UNIT 1

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS

1.1Encircle the correct answer from the given choices.

i. The number of base units in SI are:

(a) 3
(b) 6
(c) 7
(d) 9
ii. Which one of the following unit is not a derived unit?
(a) Pascal
(b) kilogram
(c) Newton
(d) watt
iii. Amount of a substance in terms of numbers is measured in:
(a) Grams
(b) kilogram
(c) Newton
(d) mole
iv. An interval of 200µs is equivalent to:
(a) 0.2 s
(b) 0.02 s
(c) 2 x 10-4 s
(d) 2 x10-6 s
v. Which one of the following is the smallest quantity?
(a) 0.01 g
(b) 2 mg
(c) 100 µg
(d) 5000 ng
vi. A student claimed the diameter of a wire as 1.032 cm using vernier calipers. Up to
what extent do you agree with it?
(a) 1 cm
(b) 1.0 cm
(c) 1.03 cm
(d) 1.032 cm
vii. Significant figures in an expression are:
(a) All the digits
(b) All the accurately known digits
 (c) All the accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit
(d) All the accurately known and all the doubtful digits

1.2: What is the difference between base quantities and derived quantities? Give
three examples in each case.
Base Quantities Derived Quantities
The quantities on the basis of which other Physical quantities which can be described
quantities are expressed are known as base in terms of base quantities are known as
quantities. derived quantities.
Examples Examples
Length, time, mass Force, area, volume
1.3: Pick out the base units in the following:
Joule, Newton, kilogram, hertz, mole, ampere, meter, Kelvin, coulomb and watt.
Base units
• Kilogram (unit of mass)
• Mole (unit of quantity of substance)
• Ampere (unit of electric current)
• Meter (unit of length)
• Kelvin (unit of temperature)
1.4: Find the base quantities involved in each of the following derived quantities:
(a) Speed (b) Volume (c) Force (d) Work
Ans. (a) Speed
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
= 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
So base quantities involved in speed are length and time.
(b) Volume
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
So base quantities involved in volume is length.
(c) Force
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ×𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ×𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
So base quantities involved in force are length mass and time.
(d) Work:
Work = Force x distance
= mass x acceleration x distance
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ×𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ×𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
So base quantities involved in work are length, mass and time.
1.5: Estimate your age in seconds.
Ans: Let present age 15 years
= 15 x 365 days
= 5475 days
= 5475 x 24 hours
= 131400 hours
= 131400 x 3600 second
= 473040000 second
1.7:What is meant by vernier constant?
Ans: The difference between one small division on main scale and one vernier scale division is called
vernier constant. This is the minimum length which can be measured accurately with the help of a
vernier calipers. That is why it is also called the least count of vernier calipers".
1.8: What do you understand by the zero error of a measuring instrument?
Ans: The error in a measuring instrument due to non-uniform or wrongly marked graduation due to
which a measurement may be less or greater than actual measurement is called zero error of the
measuring instrument.
1.9:Why is the use of zero error necessary in a measuring instrument?
Ans: If. measuring instrument has a zero error, readings taken by it will not be correct. By knowing
the zero error first, necessary correction cam be made to find the "Correct measurement”, such a
correction is called zero correction,
1.11: Why do we need to measure extremely small interval of times?
Ans: We need to measure extremely small interval of times to get accurate and error free results of
experiments.
1.12: What is meant by significant figures of a measurement?
Ans: In any measurement all the accurately known digits and first doubtful digit is known as
significant figure.
1.13: How is precision related to the significant figures in a measured quantity?
Ans: An improvement in the quality of measurement by using better instrument increases the
significant figures in the measured result. More significant figure means greater precision. e.g.
measurement of vernier calipers would be more precise than a meter rule, therefore measurements
taken by vernier calipers would have more significant figures than that taken by meter rule
 UNIT 2

KINEMATICS

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS

2.1 Encircle the correct answer from the given choices.

i Which of the following is a vector quantity?
(a) Speed
(b) Distance
(c) Displacement
(d) Power
ii If an object is moving with constant speed then its distance-time graph will be a straight line.
(a) Along time-axis
(b) Along distance-axis
(c) Parallel to time-axis
(d) Inclined to time-axis
iii Which of the following graphs is representing uniform acceleration?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
iv By dividing displacement of a moving body with time, we obtain:
(a) Speed
(b) Acceleration
(c) Velocity
(d) Deceleration
v A ball is thrown vertically upward. It’s velocity at the highest point is:
(a) -10 ms-2
(b) Zero
 (c) 10 ms-2
(d) None of these
vi A change in position is called:
(a) Speed
(b) Velocity
(c) Displacement
(d) Distance
vii A train is moving at a speed of 36kmh-1. Its speed expressed in ms-1 is:
(a) 10 ms-1
(b) 20 ms-1
(c) 25 ms-1
(d) 30 ms-1
viii A car starts from rest. It acquires a speed of 25 ms-1 after 20 s. the distance moved by the
car during this time is:
(a) 31. 25 m
(b) 250 m
(c) 500 m
(d) 5000 m
2.4 Can a body moving at a constant speed have acceleration?
Ans: A body moving with constant speed can have acceleration if its direction of motion changes
continuously. For example, a body moving with constant speed in a circular path has an
acceleration.
2.5 How do riders in a Ferris wheel possess translatory motion but not circular motion?
Ans: Riders in a Ferris wheel move in a circle without rotation therefore motion of rider in Ferris
wheel is translatory not rotatory.
2.6 Sketch a distance-time graph for a body starting from rest. How will you determine
the speed of a body from this graph?
Ans: The distance-time graph is shown below:

