DATA RESEARCH NEWS ABOUT >;0c4B */@-=,:/.

All About Arctic Climatology and Meteorology

!"#$%&'(#)%" Climate Change in the Arctic
*+,#-).-#+/-0$(#)(1 R6/$-#+/-=,.#-SH-?/,$.A-#+/-0$(#)(-+,.-C,$3/&-,#-$%':+5?-#C)(/-#+/-$,#/-,.-#+/-/"#)$/-:5%@/A-,-=+/"%3/"%"-T"%C"-,.-0$(#)(
,3=5)U(,#)%"7-V%.#-.()/"#).#.-,:$//-#+,#-#+).-$,=)&-C,$3)":-).-,-.):",5-%<-+'3,"K(,'./&-(5)3,#/-(+,":/7
0$(#)(-2+/"%3/",

0$(#)(-*/,#+/$-,"& 0$(#)(-,3=5)U(,#)%"-).-"%#-#+/-%"5?-/6)&/"(/-%<-$,=)&-(5)3,#/-(+,":/-)"-#+/-0$(#)(7-D+/-W%,#)":-./,-)(/-(%6/$-%<-#+/-0$(#)(-R(/,"-).
45)3,#/
.+$)"T)":A-/.=/(),55?-&'$)":-.'33/$7->"%C-(%6/$-%6/$-5,"&-)"-#+/-0$(#)(-+,.-&/($/,./&A-"%#,@5?-)"-.=$)":A-,"&-:5,()/$.-)"-05,.T,A
45)3,#/-6.7-*/,#+/$ X$//"5,"&A-,"&-"%$#+/$"-4,",&,-,$/-$/#$/,#)":7-!"-,&&)#)%"A-<$%Y/"-:$%'"&-)"-#+/-0$(#)(A-T"%C"-,.-=/$3,<$%.#A-).-C,$3)":-,"&
8,(#%$.-09/(#)":-0$(#)( )"-3,"?-,$/,.-#+,C)":7->()/"#).#.-U$.#-.#,$#/&-#%-.//-/6)&/"(/-%<-(+,":/.-)"-0$(#)(-(5)3,#/-)"-#+/-EFZH.7->)"(/-#+/"A-#+/-(+,":/.
*/,#+/$-,"&-45)3,#/ +,6/-@/(%3/-3'(+-3%$/-=$%"%'"(/&7
;9/(#.-%<-0$(#)(
*/,#+/$-,"&-45)3,#/

2,##/$".-)"-0$(#)(
*/,#+/$-,"&-45)3,#/

45)3,#/-4+,":/-)"-#+/
0$(#)(

0$(#)(-2/%=5/

>#'&?)":-0$(#)(-45)3,#/

0@%'#A-B%C-#%-4)#/

0$(#)(-./,-)(/-&$%==/&-#%-)#.-5%C/.#-/[#/"#-)"-#+/-.,#/55)#/-$/(%$&-%"-EO->/=#/3@/$-IHEIQS7SF-3)55)%"-.\',$/-T)5%3/#/$.-NE7SE
3)55)%"-.\',$/-3)5/.P7-06/$,:/-/[#/"#-<%$-#+/-/"#)$/-3%"#+-%<->/=#/3@/$-IHEI-C,.-S7]O-3)55)%"-.\',$/-T)5%3/#/$.-NE7SF-3)55)%"
.\',$/-3)5/.P7-8$%3-J>!^4_.->,#/55)#/-R@./$6,#)%".-%<-0$(#)(-4+,":/-.'@.)#/A-#+).-3,=-.+%C.-0$(#)(-./,-)(/-(%"(/"#$,#)%"-,"%3,5)/.
<%$->/=#/3@/$-IHEI7-Q4$/&)#`-J,#)%",5->"%C-,"&-!(/-^,#,-4/"#/$

ArcticSeaIceExtent
(Areaofoceanwithatleast15%seaice)
18

16

14
Extent(Millionsofsquarekilometers)

12 1979-1989
1990S
2000S
10 2010S

0
1Jan 1Feb1Mar 1Apr1May 1Jun 1Jul 1Aug1Sep10ct1Nov1Dec 31
Dec

Date
ChArcticv3.3.7 NationalSnowandIceDataCenter.Boulder.CO

;,(+-?/,$A-0$(#)(-./,-)(/-<%55%C.-#+/-.,3/-:/"/$,5-#$,a/(#%$?`-:$%C#+-<$%3-5,#/->/=#/3@/$-#+$%':+-V,$(+-%$-0=$)5A-,"&-3/5#-<$%3
0=$)5-#+$%':+-3)&K>/=#/3@/$7-05#+%':+-#+/-.+,=/-%<-#+/-?/,$5?-#$,a/(#%$?-+,.-"%#-(+,":/&A-$/(/"#-?/,$.-+,6/-/[=/$)/"(/&-5%C/$
/[#/"#.-)"-,55-./,.%".A-@'#-/.=/(),55?-.'33/$-,"&-/,$5?-,'#'3"7-0.-%<-/,$5?-IHIHA-#+/-5%C/.#-/[#/"#-)"-#+/-.,#/55)#/-$/(%$&-%(('$$/&
)"->/=#/3@/$-IHEI7->/=#/3@/$-./,-)(/-3)")3,-)"-IHHOA-IHEGA-,"&-IHEF-,55-.#,#).#)(,55?-#)/&-<%$-./(%"&-5%C/.#7-b4$/&)#`-J,#)%",5
>"%C-,"&-!(/-^,#,-4/"#/$A-4+,$(#)(7

