ICT NOTES FOR GRADE 7 STUDENTS – 2016 E.

The books covers selected fundamental knowledge and skills of IT. It is organized into six units as shown below:

 Unit One introduces the fundamental concepts of Introduction to Information and Communication
Technology (ICT), Information Technology (IT) and Computer.
 Unit Two presents and describes the basic Computer Hardware and their functionalities.
 Unit Three discusses the basic concepts and skills of using computer software.
 Unit Four covers the basic terminology of internet, and knowledge and skills necessary to use the internet.
 Unit Five shows how to apply Security and Safety issues while using computers.
 Unit Six offers the students the basic programming concepts of LOGO programming.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Information & Communication Technology
1
1.1. Information and Communication Technology
2
1.2. Basic Elements of ICT System
2
1.3. ICT in our daily life
6
1.4. What is computer?
10
2. Computer Hardware
15
2.1. Introduction to Computer Hardware
16
2.2. Input Devices
16
2.3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
20
2.4. Output devices
21
2.5. Storage devices
23
3. Computer Software
30
3.1. Introduction to Computer Software
31
3.2. Overview of Word Processing
35
4. Internet
46
4.1. Definition of the Internet
47
4.2. Basic Internet Terminologies
47
4.3. Web Browser Application
49

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4.4. Structures of Web Address and Accessing a Website

52

5. Security and Safety of Computer

57
5.1. Care for a computer
58
5.2. Computer security
65

6. Logic Oriented Graphics Oriented Programming

72
6.1. Programming Language
73
6.2. Graphical Elements of MSW Logo
75
6.3. Basic MSW LOGO Drawing Commands
77
6.4. Procedures
78
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECNOLOGY
At the end of this unit, students will be able to:
 define ICT;
 define computer;
 differentiate between IT and ICT;
 explain the concepts of information technology;
 Discuss the basic elements of ICT system
1.1. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
 The term Information Communication Technology (ICT) refers to all communication technologies,
including the internet, mobile phones, television, computers, tablets, and cameras.
 It also refers to integrating telephone and audio-visual networks with computer networks to enable the users to
access, retrieve, store, transmit, and manipulate information in a digital or electronic form.
 Information Technology (IT) refers to an entire industry that uses computers, networking, software and other
equipment to manage information.
 It is the process of creating, maintaining, and using computer software, hardware, and networks.
 Although IT and ICT are related concepts, they are not the same.
 IT is a broader concept and a technology that is related to computing data whereas
 ICT is related technologies in communication.

Activity 1.1
A. Discuss the term ICT in groups and share your experiences of using ICT with your friends.
B. Write the difference between IT and ICT using your own words and present it to the class.

1.2. Basic Elements of ICT System

 ICT system consists of five basic elements such as data, information, communication, user, and technology.
I. Data: It can be defined as any type of representation of an object or an event.
 Numbers, text, symbols, speech, image, and so on are all examples of representation or Data.
 Data has to be processed, or provided with a context before it is given meaning.
 For example Abebe, 15 ______________Means that Abebe is 15 years old.
II. Information: is the result of processed data.

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 Data processing occurs when data is collected and translated into usable information.
 Data only takes meaning and becomes information when it is interpreted.
 Data interpretation is the process of reviewing data through some predefined processes which will help
assign some meaning to the data and arrive at a relevant conclusion.

What is the difference between Data and Information?

Data Information
 It is termed as Input. It is termed as Output.
 It has no meaning itself It has meaning by itself.
 It requires processing. It does not require processing.
 It is not used directly It used directly

III. User: is a person who has access to ICT and utilizes it.
 It is humans who develop and operate the software, feed data, create and maintain the hardware, define the
procedures, and finally determine if an ICT succeeds or fails.