Speed (v) of the object = slop of line AB

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐸𝐹
= 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝐷
20 𝑚
= 10 𝑠
= 2 ms-1
The speed found from the graph is 2 ms-1
2.8 Which of the following can be obtained from speed-time graph of a body?
Ans: All the given quantities can be obtained from speed-time graph:
2.9 How can vector quantities be represented graphically?
Ans: To represent a vector quantity graphically we draw a line known as represented line. The length
of the line drawn is according to some selected scale give the magnitude of vector and an
arrow on one end of this line shows the direction of vector.
2.10 Why vector quantities cannot be added and subtracted like scalar quantities?
Ans: Scalar quantities can be described completely by magnitude only and can be added or subtracted
by simple arithmetic rules. Vector quantities in addition to magnitude also need direction for
their description. So, vectors cannot be added or subtracted by arithmetic rules due to
direction.
2.11 Sketch a velocity - time graph for the motion of the body. From the graph
explaining each step, calculate total distance covered by the body.
Ans: Total distance travelled
= area under the graph (trapezium OABC) 20
15
10

o 10 20 30
 UNIT NO. 3

DYNAMICS

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS

3.1 Encircle the correct answer from the given choices.

i. Newton's first law of motion is valid only in the absence of:
(a) Force
(b) net force
(c) friction
(d) momentum
ii. Inertia depends upon:
(a) Force
(b) net force
(c) mass
(d) velocity
iii. A boy jumps out of a moving bus. There is a danger for him to fall:
(a) Towards the moving bus
(b) Away from the bus
(c) In the direction of motion
(d) Opposite to the direction of motion
iv. The mass of body
(a) Decreases when accelerated
(b) Increases when accelerated
(c) Decreases when moving with high velocity
(d) None of the above
v. Which of the following is the unit of momentum?
(a) Nm
(b) kgms-2
(c) Ns
(d) Ns-1
vi. When horse pulls a cart, the action is on the:
(a) Cart
(b) earth
(c) horse
(d) earth and cart
vii. Which of the following material lowers friction when pushed between metal plates?
(a) Water
(b) fine marble powder
(c) air
(d) oil
3.2 Define the following terms:
i) Inertia ii) Momentum iii) Force iv) Force of friction
v) Centripetal force
i. Inertia
Ans: Inertia of a body is its property due to which it resists any change in its state of rest or of
uniform motion.
It depends on the mass of the body. Greater the mass of the body greater will be the Inertia.
Therefore, we can say that mass is the direct measure of inertia.
Example 1:
Take a glass cover it with a piece of cardboard. Place a coin on the cardboard. Now kick the
card horizontally with a jerk of your finger. The coin does not move with the cardboard with
the inertia and falls in to the glass.
Example 2:
Cut a strip of paper. Place it on the table. Stack a few coins at its on end. Pull out the paper strip
under the coins with a jerk. We will succeed in pulling out the paper strip under the stacked
coin without letting them to fall due to inertia.
ii. Momentum
Ans: Momentum of a body is the quantity of motion it possesses due to its mass and
velocity. The momentum 'P' of a body is given by the product of its mass m and velocity
‘v’.
Thus

Quantity
Momentum is a vector quantity,
Unit
SI unit of momentum is kgms-1 or Ns.
iii. Force
Ans: A force moves or tends to move, stops or tends to stop the motion of a body. The force
can also change the direction of motion of a body.
Example
We can open the door either by pushing or pulling the door.
A man pushes the cart. The push may move the cart or change the direction of its motion or
may stop the moving cart.
A batsman changes the direction of moving ball by pushing it with his bat.
iv. Force of friction
Ans: The force which opposes the motion of moving objects is called friction.
Cause of friction
No surface is perfectly smooth. A surface that appears smooth has pits and bumps that
can be seen under microscope. A magnified view of a surface in contact shows the gaps and
contacts between them. The contact points between the two surfaces form a sort of cold welds.
These cold welds resist the surfaces from sliding over each other. Adding weight over the upper
block increases the force pressing the surfaces together which increases the resistance. Thus,
greater is the pressing force greater will be the friction between sliding surfaces.
Mathematical Derivation
 Friction is equal to the applied force that tends to move a body at rest. This friction at
rest is called the static friction. It increases with the applied force. Friction can also be increased
to a certain maximum value. It does not increase beyond this. This maximum value of friction
is known as force of limiting friction (Fs). It depends on the normal reaction (pressing force)
between the two surfaces in contact. The ratio between the force of limiting friction FS and the
normal reaction R is constant. This constant is called the coefficient of friction and is
represented by
Thus
Or