4+,":/.-)"-#+/-0$(#)(-(5)3,#/-,$/-)3=%$#,"#-@/(,'./-#+/-0$(#)(-,(#.-,.-,-$/<$):/$,#%$-<%$-#+/-$/.#-%<-#+/-C%$5&Q)#-+/5=.-(%%5-#+/
=5,"/#7->%-(+,":/.-)"-#+/-0$(#)(-(5)3,#/-(%'5&-,9/(#-#+/-(5)3,#/-)"-#+/-$/.#-%<-#+/-C%$5&7-4+,":/.-)"-#+/-0$(#)(-+,6/-/9/(#.-#+,#
(,.(,&/-#+$%':+-#+/-<%%&-(+,)"A-<$%3-=+?#%=5,"T#%"-#%-3,$)"/-3,33,5.-.'(+-,.-./,5.A-C,5$'.A-C+,5/.A-,"&-=%5,$-@/,$.7

!"#$%&'()''*+%,-.

c/./,$(+/$.-.,?-#+,#-#+/-(+,":/.-)"-#+/-0$(#)(-,$/-C%$$).%3/A-@/(,'./-#+/?-(%'5&-5/,&-#%-<//&@,(T-/9/(#.-#+,#-5/,&-#%-<'$#+/$
C,$3)":7-8%$-)".#,"(/A-C+/"-#+/-C+)#/-./,-)(/-3/5#.-)"-.'33/$A-,$/,.-%<-&,$T-%=/"-C,#/$-,$/-/[=%./&-C+)(+-(,"-,@.%$@-3%$/
+/,#-<$%3-#+/-.'"7-D+,#-/[#$,-+/,#-#+/"-+/5=.-3/5#-/6/"-3%$/-)(/7-D+/-5%..-%<-./,-)(/-).-T"%C"-#%-@/-%"/-%<-#+/-&$)6/$.-%<-0$(#)(
,3=5)U(,#)%"7-2/$3,<$%.#-3,?-,5.%-@/-)"6%56/&-)"-<//&@,(T.7-0.-=/$3,<$%.#-#+,C.A-=5,"#.-,"&-,")3,5.-#+,#-C/$/-<$%Y/"-)"-#+/
:$%'"&-@/:)"-#%-&/(,?7-*+/"-#+/?-&/(,?A-#+/?-$/5/,./-(,$@%"-&)%[)&/-,"&-3/#+,"/-@,(T-#%-#+/-,#3%.=+/$/-#+,#-(,"-(%"#$)@'#/
#%-<'$#+/$-C,$3)":7-D+/-(+,":)":-6/:/#,#)%"-%<-#+/-0$(#)(-,5.%-,9/(#.-#+/-@$):+#"/..-%<-#+/-.'$<,(/A-C+)(+-#+/"-)"W'/"(/.
C,$3)":7-0.-#+/-0$(#)(-,#3%.=+/$/-C,$3.A-)#-(,"-+%5&-3%$/-C,#/$-6,=%$A-C+)(+-).-,"-)3=%$#,"#-:$//"+%'./-:,.7

THEARCTIC'SFROZENGROUND
Risingtemperaturesarethawingthe
Arctic'sdeeplayeroffrozensoil.
HISTORICCONDITIONS TODAY'SCONDITIONS

ArcticOcean

activelayer

thicker
activelayer
permafrost

PERMAFROST permafrost
ice
continuous
block
discontinuous
-frozen
sporadic soil
isolated

Onthetundra,soilmicrobesareaddingcarbonto
theairfasterthanplantscanabsorbit.
GROWINGSEASON WINTERSEASON
carbondioxide
plantsuse
andmethane
carbondioxide carbondioxide
&methane togrow

upperlayersofsoil
re-freezefirst

microbesbreak decayedplantmatter
downplantmatter returnscarbontosoil
lowerlayers
microbialactivity
refreezeslowly
continuesintowinter

InfographicbyNOAAClimate.gov,permafrostmapbyNSIDC

2/$3,<$%.#-#+,C-+,.-.):")U(,"#-)3=5)(,#)%".-<%$-:5%@,5-(5)3,#/-@/(,'./-#+/-#+,C)":-=$%(/..-$/5/,./.
(,$@%"-&)%[)&/-,"&-3/#+,"/-#%-#+/-,#3%.=+/$/A-C+)(+-+,.-#+/-=%#/"#),5-#%-(,'./-/6/"-<'$#+/$
C,$3)":A-,"-/6/"-3%$/-=%#/"#-:$//"+%'./-:,.7-Q4$/&)#`-JR00-45)3,#/7:%6-,"&-J,#)%",5->"%C-,"&
!(/-^,#,-4/"#/$7