IV. Communication: is the process of passing information from one place to another.
 Providing information to computers, reading information from any system, or the transfer of message
between two people are some of the examples of communication.
 To have communication among computers and other ICT systems, communication devices are mandatory.
Communication devices are basically devices that allow computers and other ICT systems to
communicate with one another.
V. Technology: refers to a set of tools and machines created by humans to solve problems.
 It allows humans to study and evolve the physical elements that are present in their lives.
 Technology can be found in our homes, in personal places, in industries, in business, and in the medical
profession. For example, Mobile phones and Television.

Activity 1.2
A. Identify the basic elements of ICT system and discuss each of them in groups with examples
B. Turn the given data below into information by giving any meaningful and appropriate title to them.
- 0,2,4,6,8,10
- Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics

1.3. ICT in our daily life

 ICT is a broad subject and an evolving concept.
 It has a great impact on our daily lives. We encounter many new technologies in our everyday lives.
 We use ICT at home, at school, in the workplace, in the streets, in places we visit during holidays, on
business, and in public spaces.
 We use ICT in communication, education, entertainment, agriculture and health sector.
1.3.1. ICT In Communication
 We all know that ICT plays an important role in our daily lives to communicate with our loved ones.
 For example, humble online communication for experience sharing and peacekeeping, short
message service (SMS), email, social media, radio and television.
1.3.2. ICT In Education
 ICT contributes greatly to education because it improves the way of education and provides a better
educational environment. For example, radio, television, plasma educational channels.

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 The use of computers, tablets, displays, interactive electronic boards, and ICT technologies help to expand
access to education.
 Through ICT, learning can occur anytime and anywhere. For example, students can access textbooks and
other educational resources from the internet.
 These resources can be obtained through video clips, audio sounds, and visual presentations.
 ICT enables an inclusive right for information access.
1.3.3. ICT In Entertainment
 ICT provides a variety of entertainment and leisure activities that can be easily accessed from our home.
For example, directly from television, we can watch movies and music.
1.3.4. ICT In E-commerce
 Electronic commerce (E-commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services, or the transfer of
funds and data through the internet.
Activity 1.3
A. Give some examples (examples that are not mentioned in this textbook) of the uses of ICT in daily lives.
B. Please make a small group and discuss the role of ICT in the following cross-cutting issues. Then present it to
the class: Child trafficking, COVID-19 , HIV/ADIS, Climate change and agriculture

1.4. What is computer?

A computer is any calculating device or machine. But these days, computers process not only numbers but also texts
and pictures.
Computer is an electronic machine that accepts data, process it under a set of instructions called programs
, stores it and gives results of processed data or information.
1.4.1. Functions of Computer
There are four (4) basic functions of computer.
Input -------------- Process----------Storage----------Output

1.4.2. Characteristics of Computer

We use computers for a variety of purposes.
 Communication: computer becomes a good communication tool for humans.
 Computation: Computers performs complex mathematical computations and make comparisons.
 Storage: computers have large storage capacity and it can be store large amount of data unlike human.
 Diligence: computers do not require rest. i.e. computers cannot be tired as humans.
 Speed and Efficiency: computers can finis any given task with a very short time. i.e. computer can performs
billions of tasks in a second.
1.4.3. Risks of Overuse computers
There are a number of physical and emotional risks that will result in the overuse and incorrect use of computers.
For example, muscle and joint pain, overuse injuries of arms, wrist or hand and eyestrain.
1.4.4. Components of the computer system
 A computer system, like a human being, can be viewed as a combination of body and mind.
 The computer system has two parts: hardware and software.
Review Questions
Part I. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it incorrect.
1. Computer is only a calculating device or machine.
2. ICT tools cannot be used for entertainment.
3. ICT improves the teaching and learning system.
4. People use computers to make their job easier and faster.
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5. Data by itself has a meaning.

