Employee Counseling

TYPES OF COUNSELLING APPROACHES - strategies appear to be the most appropriate

at any given time for any given client.
1. Directive Counseling
- Fully counselor center, because counselor THEORIES & TECHNIQUES
plays an important role in solving a problem.
Counseling Theories
- It is the counselor who discovers the
problems. - Provides the foundation of good counseling
- Directive counseling is economical. It saves - Provides the counselor with a framework
time. that they can use to explore.
- Focus on the problem rather than the clients
- More intellectual aspect What is counseling all about?

According to Willamson the following steps are involved - Counseling is a collaborative effort between
in directive counseling: the counselor and client
- Professional counselors help clients identify
1. Analysis: Collecting a data from a variety of goals and potential solutions to problems
sources by using a variety of tools and which cause emotional turmoil
techniques. The data is needed for an adequate - Seek to improve communication and coping
under starting of the client. skills
2. Synthesis: Summarizing and organizing the data - strengthen self-esteem; and promote
so as to reveal the client’s assets, liabilities, behavior change and optimal mental health.
adjustments, maladjustments.
3. Diagnosis: At this stage we are to find out the What does counseling do for you?
root cause of the problems exhibited by the - Counselling is a type of talking therapy
clients. - counsellor is trained to listen with empathy
4. Prognosis: At this stage we predict the future (by putting themselves in your shoes)
development of the client’s problems. - can help you deal with any negative
thoughts and feelings you have.
2. Non- Directive Counseling
- the client or patient sets the agenda and the Counseling is not
counselor functions as a follower or tracker. - The magic answer to life's problems
- patient expresses themselves on themes - An instant solution is also not found in a
that interest them. counselling programme or session
- counselor observes and strives to create - Counselling is not an advice-giving service
advantageous settings for the client to work
out his issues. The Purpose of Counseling Theory
- client is at the center of this form of
- helps inexperienced counselors by serving as
counselling.
a “road map.”
- purpose of this counselling is to help the
- Novice counselors can rely on theory to
client gain independence and integration
provide direction and help ensure they will
back into society.
be effective with clients.
- the counselee forms a bond based on mutual
- By utilizing theory, we can draw upon the
trust, acceptance, and understanding.
experiences of others that have gone before
us (Whitehead, 1916).
3. Eclectic Counseling
- mix of the directive and non-directive Why so many approaches?
techniques that are used depending on the
- Allows a counselor to find the technique
scenario.
they are most comfortable with
- best defined by the counsellor’s freedom
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- There are many theories as new researches maladaptive thinking and how it may affect
are continually being done their feelings and actions
- Use of structured method to help clients
CLASSIFICATION OF THEORIES
understand their own belief systems by
A. PSYCHODYNAMIC - Asking clients to record dysfunctional
thoughts
1. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYSIS - Using questionnaires to determine
- stressed the importance of inborn drives, maladaptive thinking
particularly sexual, in determining later
personality development Goals of Therapy
- Others who followed him emphasized the - To challenge clients to confront faulty beliefs
importance of the adaptation to the with contradictory evidence that they gather
environment, early relationships between and evaluate.
child and mother - Helping clients seek out their dogmatic
beliefs and vigorously minimize them.
Psychoanalytic Therapy - Goals of Therapy - To become aware of automatic thoughts and
- make the unconscious conscious. to change them.
- reconstruct the basic personality.
- assist clients in reliving earlier experience Treatment Methods:
and working through repressed conflicts. - Relaxation
- achieve intellectual awareness. - Exposure to a feared object
Techniques of Psychoanalytic Therapy - Copying a behavior or role-playing
- interpretation
Goals of Therapy
- dream analysis
- to eliminate maladaptive behaviors and
- free association
learn more effective behaviors.
- analysis of resistance
- focus on factors influencing behavior and
- and analysis of transference
find what can be done about problematic
2. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL THERAPY (Adlerian
behavior.
Psychotherapy)
- Personality of an individuals was formed in
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
their early years as a result of relationships
- Focuses on irrational beliefs which
within the family
individuals develop that lead to problems
- Helps individuals to change dysfunctional
related to emotions
beliefs
- Counselor challenge client’s irrational beliefs
- Teaching and educating individuals and
that lead to reducing anxiety
families about dealing with interpersonal
problems
C. HUMANISTIC THERAPY
3. JUNGIAN’S ANALYTICAL THERAPY
1. PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY
B. BEHAVIOR THERAPIES
- Carl Rogers emphasized understanding and
1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING caring for the client, as opposed to diagnosis,
2. OPERANT CONDITIONING advice, or persuasion
3. COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR - Therapeutic genuineness, through verbal
THERAPY/OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING and non-verbal behavior, and
- Belief systems and thinking are seen as unconditionally accepting clients for who
important in determining and affecting they are
behavior and feelings
- Aaron Beck- developed an approach which
helps individuals understands their own
 Employee Counseling
Goals of Therapy - To seek answers in the past is to deal w/
- To enable clients: what no longer exists;
o to move toward openness, The past is no more,
o greater trust in self, The future is not yet,
o willingness to be a process, Only the now exists.
o and increased spontaneity and
Gestalt Therapy
aliveness.
To Fritz Perls:
- The 'client's conditions’
“To me, nothing exists except THE NOW:
o Empathy
Now = experience = awareness = reality
o Congruence
- During the counseling session, the client is
o Unconditional Positive Regard
required to repeat: “Now I am aware....”
2. EXISTENTIAL THERAPY
Reality Therapy
- philosophical approach to people and
- Reality therapists assume that individuals
problems relating to being human or
are responsible for their own lives and for
existing;
taking control over what they do, feel, and
- Existential psychotherapy deals with life
think;
themes rather than techniques
- uses a specific process to change behavior;
- Themes include:
o living and dying,
Goals of Therapy
o prisoner of own self and freedom,
- To help people become more effective in
o responsibility to self and others,
meeting their needs.
o finding meaning in life,
- enable clients to get reconnected with the
o and dealing w/ a sense of
people they have chosen to put into their
meaninglessness;
quality worlds and teach clients choice
Goals of Therapy theory.
- help people see that they are free and
Constructivist Approaches
become aware of their possibilities.
- Constructivist approaches attend to the
- To challenge them to recognize that they are
client’s way of viewing problems and
responsible for events that they formerly
situations;
thought were happening to them.
- There are two types of constructivists
- To identify factors that block freedom.
approaches: solution – focused therapy and
narrative therapy;
3. GROUP THERAPY
- Neither therapy uses a theory of
4. GESTALT THERAPY
development or personality to deal with the
- Helps the individual to become more aware
clients’ problems;
of self and others;
- the client who presents an issue needing a
- Emphasis is on both bodily and psychological
solution, and the counselor that
awareness
concentrates on solutions to the problem;
- Emphasis is on PRESENT EXPERIENCE
- Solution – focused therapy finds new
- immediate awareness of emotion and action
solutions to a problem; it does not focus on
- “Being in touch” w/ one’s feelings replace
the origin of the problem;
the search for the origins of the behavior