If m is the mass of the block, then for horizontal surface;

R = mg
Hence FS = µ mg
Friction is desirable
Friction is needed to walk on the ground. It is risky to run on wet floor with shoes that
have smooth soles, Athletes use special shoes that have extraordinary ground grip. Such shoes
prevent them from slipping while running fast. To stop bicycle we apply brakes. The rubber
pads pressed against the rims provides friction. It is the friction that stops the bicycle.
v. Centripetal force
Ans: Definition:
The acceleration produced by the centripetal force which is always
directed towards the center of the circle is known as centripetal acceleration.
Example
Consider stone tied with a string moving in a circle. The necessary centripetal force acts
on the stone through the string that keeps it to move in a circle. According to Newton's third
law of motion, there exists a reaction to centripetal force. Centripetal reaction that pulls the
string outward is sometimes the centrifugal force.
3.3 What is the difference between?
i Mass and weight
Differentiate between Mass and Weight Mass
Mass Weight

• Mass of a body is the quantity of • The weight of the body is equal

matter possessed by the body. to the force with which earth attracts it.

• It is a scalar quantity.
• It is a vector quantity and is
toward the center of the earth
• It is measured by physical balance. • It is measured by spring balance.
• It remains same everywhere. •
It does not remain same at all
• It does not change with change of places because, the value of 'g' does
place. remain same at all places,
• Unit of mass is kilogram (Kg) • Unit of weight is Newton (N).
 • It is a base quantity. • It is a derived quantity.
• It can be calculated by using the • It can be calculated by using the
formula F = ma formula w = mg.

ii Action and reaction

When two bodies come in contact with each other, the force exerted by first body on second
body is known as action.
When two bodies come in contact with each other, the force exerted by second body on first
body is known as reaction.
iii Sliding friction and rolling friction
Sliding Friction Rolling Friction
Frictional force experienced by the body Frictional force experienced by the body
when a body slides over the other body. when a body rolls over the other body.
It is greater than rolling friction It is less than sliding friction
3.4 What is the law of inertia?
Ans: Since Newton's first law of motion deals with the inertial property of matter, therefore, Newton's
first law of motion is also known as law of inertia.
3.5 Why is it dangerous to travel on the roof of a bus?
Ans: It is dangerous to travel on the roof of a bus because when brakes are applied suddenly, the lower
part of body of passenger sitting on its roof comes to rest immediately but due to inertia upper
part of his body continues its motion in a straight line and he may fall forward and gets injured
if there is no support.
3.10 A horse pushes the cart. If the action and reaction are equal and opposite then how
does the cart move?
Ans: The horse apply action on the road by his feet, the reaction is given by the road on the horse,
due to which horse moves. The cart which is tied with the horse will also move.
3.11 What is the law of conservation of momentum?
Ans: The momentum of an isolated system of two or more than two interacting bodies remains
constant.
An isolated system is a group of interacting bodies on which no external force is acting. If no
unbalanced or net force acts on a system then its momentum remains constant.
3.12 Why is the law of conservation of momentum important?
Ans: Law of conservation of momentum has vast applications and is applicable universally on bigger
bodies as well as on atoms and molecules. A system of gun and bullet, rocket and jet engines
etc. Work on the principle of law of conservation of momentum.
3.13 When a gun is fired, it recoils. Why?
Ans: Total momentum of the gun and the bullet is zero before the firing. When gun is fired, bullet
moves in forward direction and gun recoils to conserve momentum.
3.14 Describe two situations in which force of friction is needed?
Ans:
(i) We cannot write if there would be no friction between paper and the pencil.
(ii) Friction enables us to walk on the ground. We cannot run on a slippery ground. A slippery
ground offers very little friction.
3.15 How does oiling the moving parts of a machine lower friction?
Ans: The friction of liquids is less than friction of solids. So, oiling the moving parts of the machines
lower the friction.
3.16 Describe ways to reduce friction.
Ans: The friction can be reduced by.
• Making the sliding friction smooth
• Making the fast moving a streamline shape (fish Shape) such as car, aero planes, etc., this
causes the smooth flow of air and thus minimizes air resistance at high speeds.
• Lubricating the sliding surfaces
• Using ball bearings or roller bearings. Because the rolling friction is lesser than the sliding
friction.
3.17 Why rolling friction is less than sliding friction?
Ans. We know that greater the points of contact between two surfaces, greater will be the friction
and vice versa. Since the points of contact between surfaces in case of rolling are less than
points of contact in case of sliding therefore rolling friction is less than sliding
 UNIT NO. 4

