Group 8 Final Report

Baku Higher Oil School
Chemical Engineering Department
Design Project A -Final Report

Topic: “Carbon Capture from Hydrogen Production
Unit”
PREPARED BY
Fuad Taghiyev-Team Leader
Zahrakhanim Aliyeva
Elnura Aliyeva
Sabina Ismayilova
Shahin Huseynli
Aytan Valiyeva
SUPERVISED BY
Ruslan Abishov
SUBMISSION DATE
December 8, 2023
Table of Content
s
Declaration.........................................................................................................................................4
Acknowledgement............................................................................................................................5
Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................6
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................7
2. Process Description...............................................................................................................10
6.2 2.1 Hydrogen Production Unit and its PFD...............................................................10
6.2.1 2.1.1 Feedstock Compression and Preheating Section.................................12
6.2.1 2.1.2 Hydrogenation and Desulfurization Section...........................................12
2.1.3. Steam Reforming....................................................................................................13
2.1.4. CO-Shift Conversion Section........................................................................................14
2.1.5. PSA Unit....................................................................................................................15
2.2. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Unit...................................................................17
2.2.1. Absorbtion.....................................................................................................................18
2.2.2. Flash Drum Utilization................................................................................................19
2.2.3. Regeneration............................................................................................................20
3. Material Balance......................................................................................................................21
4. Utilities......................................................................................................................................24
5. Energy Balance.......................................................................................................................25
6. Economics................................................................................................................................28
6.1. CAPEX...............................................................................................................................29
6.2. OPEX..................................................................................................................................31
6.2.1. Fixed costs....................................................................................................................33
6.2.2. Variable costs...............................................................................................................35
6.3. Sensitivity analysis.............................................................................................................36
7. Marketing..................................................................................................................................37
7.1. Price, Market size and Competitive industries........................................................38
7.2. Place...................................................................................................................................41
7.3. People................................................................................................................................42
7.4. Promotion.........................................................................................................................43
7.5. SWOT analysis................................................................................................................44
8. Safety.........................................................................................................................................44
8.1. HAZOP analysis..................................................................................................................46
9. Decomissioning......................................................................................................................48
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9.1. Decontamination:............................................................................................................48
9.2. Dismantling:.....................................................................................................................49
9.3. Disposal:...........................................................................................................................49
10. Sustainability.......................................................................................................................50
10.1. Sustainable development goals (SDGs)................................................................53
11. References...............................................................................................................................55
12. Appendix...............................................................................................................................59
3
Declaration
As members of the Group 8 who have signed this page, we understand and agree
that this document is our own work and confirm that all the report and background
stages have been completed by us. Any incorporation with another author's work into
this document (equations, drawings, tables, programs, figures, ideas and so on.) has
been acknowledged in a proper manner and the reference list has been mentioned
at the end. The below mentioned list appropriately displays the tasks assigned to
each group member:
Fuad Taghiyev
(Executive Summary, Introduction,
Process Description, Material balance,
Energy Balance, Utilities, PFD, Signature:
Decommissioning, Economics, Minutes
of Meetings)
Zahrakhanim Aliyeva
(Process Description-HPU, PFD,
Material Balance, Energy Balance, Signature:
Marketing)
Elnura Aliyeva
(Economics) Signature:
Sabina Ismayilova
(Marketing) Signature:
Shahin Huseynli
(Safety) Signature:
Aytan Valiyeva
(Sustainability) Signature:
4
Acknowledgement
As a group of senior-year chemical engineering students, the design project had the
utmost importance in our academic and career path to pursuit what we want and
enhanced our knowledge. We would like to sincerely thank and appreciate Mr.
Ruslan Abishov, our project supervisor. His priceless advice has been crucial to our
academic path, advancing our understanding and sharpening our skills.
We would like to express our gratitude to Mr. Abishov for his constant support and
the time he devoted to sharing his industry insights with us during the project. We
really appreciate his mentoring, which has been invaluable in clarifying the real-world
implementations of abstract ideas.
Finally, we would like to express our appreciation to the BHOS Chemical

