Pregnancy 2

Spinghar Institute Of Higher
Education
‫موسسه تحصیالت عالی سپین غر‬
Spinghar Medical University
Seminar Subject:
Pregnancy And Childbirth
Instructor:
Shoukatullah Abdulrahimzai
Pregnancy
What is Pregnancy?
• we can say that pregnancy is the nine months period in which a
Fetus develops inside the woman’s womb or uterus.
• It is the period from fertilization to birth.
• It starts when a male’s sperm fertilizes a female’s egg(ovum) in
the woman’s fallopian tube, making a zygote with 46
chromosomes.
How Pregnancy Occur ?
The following steps have to happen to become pregnant:
Sperm transport
Ovum transport
Ovulation(the release of ovum from ovary)
Fertilization(the fusion of gametes to give rise to a new individual
-Organism or offspring and initiate its development)
Pregnancy symptoms
1) Missed period
2) Fatigue(great tiredness)
3) Morning sickness(nausea)
4) Mood swings
5) Frequent urination
6) Sensitivity to smell
7) Food an drink aversions
8) Tender/Swollen breasts
Pregnancy Stages
Pregnancy is divided into three stages known as trimesters and each trimester is about three months.
I. First trimester (from week 1 to the end of week 12)
During the first trimester body undergoes many changes. Hormonal changes affect almost every
organ system in the body. These changes can trigger symptoms even in the very first weeks of
pregnancy period stopping is a clear sign of pregnancy.
Changes may include:
Extreme tiredness
Tender, swollen breasts
Mood swings
Constipation (trouble having bowel movements)
Need to pass urine more often
II. Second trimester (From week 13 to week 28)
There may noticed the symptoms like nausea and fatigue are going
away. But other new, more noticeable changes to the body are now
happening. Abdomen will expand as the baby continuous to grow.
Changes are include:

 Stretch marks on the abdomen, thighs, or buttocks
 Darkening of the skin around the nipples
 A line on the skin running from belly button to pubic hairline
 Numb or tingling hands
III. Third trimester(from week 29 to week 40)
Many woman find breathing difficult and notice they have to go to the bathroom even
often. This is because the baby is getting bigger and it is putting more pressure on the
organs.
Changes are include:
Shortness of breath
Tender breasts
Trouble sleeping
The baby dropping or moving lower in your abdomen
Contractions
Changes of the baby during trimesters
At four weeks:
Baby’s brain and spinal cord have begun to form
The heart begins to form
Arm and leg buds appear
Your baby is now an embryo
At eight weeks:
 All major organs and external body structures have begun to form.
 Baby’s heart beats with a regular rhythm.
The arms and legs grow longer, and fingers and toes have begun to form.
The sex organs begin to form .
The eyes have moved forward on the face and eyelids have formed.
The umbilical cord is clearly visible.
 At the end of eight weeks, baby is a fetus and looks more like a human.
Your baby is nearly 1 inch long and weighs less than one-eighth ounce.
At 12 weeks: At 16 weeks:
 The nerves and muscles begin to work Muscle tissue and bone continue to
together. form, creating a more complete skeleton.
 The external sex organs show if the baby Skin begins to form.
is a boy or girl.
Develops in the baby’s intestinal tract.
 Eyelids close to protect the developing This will be the baby’s first bowel
eyes. The will not open again until the 28th
week. movement.
 Head growth has slowed, and baby is Sucking reflex initiated.
much longer. Now , at about 3 inches The baby’s length is about 4 to 5 inches
long, and weight is about 1 pound. and weighs almost 3 ounce.
At 24 weeks:
 Bone marrow begins to make blood cells
 Taste buds form on the baby’s tongue.
 Footprints and fingerprints have formed
 Real hair begins to grow on the baby’s head.
 The lungs are formed, but do not work.
 The hand and startle reflex develop.
 Your baby sleeps and wakes regularly.
 The baby stores fat and has gained quite a bit of
weight.
 Now at about 12 inches long , and weighs about 1.5
pounds.
At 32 weeks: At 36 weeks:
 The baby’s bones are fully formed,  The protective waxy coating called
but still soft. vernix gets thicker.
 The baby’s kicks and jabs are forceful.  Body fat increases. Your baby is
getting bigger and bigger and has less
 The eyes can open and close and space to move around. Movements are
sense changes in light. less forceful, but you will feel stretches
and wiggles.
 Baby’s body begins to store vital  The baby is about 16 to 19 inches
minerals, such as iron and calcium. long , and weighs about 6 t o 6,5
pounds.
 The baby’s length is about 17-18 inch
and weight is about 4 pounds.
Weeks 37-40
 By the end of 37 weeks, the baby is considered full term. The baby’s organs
are ready to function on their own.
As the woman near to her due date, the baby may turn into a head-down
position for birth.
At birth, the baby may weigh somewhere between 6 pounds 2 ounce and 9
pounds 2 ounce and be 19 to 21 inches long.

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