6. Data is any type of representation of an object or an event.
7. Communication devices simply allow computers and various ICT systems to be connected to one another

Part II. Choose the best answer among the given alternatives.
1. An elements of ICT that has no meaning by itself is: A. Information B. User C. Data D. Technology
2. Which one of the following sectors can be supported by ICT? A. Education B. Agriculture C. Health D. All
3. The characteristics of a computer that refers to how fast a computer can perform a given task is:
A. Storage B. Speed C. Diligence D. Communication
4. A processed data is called ______. A. Information B. Data C. Input D. Process

5. Which one of the following is the risk that we may face due to overuse of computers?
A. Eyestrain
B. Joint pain,
C. Overuse injuries of arms,
D. All
Part III. Write the correct answer in each of the spaces.
1. _____________ refers to the development, maintenance, and use of computer software, hardware and networks.
2. Data representation could be in the form of ___________, ____________, ___________, __________,
______________.
3. _____________stores data for later use in appropriate storage devices, and retrieve it whenever it is necessary.
4. ___________ are people who design and operate the software, input the data, build the hardware and keep it
running.
5. ICT stands for_________________________________________.
6. ________________is an individual who has access to ICT and utilizes it.
7. ________________ is the processed outcome of data.
8. ________________is a set of tools and machines created by humans
Part IV. Discussion questions
1. Define the term computer.
2. What is the difference between data and information?
3. Write a short note on basic elements of ICT systems.
4. Explain the term technology and information technology.
5. Define information and communication technology (ICT).

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UNIT 2: COMPUTER HARDWARE

At the end of this unit, students will be able to:
 identify the hardware components of computer;
 identify functions of each hardware components;
 Explain computer hardware.

2.1. Introduction to Computer Hardware

Computer hardware is the physical part of the computer that you can see and touch.
Computer hardware can be categorized based on the nature of their functions:
 Input devices
 Processing (Central processing unit)
 Output devices
 Storage devices

2.2. Input Devices

Input devices are parts of computer hardware that are used to insert data into computer system.
Common input devices are:
Keyboard: is the most common and widely used input device for entering data into a computer
Mouse: is another important tool for communicating with computers.
Commonly known as a pointing device, allows you to point to things on the screen, click on them, and move
them around.
Scanner: is used to convert a hardcopy document such as photographs to softcopy.
Touchscreen: a touch sensitive screen is a pointing device that allows the user to interact with the computer
by touching it.
Light Pen: is a pointing device in the shape of a pen. It can be used to select a menu item or to draw on the
monitor screen.
Camera: is used to capture photographs and save them in its memory.
Barcode reader: A barcode is a pattern made up of different thickness lines.
Barcode reader is used to read a barcode.
Microphone: it is a device used to input spoken word as input data or commands.

Activity 2.1
 List at least three types of input devices and discuss their functions in group.

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 Please make a small group and match input devices to the tasks below.
A. To capture a photo of your family
B. To record and input your voice to the computer

2.3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 CPU is the brain of the computer which performs all arithmetic, logical and control operations.
 It is responsible for all functions and processes.
 CPU consists of three components: arithmetic-logic unit, control unit, and register.
I. Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)
 ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations, and comparing data.
 Arithmetic calculation is used to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division whereas
 Logical operation is used to compare numbers, letters, or special characters.

II. Control Unit(CU)

 Control unit controls and directs the operation of the whole computer system.
III. Registers
 Register is a special and a small high speed memory of CPU which is used to store temporary results and
control information.

2.4. Output devices

 An output device is computer hardware that allows a computer to communicate the results of data processing
to the outside world.
 A computer’s output device allows data to be easily understood by a human.
 The following are some of the important output devices used in a computer.
Monitor: is a device that displays information in pictorial or text form.
 The visual and graphics information generated by the computer is shown on the monitor via the video card.
 The three (3) types of Monitor are: CRT, LCD and LED
Printer: is a type of output device that prints data on paper. A hard copy is created when you print something.
Plotters: is an output device like a printer used to produce highly graphical pictures or posters.
Speaker: is a hardware device that outputs sounds generated by the computer. It can be used to play music.

