of the solute.
(ii) vapour pressure of water at 298 K.
Sol: Let the molar mass of solute = Mg mol-1
2.20. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point
of 271 K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing
point of pure water is 273.15 K.
Sol: Mass of sugar in 5% (by mass) solution means 5gin 100g of solvent (water)
2.21. Two elements A and B form compounds having formula AB 2 and
AB4. When dissolved in 20g of benzene (C6H6), 1 g of AB2 lowers the
freezing point by 2.3 K whereas 1.0 g of AB4 lowers it by 1.3 K. The
molar depression constant for benzene is 5.1 K kg mol-1. Calculate
atomic masses of A and B.
Sol:

2.22. At 300 K, 36 g glucose present per litre in its solution has osmotic
pressure of 4·98 bar. If the osmotic pressure of the solution is 1·52 bar
at the same temperature, what would be its concentration?
Sol:
2.23. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive
interaction in the following pairs:
(i) n-hexane and n-octane
(ii) I2 and CCl4.
(iii) NaCl04 and water
(iv) methanol and acetone
(v) acetonitrile (CH3CN) and acetone (C3H60)
Sol: (i) Both w-hexane and n-octane are non-polar. Thus, the intermolecular
interactions will be London dispersion forces.
(ii) Both I2 and CCl4 are non-polar. Thus, the intermolecular interactions will be
London dispersion forces.
(iii) NaCl04 is an ionic compound and gives Na + and Cl04– ions in the Solution.
Water is a polar molecule. Thus, the intermolecular interactions will be ion-dipole
interactions.
(iv) Both methanol and acetone are polar molecules. Thus, intermolecular
interactions will be dipole-dipole interactions.
(v) Both CH3CN and C3H6O are polar molecules. Thus, intermolecular interactions
will be dipole-dipole interactions.
2.24. Based on solute solvent interactions, arrange the following in
order of increasing solubility in n-octane and explain. Cyclohexane, KCl,
CH3OH, CH3CN.
Sol: n-octane (C8H18) is a non-polar liquid and solubility is governed by the
principle that like dissolve like. Keeping this in view, the increasing order of
solubility of different solutes is:
KCl < CH3OH < CH3C=N < C6H12 (cyclohexane).
2.25. Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble,
partially soluble and highly soluble in water?
(i) phenol
(ii) toluene
(iii) formic acid
(iv) ethylene glycol
(v) chloroform
(vi) pentanol
Sol: (i) Phenol (having polar – OH group) – Partially soluble.
(ii) Toluene (non-polar) – Insoluble.
(iii) Formic acid (form hydrogen bonds with water molecules) – Highly soluble.
(iv) Ethylene glycol (form hydrogen bonds with water molecules) Highly soluble.
(v) Chloroform (non-polar)- Insoluble.
(vi) Pentanol (having polar -OH) – Partially soluble.