Engineering Department for giving us the chance to work on this rewarding project.
Through this experience, we have been able to apply and enhance our academic
knowledge while also gaining a thorough awareness of the industrial world. We value
the department's dedication to creating a setting that supports the development of
skills and hands-on learning, and we are grateful for the direction and instruction our
distinguished professors have provided.
5
Executive Summary
The supplied paper will delineate the project design of hydrogen production plant
with carbon capture unit, in which blue hydrogen is produced from natural gas, and
the carbon dioxide emissions are minimized through the process. With the
transformation of the world from traditional energy sources to clean energy
alternatives has induced a necessity for hydrogen production in energy sector. As
process engineers in the future, the career focuses of the team members will also
shift to clean energy industries as well. Hence, the project given as a design subject
carries a crucial significance for the students to work, investigate and develop both
technical and soft skills on the topic.
Over the process, environmental perspectives have been taken into account, and
certain measures have been taken. This includes the application of Carbon Capture
and Storage (CCS) unit, as well as energy optimization aspects, such as using some
of hydrogen in the steam reforming unit as a fuel along, or utilization of hot mediums
in heat exchangers to heat the colder mediums up to some extent to save energy. In
this plant, hydrogen is not the only product obtained; after capturing, carbon dioxide
is also kept in commodities and sold to different customers, namely chemical or oil
and gas industries which makes it more economically viable. It is targeted that the
plant will start production with 42,271.2 MTPY and 232,322.4 MTPY production rate
for hydrogen and carbon dioxide, respectively. The main raw material for the process
is natural gas which is supplied to the system in 13,920.64 kg/hr flowrate. The other
raw material, which is steam, enters the system at 43,200 kg/hr flowrate. Based on
the process, the mass and energy balance results have been represented
accordingly in the report as well.
Moreover, marketing analysis showed that Azerbaijan is a proper country to

construct the plant due to several advantages, such as raw material abundance,
suitability of demand and supply, energy strategy of the country, land tax, corporate
tax and so on. Economically analyzing the design, it was calculated that the process
is quite feasible with 167,744,898.42 USD NPV value, which states the project to be
6
viable in the long run. Additionally, it is anticipated that in 2026, the company’s
gain will be 193,963,313 USD.
The study also includes sections on decommissioning, sustainability and safety that
demonstrate how the plant's manufacture, operations, and economics can all be
guaranteed. As follows, all the aspects will be explained comprehensively and in
detail.
1. Introduction
In the modern world, the adverse repercussions of human factors on nature
have been more and more pronounced. This includes deforestation, burning
petroleum-based fuels, overpopulation, and pollution which induce to global
problems, such as undrinkable water, poor quality of
air, erosion of soil [1]. Being one of the predominant
ones among all problems, carbon footprint to the
atmosphere has been one of the heavily debated
topics of today, since it can cause serious and severe
global problems. In detail, increasing amount of
carbon dioxide in the air leads to cumulative
consequences, such as temperature rise on the Figure 1. Global Manmade Greenhouse Gas
Emissions by Sector, 2013
globe, high level acidification in the water bodies,
elevating sea levels, heavy storms and food scarcity [2]. Statistically, energy sector
possesses the bulk of the carbon footprint, numbering around 72% among all [3].
Hence, there is a great essence for alternative sources of energy to meet the needs
along with minimizing the detrimental ramifications.
Hydrogen, being a suitable method to obtain energy in a cleaner way, has

been one of the focuses of modern industries. In fact, it is classified as a carrier of
energy rather than a source and store a critical quantity of energy in use. It is
suitable to be utilized to produce energy in the forms of heat, electricity, or power.
Nowadays, hydrogen is widely implemented in the refinery processes in petroleum
7
industries and the production of fertilizers, whereas myriad sectors can take
advantage of it, namely utilities and transportation which are broadening markets. [4]
Table 1. Comparison of hydrogen energy with oil-based sources in transportation means.
Vehicles using hydrogen energy Comparison with traditional fossil fuels