2.5. Storage devices

A storage device is used to store data in a computer system. It can store data either temporarily or permanently.
There are two types of storage devices: primary storage device, and secondary storage device.
I. Primary storage devices
 Primary storage, also known as main memory, is the part of the computer that stores current data,
programs, and instructions that can be accessed by the processor as needed.
 There are two common types of primary storage: Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only
Memory (ROM)
A. RAM: is responsible for storing the instructions and data that the computer is using at that present
moment in time.
 It is usually described as temporary (volatile) memory because its contents can be lost when the
computer is turned off.
B. ROM: refers to computer memory containing permanent data.
 ROM stays active regardless of whether a computer is turned on or off.

What is the difference between RAM and ROM?

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RAM ROM
 Data stored in RAM can be read and written. Data stored in ROM can only be read
 Stores data temporarily. Stores data permanently.
 Has high-speed memory Is much slower
II. Secondary storage: stores data and information permanently.
 Any non-volatile storage device, whether internal or external to the computer, is referred to as a
secondary storage device.
 Secondary storage devices can be used as input and output devices.
A. Hard Disk: is the most common and usually largest data storage device in a computer system.
B. Optical Disk: is any computer disk that uses optical and laser technologies to read and write data.
Some examples of optical disk include compact disc (CD) and digital video disc (DVD).
CDs can store up to 700 megabytes (MB) of data and DVDs can store up to 8.4 GB of data.
C. USB flash disk: is used for storage, data back-up and transferring of computer files.
D. Secure digital (SD) card: is a type of removable memory card used to read and write data in a wide
variety of mobile electronics and cameras.
Activity 2.2
A. Identify and explain the basic parts of computer hardware with examples.
B. Discuss storage devices in group and present the different examples of primary and secondary storage devices
to the class.
Units of data storage measurements: are used to express the size of the data that is going to be stored in our storage
device. The smallest unit used for measuring data is a bit while a byte is used as the fundamental unit of
measurement for data. Kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB) and gigabyte (GB) are the commonly used data
measurement units. Bit is a Single Binary Digit (1 or 0).
 One byte = 8 bits
 One kilobyte (KB) = 1,024 Bytes
 One megabyte (MB) = 1,024 Kilobytes
 One gigabyte (GB) = 1,024 Megabytes
 One terabyte (TB) = 1,024 Gigabytes
Review Questions

Part I. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect.

1. Secondary storage devices store data and information permanently.

2. Random Access Memory (RAM) is a permanent form of storage.

3. Microphone is commonly known as a pointing device, used to control the position of the cursor on the screen.

4. Control unit monitors the operation of the entire computer system.

5. Light pen is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen.

6. The arithmetic logical unit (ALU) is used to store temporary results.

Part II. Choose the best answer among the given alternatives.

1. An output device used to listen sound from a computer is:

A. Printer B. Plotter C. Speaker D. Microphone

2. A secondary storage device that uses optical and laser technologies to read and write data is:
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A. Flash disk B. CD C. Hard disk D. All

3. Which one of the following is an example of input device?

A. Scanner B. Printer C. Projector D. Speaker

4. Parts of the CPU that helps to perform addition is:

A. Arithmetic logic unit B. Register C. Control unit D. All

5. Primary storage used to store data permanently is:

A. ROM B. RAM C. Hard disk D. CD

Part III. Write the correct answer in the space provided.

1. _______ is an output device, which is used to print highly graphical information on paper.
2. _____________________is a part of the CPU used to store temporary results.
3. The storage devices are classified as _________________ and _______________.
4. Computer systems can be divided into_______________ and _______________.
5. ___________________allows the user to enter data into the computer.
6. ___________________ is the brain of the computer.

Part IV. Discuss the following points.

1. Write the difference between input and output devices.
2. List at least three examples of output devices and explain them.
3. What is the central processing unit (CPU)?
4. Discuss different parts of the CPU.