TURNING EFFECT OF FORCE

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS

4.1 Encircle the correct answer from the given choices.

i. Two equal but unlike parallel forces having different line of action produces:
(a) Torque
(b) couple
(c) equilibrium
(d) neutral equilibrium
ii. The number of forces that can be added by head to tail rule are:
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) Any number
iii. The number of perpendicular components of forces are:
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
iv. A force of 10N is making an angle of 300 with the horizontal. Its horizontal component will
be:
(a) 4 N
(b) 5 N
(c) 7 N
(d) 8.7 N
v. A couple is formed by:
(a) Two forces perpendicular to each other
(b) Two like parallel forces
(c) Two equal and opposite forces in the same line
(d) Two equal and opposite forces not in the same line
vi. Racing cars are made stable by:
(a) Increasing their speed
(b) Decreasing their mass
(c) Lowering their center of gravity
(d) Decreasing their width
4.4 How head to tail rule helps to find the resultant of forces?
Ans: Draw the representative lines of all the force to be added in such a way that head of first force
coincides with the tail of second force, head of second force coincides with the tail of third
force and so on. The line obtained by joining the tail of first force with the head of last force
represent resultant force.
4.5 How can a force be resolved into its rectangular components?
Ans: The decomposition or division of a vector into its components is called resolution of a vector.
OR
The splitting of a single vector into two mutually perpendicular components is called the resolution of
that force.
The process of splitting up vectors (forces) into their component forces is called resolution of force. If
a force is formed from two mutually perpendicular components then such components are called
perpendicular components.
Determination of Rectangular components of a vector
Suppose a vector F acts on a body by making an angle θ with the x-axis which is represented by the
vector OA as shown in the figure. Draw perpendicular from A on x-axis as AB. According to head to
tail rule, OA is the resultant vector of OB and BA.
So, OA = 0B + BA (1)
0
Since the angle between BA and 0B is 90 , hence these are called the perpendicular components of the
vector OA representing F.

o x
Figure 4.7: Resolution of a force
Horizontal or x-component

The component OB along x-axis is represented by Fx and is called the X-component or horizontal
component of the vector F.
Vertical or y-component
The component BA is represented by Fy and is called the y-component or vertical component of the
vector F.
So, equation (l) can be represented by,
F=Fx+Fy
Magnitude of Rectangular components
The magnitude of the perpendicular components Fx and Fy of forces Fx and Fy can be found by using
the trigonometric ratios. In right angled triangle OAB,
𝑂𝐵
Cosθ = 𝑂𝐴 or OB = OA cosθ

But OB = Fx and OA = F
Hence Fx = Fcosθ

Similarly,
 𝐵𝐴
sinθ = 𝑂𝐴 or BA = OA cosθ

But BA = Fy and OA = F
Hence Fy = Fcosθ

These two components are the two sides of the right-angled triangle whereas hypotenuse represent the
magnitude of the actual vector;
4.6 When a body is said to be in equilibrium?
Ans: A body is said to be in equilibrium if no net force acts on it. A body in equilibrium remains at
rest or moves with uniform velocity and has no linear acceleration as well as no rotational
acceleration.
4.7 Explain the first condition for equilibrium.
Ans: Equilibrium
A body is said to be in equilibrium if no net force acts on it.
First Condition of Equilibrium
A body will be in equilibrium if the resultant of all the forces acting on it is zero. This is first
condition of equilibrium.
Explanation
Let n number of forces Fl, F2, F3, ……………, Fn are acting on a body such that
F1 + F2 + F3 + ……… + Fn
ƩF = 0 ………… (1)
The symbol Ʃ is a Greek letter called sigma used for summation. The first condition of
equilibrium can also be stated in terms of x and y-component of the forces on the body as.
F1x + F2x + F3x + ……… + Fnx = 0