Light-duty highway vehicles more than 90% reduction in emission
Speciality vehicles more than 35% reduction in emission
Transit buses 2 times higher economy
Auxiliary power units more than 60% reduction in emission
Combined heat and power systems more than 80% reduction in emission
In general, Hydrogen (H) is the most basic element in the chemical family. It is
a tasteless, odorless, colorless, and combustible gaseous material. In normal
conditions, hydrogen is a loose collection of hydrogen molecules, each of which is
made up of two atoms, or the diatomic molecule H 2. The fact that hydrogen burns
with oxygen to generate water, or H 2O, is its most ancient known significant chemical
feature; in fact, the word hydrogen comes from Greek roots that indicate "producer of
water” [5].
8
There are several types of hydrogen labelled with various colors
depending on the way it is produced. This project has been focused upon blue
hydrogen production. Hydrogen is called as blue hydrogen when natural gas is used
as a raw material, and after the SMR (Steam Methane Reforming) process, the
produced caron dioxide is captured and stored in underground commodities via
Figure 2. Different types of hydrogen
Carbon Capture and Storage systems (CSS). The pivotal aim of the company is to
actualize carbon capture through the process to benefit the nature from not only
using renewable energy production, but also achieving net-zero ambition for a better
future.
SMR is the most advanced technology available for producing H2 on a large

industrial scale from natural gas or light hydrocarbons, with the co-product of CO2
generation [6]. Specifically, this facility has three potential sources of CO2 capture:
the shifted syngas, the PSA tail gas, and the SMR flue gas. Carbon dioxide from
these streams may be extracted by using methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) aqueous
solutions [7].
The presented paper will discuss the design of hydrogen production plant with
Carbon Capture and Storage System (CCSS) from versatile aspects, such as
technical design, material and energy balance, economy, marketing, health, safety
and sustainability.
2. Process Description
9
In this project the major target is to capture carbon dioxide which is produced
during the hydrogen synthesis via a method called “Steam-Methane Reforming”-
SMR. Therefore, the description of the plant could be divided into two sub-topics:
 Hydrogen Production
 Carbon Capture
The raw materials, or feedstock which is natural gas and steam is provided by
SOCAR HAOR and the carbon dioxide that is not stored on the plant is sent to
CarboCap for further usage.
6.2 2.1 Hydrogen Production Unit and its PFD

The HPU (Hydrogen Production Unit) is planned to consist of several process
stages:
Feed Compression
and Preheating
HPU
Hydrogenation and
Desulpurisation CO-Shift
Conversion
Steam Reforming
PSA Unit
Figure 4. Stages of HPU
The most important parameter in this unit of the plant is steam carbon ratio which is
decided to be equal to 3 mol/mol.
10
[8]
Figure 5. Block Flow Diagram as a reference
There is no prereforming in this specific case all other stages have been depicted in the
Process Flow Diagram of HPU attached below and each box shows one section of the unit:
11
Figure 6. Process Flow Diagram for Hydrogen Production
6.2.1
2.1.1 Feedstock Compression and Preheating Section
The main feed which is natural gas is taken at 6.5 barg pressure which is not
optimum for hydrogenation reactor. Therefore, in the compression and preheating
section, the pressure and temperature increase to 28 barg and 360 degrees Celsius.
The Feed KO Drum (V-01), the two-stage reciprocating compressors (C-01/02), the
interstage cooler (EX-01), and the KO Drum (V-01) make up the Feed Gas
compression system.
In this section, a small amount of hydrogen is recycled from the PSA unit and added
before heating and compression, which will be explained in the next part. Next, the
compressed natural gas is heated to 360 °C in the Natural gas preheater (EX-02).
Shift gas from the HT CO-Shift reactor (R-004) is exchanged for heat.
6.2.1 2.1.2 Hydrogenation and Desulfurization Section