UNIT 3: COMPUTER SOFTWARE

At the end of this unit, students will be able to:
 differentiate between hardware and software;
 explain computer software;
 explain application software and system software;
 discuss system software with example;
III.1.Introduction to Computer Software
Computer software is a collection of computer instructions or programs that tell the computer what to do and how
to perform tasks.
 Computer hardware cannot perform any tasks without software.
 For example, without an operating system, we cannot start a computer.
 The hardware is designed to accomplish a variety of tasks, and the software instructs the hardware on how
to complete each task.
 Both computer hardware and software are interdependent, and neither can be used on their own.
 There are two types of software:
System software
Application software
III.1.1. System Software: is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual hardware
components of a computer system.
 It also helps the user, hardware, and application software to interact and function together.
 System software does not perform specific tasks such as document creation.
 System software includes operating systems, utility software, and language translators.

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A. Operating System: is the most important program that runs a computer.

 Every computer system runs under the control of an operating system.
 Operating systems are responsible for providing various essential services such as initial loading of
programs, supervision of the input/output devices, and file management.
 Microsoft Windows is the most commonly used operating system in Ethiopia.
B. Utility programs: The purpose of utility software is to manage matters associated with the analysis,
configuration, performance improvement, and maintenance of a computer system.
 In other words, this software is usually used to support computer infrastructure and manage system
resources.
 Some examples of utility software programs include backup software, data recovery, and virus
protection.
C. Language translator: is software that translates from one computer language to another.
 It is a generic term consisting of various programs that serve as compilers and translators to develop a
program in a number of different computer programming languages.

III.1.2. Application Software: also known as end-user program.

 It is designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment.
 The common application programs are word processor, spreadsheet, database management,
graphics design, and presentation software.
A. Word processing: is used to create, edit, format, and save text documents.
 For example, Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, and WordPad.
 You can also use it to write letters, textbooks, exams, worksheets and other documents.
B. Spreadsheet: is used to calculate and analyze data in a tabular form.
 FoxPro and Microsoft excel are examples of spreadsheet.
 You can use them to prepare a payroll and a roster.
C. Database Management: serves to create a computerized data table, to insert records, make queries,
analyze data, and append data into it.
 Microsoft office access is a basic example of database management software.
D. Graphics Software: provides the user to create, edit, and format graphical images.
 AutoCAD is one example of graphical software.
 You can use AutoCAD to design buildings, bridges, houses and others.
E. Presentation Software: provides the user to create, edit, and format presentations.
 Microsoft PowerPoint is an example of presentation software.
What is the difference between System Software and Application Software?

System Software Application Software

It is designed for general purpose. It is designed for a specific purpose.

It starts running when the system is powered on and It starts when the user begins using it and ends when

stops when it is powered off. the user stops it.

Users do not interact with system software as Users always interact with application software while
it is running in the background. doing different activities

Examples include Microsoft Windows Examples include Microsoft Word

III.2. Overview of Word Processing

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 A word processor is application software that allows users to create, edit, and format documents. It also
allows you to type, edit, and save a text. In addition, you may use this tool to add images, tables, and charts
to your documents.
 Compared to the traditional pen or pencil-based writing on-screen text creation, word processer is more
readable and clear. It reduces the amount and type of errors and editions.
 Microsoft Word is one of the most commonly used word processors provided by Microsoft Company.
III.2.1. Opening Word Processor

To start Microsoft Word 2016, use one of the given options:

1. On the Start menu, click All Programs and from the Microsoft Office folder, select Microsoft Word 2016;

2. Use the Search command and enter the term word in the search field and select Microsoft Word 2016 from
the given search results;

3. Double-click the Microsoft Word 2016 application shortcut usually found on the computer’s desktop.

I. Microsoft Office Word Environment

These given options will open and display a blank document which is ready for text to be entered.

 Title bar: This lies in the middle and at the top of the window. Title bar shows the program and document titles.