And F1y + F2y + F3y + ……… + Fny = 0

Or ƩFx = 0 …………….. (2)
ƩFy = 0 …………….. (3)
Examples
Examples of bodies satisfying the first condition of equilibrium are given below:
• A book lying on a table or a picture hanging on a wall are at rest
• A paratooper coming down with terminal velocity ( constant velocity).
4.8 Whey there is need of second condition for equilibrium if a body satisfies first
condition for equilibrium.
Ans: When two equal and opposite forces act on a body along the same line, it will be in equilibrium
and no linear acceleration is produced in it. But when two equal and opposite forces act on a
body not along the same line, the body is not in equilibrium because rotational acceleration is
produced in the body although first condition is still satisfied. Hence in this case for the body
to be in equilibrium second condition is needed.
4.9 What is second condition of equilibrium?
Ans: A body satisfies second condition of equilibrium when the resultant torque acting on it is zero.
4.10 Give an example of a moving body which is in equilibrium.
Ans: A paratrooper coming down with terminal velocity is in equilibrium. This type of equilibrium is
known as dynamic equilibrium,
4.11 Think of a body which is at rest but not in equilibrium.
Ans: A ball thrown upward becomes at rest at the top. At this state it is not in equilibrium although it
is at rest.
4.12 When a body cannot be in equilibrium due to a single force on it?
Ans: A single force acting on a body is not balanced and produces acceleration. Therefore, in the
presence of a single force body cannot be in equilibrium.
4.13 Why the height of vehicles is kept as low as possible?
Ans: We know that smaller the height of center of gravity of a body, greater will be its stability. The
height of vehicles is kept low to lower their center of gravity and as a result their stability
increases.
 UNIT 5

GRAVITATION

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS

5.1 Encircle the correct answer from the given choices.

i. Earth's gravitational force of attraction vanishes at:
(a) 6400 km (b) infinity
(c) 42300 km (d) 1000 km
ii. Value of g increases with the:
(a) Increase in mass of body (b) increase in altitude
(c) decrease in altitude (d) none of the above
iii. The value of g at a height one Earth's radius above the surface of Earth is:
(a) 2 g (b)1/2 g
(c) 1/3 g (d) 1/4 g
-2
iv. The value of g on moon's surface is 1.6 ms . What will be the weight of a 100 kg body on the
surface of the moon?
(a) 100 N (b) 160 N
(c) 1000 N (d) 1600 N
5.2 What is meant by force of gravitation?
Ans: In the universe, there exists a force between the bodies due to which everybody of the universe
attracts every other body. This force is known as force of gravitation.
5.3 Do you attract the earth or the Earth attracts you? Which one is attracting with a
larger force? You or Earth?
Ans: We attract the earth and Earth attracts us but Earth attracts us with larger force because the mass
of the Earth is large.
5.8 Why law of gravitation is important to us?
Ans: Law of gravitation is important to us because it is used to calculate force of attraction between
two masses. It is used to calculate the mass of Earth
5.10 How the mass of Earth can be determined?
Ans: Suppose a body of mass m is placed on the surface of the Earth. Let mass of the Earth is Me and
radius of Earth be R. The distance between the body and center of the Earth is equal to the radius of
the Earth R.
According to the law of gravitation, gravitational force F of the Earth acting on the body is
given by,
𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚
𝐹=
𝑅2
We know that the force of gravitation with which Earth attracts the body towards its center is
equal to the weight of the body. Therefore,
Therefore, F = w = mg
OR
𝐺𝑀𝑒𝑚
𝑚𝑔 =
𝑅2

𝐺𝑀𝑒
Or 𝑔= …. (2)
𝑅2

𝑔𝑅 2
Or 𝑀𝑒 = ………(3)
𝐺
As we know that,
g = 10 ms-1
R = 6.4 x 106 m
And G = 6.673 x 10 Il Nm2kg-2
By putting the value of g, R and G in equation (3), we have
𝑔𝑅 2 10 × (6.4 × 106 )2
𝑀= =
𝐺 6.673 × 10−11
409.6 × 1012
𝑀=
6.673 × 10−11
23
M = 61.4 x 10
M = 6.14 x 1024 kg
M = 6 x 1024 kg
Hence the mass of the earth is approximately 6 x 1024 kg.
5.12 Why does the value of g vary from place to place?
Ans: We know that
𝐺𝑀𝑒
𝑔=
𝑅2
The above relation shows that value ‘g’ is inversely proportional to the square of distance of body
from the center of earth. Hence when distance body from center of earth increase, the value of g
decreases and vice versa.
5.13 Explain how the value of g varies with altitude.
Ans: As we know that

𝐺𝑀𝑒
𝑔=
𝑅2

The above equation shows that the acceleration due to gravity depends on the radius of Earth at its
surface. The value of g is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the Earth. It does not
remain constant. It decreases with altitude. Altitude is the height of an object or place above sea level.
The value of g is greater at sea level than at the hills
Mathematical Form
Suppose a body of mass m at an altitude h. The distance of the body from the center of the Earth is R
+ h. By using above equation, we have
𝐺𝑀
𝑔ℎ =
(𝑅 + ℎ)2
According to the above equation, we come to know that at height equal to one Earth radius above the
surface of the Earth, g becomes one fourth of its value on the Earth. Similarly, at a distance of two
Earth's radius above the Earth's surface, the value of g becomes one ninth of its value on the Earth.
 UNIT NO. 6