THE NOW: Feminist Therapy: A Multicultural Approach

1. REALITY IS NOW - Particularly, they are concerned about
2. BEHAVIOR IS NOW gender-roles
3. AND EXPERIENCE IS NOW - and power differences between men and
women, as well as cultural issues;
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- They have examined different ways that problems while therapists take responsibility
men and women develop throughout the for directing the activities;
lifespan (including social and sexual 4. Interpersonal therapy consists of specific
development, child raising practices, and techniques developed for the brief
work roles); treatment of depression using three phases
- Differences in moral decision making, 5. Creative arts therapies include art, dance
relating to others, and roles in abuse and movement, drama, and music to encourage
violence are issues of feminist therapists; expressive action and therapeutic change.

Family Therapy-Goals of Therapy MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING

- aimed at helping family members gain - designed to help people find the motivation
awareness of patterns of relationships that to make a positive behavior change.
are not working well and create new ways of - this client-centered approach is particularly
interacting to relieve their distress. effective for people who have mixed feelings
- Some approaches focus on resolving the about changing their behavior.
specific problem that brings the family to - unique in the way it empowers people to
therapy. take responsibility for their own recovery.
- interactions between family members,
viewing the entire family as a single unit or The Spirit of Motivational Interviewing
system; 1. Collaboration Instead of Confrontation
- bring about change in the functioning and - is a partnership formed between the
relationships within the family rather than counselor and the client,
within a single individual; - builds rapport between the counselor/coach
- Some focus on the impact of the parents' and the client,
own families, others on how family members - allows the client to develop a trusting
relate to each other in the counseling hour, relationship with their counselor,
2. Evocation Rather Than Education
Integrative Approaches - it is the counselor's job to "draw out" their
- The therapies/counselors combine different client's true motivations for this change.
theories of personality as well as theories of 3. Autonomy Over Authority
psychotherapy; - motivational interviewing recognizes that
- Prochaska’s transtheoretical approach the true power for making changes rests
selects concepts and techniques from many within the client.
different theories to make its own - The counselor/coach cannot demand this
psychotherapeutic approach; change.
- it is up to the client to take the actions
Other Approaches necessary to change their behavior.
Five different psychotherapies:
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
1. Asian therapies often emphasize quiet - emphasizes the positive influences in a
reflection and personal responsibility to person’s life, these might include character
others; strengths, optimistic emotions, and
2. Body therapies work with the interaction constructive institutions.
between psychological and physiological - this theory is based on the belief that
functioning; happiness is derived from both emotional
3. Psychodrama is an active system where and mental factors.
clients, along with group and audience
members, play out roles related to their
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TECHNIQUES USED IN POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
- is based on the concept that happiness may
be broken down into three more
manageable components:
o Positive emotion
o Engagement
o Meaning

HOW CAN POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY HELP?

- Humans are hardwired to pay more
attention to negative experiences.
- Positive psychology aims to bring a person’s
attention, expectation, and memory away
from the negative.
- It focuses on the positive in an attempt to
achieve a balanced perspective.