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 Menu bar: consists of the major menu items such as Home, Insert, Page Layout and others, which can be used to
insert table, bullets, and page numbers.
 Quick access toolbar: is a customizable toolbar that displays common commands. By default the Save, Undo
and Repeat icons appear on the toolbar.
 Ribbon: shows the most commonly used button associated with a certain task. It stretches across the top of the
application and is divided into tabs for specific activities.
 View buttons: are used to switch between different view-modes of documents: Print Layout, Full Screen
Reading, Web Layout, Outline and Draft.
 Rulers: show the positions of margins, tabs, indents and table columns on the page.
 Help: can be used to get word related help anytime we like.
 Zoom control: allows you to zoom in and out of a document to view it at a selected zoom level.
 Status bar: displays the document information as well as the location of insertion point.
 Document area: is the area where we can type texts and insert pictures.
 File tab: contains essential document settings such as Save, Save As, Open, Close, Info, Recent, New, and Print.

When you move the mouse around the screen, the mouse symbol could look like any of the following:

1. A mouse pointer: means you can click on the item such as folder, and icon.

2. A timer: it displays when the computer is busy. At this time, you need to wait until the computer finishes the
current task and comes back to normal pointer.

3. Finishing insertion point: when you click the mouse, the insertion point will flash if the text is entered or deleted.

4. I-beam: shows where your mouse is and when it hovers over the text.

3.2.2. Saving Word Document

After creating and inserting texts in a word document, we need to save it to use it later. If you want to save a
document for the first time, you can follow the steps below:

1. Go to File > Save As

2. Select the location of your drive, so you can get to your document from anywhere.

3. You can also save to another location in the list like This PC > Documents. Or select Browse to pick any location
including the Desktop.

3.2.3. Closing Word Document

Once you have saved your word document and completed your task, you need to close the application. You can use
either of the following options to close Microsoft Word.

 Click the Close button placed on the top right corner of window’s title bar
 Open the File menu and then choose the Exit command

Activity 3.2
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1. Open a Microsoft Word from your computer and write your Full name. Then save the document and finally
close the application.
2. Using Word processer, write a text about yourself. Write your full name, grade and section at the top of the
document and also include the text “what is your favorite food?”
3. Save the document created in question 2 on your desktop using your first name.
4. Close the Word Help dialogue box by clicking on close at the top‐right of the Help dialogue box.
5. Discuss the differences between writing using pen and pencil and writing using word processing

Review Questions
Part I. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect.

1. Computer hardware and software can work independently.

2. View button is used to switch between different view modes for a document.

3. System software does not accomplish specific tasks to the user.

4. Application software is designed to accomplish a particular task.

5. Spreadsheet is an example of system software.

Part II. Choose the best answer among the given alternatives.

1. __________ is an application software used to write and edit text.

A. Spreadsheet B. Database management C. Word processor D. Graphics editor

2. Which one of the following is not an example of application software?

A. Utility software B. Language software C. Operating system D. All

3. The screen element of Microsoft Word that consists of the major menu items such as Home, Insert, Page Layout
and others is: A. Title bar B. Menu bar C. Toolbar D. Task bar

4. ________ is an example of system software.

A. Microsoft word B. Microsoft Windows C. Spreadsheet D. All

5. Which one of the following statements is true?

A. Application software is designed for solving a specific task.

B. System software is designed for solving a specific task.

C. Utility software is designed for a general purpose.

D. All

Part III. Write the correct answer in each of the following spaces provided.

1. Using _____________________ application program you can add pictures, tables, and charts to your documents.

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2. __________________________ is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual hardware
components of a computer system.

3. ______________ is a collection of computer programs or instructions that tell the computer what to do.

4. Computer software can be classified as ______________ and ___________________.

Part IV. Discussion points.

1. Define computer hardware and software.

2. What are the main screen elements of Microsoft Word processor?

3. Write the steps to create and save a word document in MS-Word.

4. Explain the differences between system software and application software.

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