WORK AND ENERGY

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS

6.1 Encircle the correct answer from the given choices.

i. The work done will be zero when the angle between force and distance is:
(a) 450 (b) 600
(c) 900 (d) 1800
ii. If the direction of motion of the force is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the body, then
work done will be:
(a) Maximum (b) minimum
(c) zero (d) none of above
iii. If the velocity of a body becomes double, then its kinetic energy will:
(a) Remains the same (b) becomes double
(c) becomes four times (d) become half
iv. The work done in lifting a brick of mass 2 kg through a height of 5 m above the ground will be:
(a) 2.5 J (b) 10 J
(c) 50 J (d) 100 J
iv. Which one of the following converts light energy into electrical energy?
(a) Electric bulb (b) electrical generator
(c) photocell (d) electric cell
vii. When a body is lifted through a height ‘h’, the work done on it appears m the form of its:
(a) kinetic energy (b) potential energy
(c) elastic potential energy (d) geothermal
ix. The energy stored in a dam is:
(a) electrical energy (b) potential energy
(c) kinetic energy (d) thermal energy
6.2 Define work. What is its SI unit?
Ans: Work is done when force acting on a body displaces it in the direction of a force.
Unit of work
In System International, its unit is joule (J)
Joule
The amount of Work done will be one joule if a force of one Newton displaces a body
through a distance of one meter in the direction of the force.
6.3 When does a force do work? Explain.
Ans: When force acts on the body and body covers some distance in the direction of force then we
said work is done. And this work can be calculated by the formula.
W=FxS
6.4 Why do we need energy?
Ans: We need energy to do different types of work in our daily life. When we say that body has
energy, we mean that it has the ability to do work.
Examples
Energy is required to move.
Energy is required to stop the moving objects.
6.5 Define energy; give two types of mechanical energy.

Ans: A body possesses energy if it is capable to do work.

OR

Ability of a body to do work is known as energy.

Types of Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy possessed by a body is of two types:
i) Kinetic Energy
ii) Potential Energy
6.6 Define K.E. and derive its relation.
Ans: "The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called kinetic energy."
Example
• Moving air is called wind. We can use wind energy for doing various things. It drives
windmills and pushes sailing boats.
• Moving water in a river can carry wooden logs through large distances and can also be
used to drive turbines for generating electricity.
Mathematical Derivation
Let a body of mass m is moving with velocity v. An opposing force F acting through a
distance S brings it to rest. The body possesses kinetic energy and is capable to do work
against opposing force F until all of its kinetic energy used up.
K.E of the body = Work done by it due to motion.
K.E = FS
Vi = v
Vf = 0
As F = ma
A = -F/m
Since motion is opposed, hence, a is negative.
Using 3rd equation of motion:
2aS = vf2 – vi2
2(-F/m)S = (0)2 – (v)2
FS = ½ mv2
As we know that K.E. is equal to the work done.
So, K.E. = ½ mv2
The above equation gives the K.E. possessed by a body of mass m moving with velocity v.
6.7 Define potential energy and drive its relation.
Ans: The energy present in a body due to its height is called gravitational potential energy.
Mathematical Derivation
Suppose a ball of mass 'm' is lifted from the surface of the Earth to a height 'h'. The body will
acquire potential energy equal to the work done in lifting it to height h,
Thus, Potential Energy = Fxh
= wxh
As we know that weigh of the body = w=mg
So, P.E. =wh=mgh
Thus, the potential energy possessed by the body with respect to the ground is mgh and is
equal to the work done in lifting it to a height h
6.13 What is meant by efficiency of a system?
Ans: Efficiency of a system is the ratio of required form of energy obtained from a system as output
to the total energy given to it as input.
Example
Electric motors may be used to pump water, to blow air, to wash clothes, to drill holes, etc. for that
they use electric energy. How good a machine is, depends how much output we obtain from it by
giving certain input. The ratio of useful output to input energy is very important to judge the working
of machine.
6.14 How can you find the efficiency of a system?
Ans: Efficiency of a system is the ratio of required form of energy obtained from a system as output
to the total energy given to it as input.
Mathematically, it can be calculated as:
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
6.15 What is meant by the term power?

Ans: "Rate of doing work with respect to time is called the power”.
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
Thus, 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
If we represent power by 'P', work by 'W' and time by 't', then

𝑊
𝑃=
𝑡

6.16 Define watt.

Ans: In System International, the unit of power is watt (W)
Watt
If a body does a work of one joule in one second then its power will be one watt.
 UNIT NO. 7