>()/"#).#.-+,6/-,5$/,&?-.//"-/6)&/"(/-#+,#-=%.)#)6/-<//&@,(T.-,$/-%(('$$)":-)"-#+/-0$(#)(7-2$/&)(#)":-#+/-0$(#)(-(5)3,#/-).-&)d('5#7
>%3/-%<-#+/-(+,":/.-)"-#+/-0$(#)(-(%'5&-,5.%-@/-)"6%56/&-)"-<//&@,(T-/9/(#.A-%$-/9/(#.-#+,#-$/&'(/-#+/-,3%'"#-%<-C,$3)":7-8%$
/[,3=5/A-)<-C,$3-#/3=/$,#'$/.-3,T/-#+/-0$(#)(-:$%C)":-./,.%"-5%":/$A-3%$/-=5,"#.-(,"-.'$6)6/-,"&-#,T/-'=-3%$/-(,$@%"-<$%3
#+/-,)$7-B%C/6/$A-3%.#-/6)&/"(/-.'::/.#.-#+,#-#+/-=%.)#)6/-<//&@,(T-/9/(#.-#+,#-+,.#/"-C,$3)":-%'#C/):+-#+/-"/:,#)6/
<//&@,(T.7-0((%$&)":-#%-JR00_.-0$(#)(-c/=%$#-4,$&-<%$-IHEFA-=/$3,<$%.#-#+,C-#+$%':+%'#-#+/-0$(#)(-3,?-@/-$/5/,.)":-,"
/.#)3,#/&-SHH-#%-GHH-3)55)%"-#%".-%<-"/#-(,$@%"-=/$-?/,$-#%-;,$#+_.-,#3%.=+/$/7

>()/"#).#.-,$/-.#'&?)":-#+/-3,"?-<,(#%$.-#+,#-)"W'/"(/-0$(#)(-(5)3,#/-#%-+/5=-U:'$/-%'#-+%C-<//&@,(T.-C%$T-,"&-C+,#-C)55
+,==/"-)"-#+/-<'#'$/7-c/./,$(+/$.-,$/-,5.%-)"6/.#):,#)":-+%C-#+/-(+,":/.-)"-#+/-0$(#)(-(5)3,#/-C)55-,9/(#-(5)3,#/-)"-%#+/$-=,$#.
%<-#+/-C%$5&7->()/"#).#.-.#'&?-&,#,-(%55/(#/&-@?-.,#/55)#/.-,"&-,#-:$%'"&-.#,#)%".-,"&-,5.%-'./&-'./-.%=+).#)(,#/&-(%3='#/$
3%&/5.7

AnnualJ-D L-OTI(°C)Change1960-2019 1.01

-4.1-4.0-2.0-1.0-0.5-0.20.2 051020404.9
(J.)LEOweuoz

60
Latitude

D+).-3,=-.+%C.-#$/"&.-)"-3/,"-.'$<,(/-,)$-#/3=/$,#'$/-%6/$-#+/-=/$)%&-EFGH-#%-IHEF7-J%#)(/-#+,#-#+/-0$(#)(-).-$/&A
)"&)(,#)":-#+,#-#+/-#$/"&-%6/$-#+).-GHK?/,$-=/$)%&-).-<%$-,"-)"($/,./-)"-,)$-#/3=/$,#'$/-%<-"/,$5?-LM-4-NO7IM-8P-,($%..-3'(+-%<
#+/-0$(#)(A-C+)(+-).-5,$:/$-#+,"-<%$-%#+/$-=,$#.-%<-#+/-:5%@/7-D+/-:$,=+-.+%C.-5)"/,$-#$/"&.-%6/$-#+/-=/$)%&-@?-5,#)#'&/7-Q
!"#$%&'()*+*(,-++

e,.#-'=&,#/&`-L-V,?-IHIH

Find Data Stay Current Learn About Snow and Ice Get Help

>/,$(+-J>!^4-^,#, 0$(#)(->/,-!(/-J/C.-,"&-0",5?.). !(/5):+#.`-0".C/$.-#%-g%'$-h'/.#)%". i"%C5/&:/-f,./

J0>0-;,$#+&,#,->/,$(+ >/,-!(/-!"&/[-N2,..)6/-3)($%C,6/ 4$?%.=+/$/-h')(T-8,(#.

Etc.
.,#/55)#/-&,#,P
!(/f$)&:/-2%$#,5 055-0@%'#-X5,()/$.
V0>!;-N^,)5?-./,-)(/-/[#/"#A-3'5#)K j./-k-4%=?$):+#
055-0@%'#->"%C
.%'$(/P
055-0@%'#->/,-!(/ */@-2%5)(?
X$//"5,"&-D%&,?
0$(#)(-45)3,#%5%:?-K-0-2$)3/$ l%@.
J/C.$%%3

B%3/-m-4%"#,(#-j. -------
n-IHIIA-!"#$%&"'()&%*("&+(,-.(/"#"(0.&#.1-``-*$./01%02(30456#$2#(47(8/"&9:;(7"4<#0("#2%40;

Support