PROPERTIES OF MATTER

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS

7.1 Encircle the correct answer from the given choices.

iii. SI unit of pressure is Pascal, which is equal to?
(a) 104 Nm-2 (b) 1 Nm-2
(c) 102 Nm-2 (d) 103 Nm-2
viii. According to Hooke's law:
(a) Stress x strain = constant (b) stress/strain = constant
(c) strain/stress = constant (d) stress = strain
7.6 Define the term pressure.
Ans. A force acting normally per unit area on the surface of body is called pressure.
Thus, P = Force/Area
Or, P = F/A
Quantity
Pressure is a scalar quantity.
Unit
In SI units, the unit of pressure is Nm-2 also called Pascal (Pa). Thus, 1Nm-2 = 1Pa.
7.15 Explain the working of hydraulic press.
Ans: Pressure applied at any point of a liquid enclosed in a container, is transmitted without the
loss to all other parts of the liquid.
An external force applied on the surface of a liquid increases the liquid pressure at the surface
of the liquid. This increase in liquid pressure is transmitted equally in all direction and to the walls
of the container in which it is filled.
Applications of Pascal’s Law (Hydraulic Press)
Hydraulic press is a machine which works on the principle of Pascal’s law. It consists of two
cylinders which are fitted with pistons of cross-sectional area a and A. The object to be compressed
is placed over the piston of large cross-sectional area A, the force is applied on the piston of cross-
sectional area a. The pressure P produced by small piston is transmitted through the liquid and acts
as on the large piston and a force F2 acts on A which is much larger than F1.
Mathematical form
Pressure on piston of small area a is given by,
𝐹1
𝑃=
𝑎
By applying a Pascal’s law, the pressure on the large piston of area A will be same as on the
small piston
𝐹2
𝑃= 𝐴
By comparing the above equations, we have
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝑎 𝐴
𝐴
𝐹2 = 𝐹1 × 𝑎
Since the ratio A/a is greater than l, hence the force F2 acts on the larger piston is greater
than the force Fl on the smaller piston. Hydraulic systems working in this way are known as force
multipliers.
7.17 State Archimedes principle?
Ans: When object is totally or partially immersed in a liquid, an upthrust act on it equal to the weight
of the liquid it displaces.
7.22 Take a rubber band. Construct a balance of you own using a rubber band. Check
its accuracy by weighing various objects.
Ans: Take a rubber band hang it with a hook. Then pointer is attached at the lower end of it with
scale in front of pointer. Different known weights are suspended one by one at the lower end
of the rubber band. Mark the pointer positions for each known weight. It is called calibration
of scale for weight measurements. This makes a balance for weight measurement.
 UNIT NO. 8

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS

8.1 Encircle the correct answer from the given choices

iv. Which of the following material has large specific heat?
(a) Copper (b) ice
(c) water (d) mercury
v. Which of the following material has large value of temperature coefficient of linear
expansion?
(a) Aluminum (b) gold
(c) brass (d) steel
vi. Which of the following material has large value of temperature coefficient of linear
expansion?
(a) 2 x 10-5 K-1 (b) 6 x 10-5 K-1
(c) 8 x 10-15 K-1 (d) 8 x 10-5 K-1
vii. A large water reservoir keeps temperature of nearby land moderate due to:
(a) Low temperature of water (b) low specific heat of water
(c) less absorption of heat (d) large specific heat of water
viii. Which of the following affects evaporation?
(a) Temperature (b) Surface area of the liquid
(c) wind (d) all of the above
8.3 Define the term heat and temperature.
Ans: Heat
Heat is the energy that is transferred from one body to the other in thermal contact with each
other as a result of the difference of temperature.
Temperature
Degree of coldness or hotness of the body is a measure of its temperature.
8.7 Explain the volumetric thermal expansion.
Ans: "Heating a block causes an increase in length, breadth and thickness, i.e., volume of the block
increases that is known as volume expansion".
OR
Volume of a solid also changes with the change in temperature and is called volume thermal
expansion or cubical thermal expansion.
Dependence
If we heat a block then increase in volume of the block depends on the following three
factors:
(i) Original volume of block.
(ii) Change in temperature.
 (iii) Nature of material of the block.
Mathematical form
Consider a solid of initial volume Vo at certain temperature To. On heating the solid to a
temperature T, let its volume becomes V, then
Increase in volume of a solid = ∆V = V - Vo
And Change in temperature ∆T = T — To
Like linear expansion, the change in volume ∆V is found to be proportional to its original
volume Vo and change in temperature ∆T, Thus
V – Vo α Vo
And V – Vo α ∆T
V – Vo α Vo ∆T
V – Vo = β Vo ∆T
V = Vo + β Vo ∆T
V = Vo (1+ β ∆T)
Coefficient of Volume Expansion
Where β is the proportionality constant and is called the co-efficient of volume expansion.
∆𝑉
𝛽=
𝑉𝑜 ∆𝑇
Thus, we can define the temperature coefficient of volume expansion as:
"The fractional change in its volume per Kelvin change in temperature"
OR
'If a block of one-meter cube volume is heated through a temperature difference of 1K then
the change in the volume of the block is called the co-efficient of linear expansion"
Its unit is also K-1 but as compared to the co-efficient of linear expansion, it is three times
greater.
β = 3α
8.8 Define specific heat. How would you find the specific heat of a solid?
Ans: “Specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat that is required to raise the temperature
of 1 kg mass of that substance through 1K".
Explanation
Generally, when a body is heated, its temperature increases. Increase in the temperature of a
body is found to be proportional to the amount of heat absorbed by it.
It has also been observed that the quantity of heat ∆Q required to raise the temperature ∆T
of a body is proportional to the mass m of the body.
Thus ∆Q α m ∆T
Or ∆Q = c m ∆T
Here ∆Q is the amount of heat absorbed by the body and c is the constant of proportionality
called the specific heat capacity or simply specific heat.
 ∆𝑄
So 𝑐= 𝑚 ∆𝑇
Unit
In SI units, mass m is measured in kilogram (kg), heat ∆Q is measured in joule (J) and
temperature increases. ∆T is taken in Kelvin (K). So, SI unit of specific heat Jkg-1K-1.

8.9 Define and explain latent heat of fusion.

Ans: 'Heat energy required to change unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid state at its
melting point without change in the temperature is called its latent heat of fusion".
Mathematical Formula
It is denoted by Hf.
∆𝑄𝑓
𝐻𝑓 =
𝑚
OR ∆𝑄𝑓 = 𝑚 𝐻𝑓
Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice
Ice changes at 00 C into water. Latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.36 x 105 Jkg-1. That is; 3.36 x 105
joules heat is required to melt 1 kg of ice into water 00 C.
8.10 Define latent heat of vaporization.
Ans: 'The quantity of heat that changes unit mass of a liquid completely into gas at its boiling
point without any change in its temperature is called its latent heat of vaporization"
Explanation
When heat is given to a liquid at its boiling point, its temperature remains constant. The heat
energy given to liquid at its boiling point is used up in changing its state from liquid to gas
without any increase in its temperature.
Mathematical Form
It is denoted by Hv
∆𝑄𝑣
𝐻𝑣 =
𝑚
OR ∆𝑄𝑣 = 𝑚 𝐻𝑣
Latent Heat of Vaporization of Water
When water is heated, it boils at 100 ᵒC under standard pressure. Its temperature remains
1000C until it is changed into steam. Its latent heat of vaporization is 2.26 x 106 Jkg-1. That
is; one kilogram of water requires 2.26 x 106 joule heat to change it completely into gas
(steam) at its boiling point.
 UNIT NO. 9

TRANSFER OF HEAT

TEXTBOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS

9.1 Encircle the correct answer from the given choices.

1. In solids, heat is transferred by:
(a) Radiation (b) conduction
(c) convection (d) absorption
2. What happens to the thermal conductivity of a wall T its thickness is doubled?
(a) Becomes double (b) remains the same
(c) Becomes half (d) becomes one fort
3. Metals are good conductor of heat due to the;
(a) Free electrons (b) big size of their molecules
(c) small size of their molecules (d) rapid vibration of their atoms
4. Convection of heat is the process of heat transfer due to the molecules:
(a) Random motion (b) downward movement
(c) upward movement (d) free movement
5. False ceiling is done to:
(a) Lower the height of ceiling (b) keep the roof clean
(c) cool the room (d) insulate the ceiling
6. Rooms are heated using gas heaters by:
(a) Conduction only (b) convection and radiation
(c) Radiation only (d) convection only
7. Land breeze blows from:
(a) See to land during night (b) sea to land during the day
(c) Land to sea during night (d) land to sea during the
day
8. Which of the following is a good radiator of heat?
(a) A shining silvered surface (b) A dull black surface
(c) A white surface (d) A green colored surface
9.2 Why metals are good conductors of electricity?
Ans: Metals have free electrons. These free electrons move with very high velocities within the
metal objects. They carry energy at a very fast rate from hot to cold parts of the objects
as they move, that is why metal are good conductors of heat.
9.4 Why conduction of heat does not take place in gases?
Ans: Gases are poor conductor of heat because gases do not have fee electrons. Furthermore,
for conduction molecules should be close while in gases molecules have vast spaces.
That why gases do not undergo conduction.
9.5 What measures do you suggest to conserve energy in house?
Ans: To conserve energy in our house, following measure may be taken:
• Hot water tanks are insulated by plastic or foam lagging
• Wall cavities are filled with plastic foam or wool
 • Ceiling of room is covered by insulating materials (false ceiling)
• Double glazed window panes are used, these windows panes have air between glass
sheets that provides good insulation.
9.6 Why transfer of heat in fluids takes place by convection?
Ans: Liquids and gases are poor conductors of heat due 'to large distances among their
molecules: However, heat is transferred through fluids (liquids or gases) by a method
called convection. Heat transfer of heat in fluids takes place by convection because
movement of molecules is easy in fluids.
9.7 What is meant by convection current?

Ans: Gases also expand on heating; thus, convection currents are easily set up due to the
differences in the densities of air at various parts in the atmosphere,
Example
Convection currents set up by electric, gas or coal heaters help to warm our homes and
offices.