In order to protect the steam reforming catalysts from sulfur poisoning and to
eliminate sulfur traces from the feedstock, including hydrogen sulfide, organic sulfur,
and odorants, a hydrodesulfurization step must be installed.
12
Conventional catalysts with 2 various reactors: hydrogenation and desulfurization
processes are used, depending on the amount of sulfur present in the feedstock.
The desulphurization reaction is:
ZnO+ H 2 S → ZnS+ H 2 O(1)
It can be asked about how organic sulphur changes to hydrogen sulfide, it occurs
inside the hydrogenation reactor where the recycled hydrogen substitutes with sulfur
content such as thiols, mercaptans. The catalyst used in these processes is CoMo.
Cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) are the active ingredients in CoMo catalysts.
Cobalt improves the process's selectivity whilst molybdenum supplies the catalytic
activity. Because CoMo catalysts can function in the high temperature and pressure
environments prevalent in commercial hydroprocessing units, they are preferred for
hydrodesulfurization. They are especially good in severing the strong sulfur-carbon
bonds found in a variety of compounds containing sulfur, which aids in the
production of cleaner fuels with lower sulfur content. [9]
Here, zinc oxide absorbs hydrogen sulfide by converting ZnO to ZnS. Less than 0.1
parts per million of sulfur remains in the feed gas that exits the ZnO beds of the
Desulfurization Reactors(R-02). As a result, the downstream steam reforming
catalyst has a longer lifespan.
2.1.3. Steam Reforming

The desulphurized gas is combined with process steam using a ratio control method
to achieve the necessary steam to carbon ratio for the Steam Reformer (R-03) and
to supply enough steam for the HT-CO Shift Reactor. Through the use of series-
operating Feed Superheater coils (the radiation part of the reformer), the mixture is
further heated to 600° C. Interstage quench coolers use boiler feed water to regulate
temperature.
The process feed temperature control that enters the steam reformer determines the
quench water flowrate. (for this specific case 504 kg/hour quench water is applied)
Through a header in the Reformer's upper part(S-14/15), the warmed input gas is
distributed to heat. The Steam Reformer is a top-fired rectangular box-type furnace
with steel frames and steel casing plates. After that, it is fed into parallel manifolds
13
and then dispersed by an intake pigtail system to the reformer tubes, which are
arranged in parallel rows. Nickel-based catalyst is put inside each of these high-alloy
tubes. [10]
Figure 7. Nickel catalysts Description used in Reforming.
The feedstock undergoes a highly endothermic reaction along the axis of the tube,
transforming into the process gas. This gas comprises H2, CO, CO2, unconverted
CH4, and steam that has not undergone decomposition.
In order to reach the required composition, the generated gas exits the tubes at a
pressure of 21.4 barg and a temperature of around 860 °C. Reformed gas was
transferred to the Process Gas (reformer outlet) Boiler (EX-03) where steam is
superheated from saturation stage.
The reactions happening inside the reformer are the ones below:
C H 4 + H 2 O CO+3 H 2 −Heat (2)
C H 4 +CO2 2CO +2 H 2−Heat (3)
CO+ H 2 O C O2 + H 2 + Heat (4)
2.1.4. CO-Shift Conversion Section

Process gas from the Steam Reformer enters the Process Gas Boiler (EX-03) at
800°C, where it is cooled by producing HP steam to 360°C.
14
Process gas is sent to the HT-CO Shift Reactor (R-04) downstream of the
Process Gas Boiler at a pressure of approximately 21 barg. Through the HT CO-
Shift Reactor, which is equipped with a ferrous oxide catalyst, the process gas
passes from top to bottom. When non-converted process steam and carbon
monoxide in the process gas combine, H2 and CO2 are produced, which has
reaction:
CO+ H 2 O C O2 + H 2 + Heat (5)
Due to the exothermic nature of the CO-Shift reaction, there is a noticeable increase
in temperature and decrease in CO concentration. Shift Gas Air Cooler (AC-01) and
Final Cooler (EX-04) (with cooling water) are where the final shift gas is cooled to
37°C.
After shift gas has cooled, it is sent to the PSA Unit for H 2 purification, where the
remaining impurities are eliminated from the shift gas using molecular sieve
adsorption.
2.1.5. PSA Unit

A highly effective multi-bed Pressure Swing Adsorption technique is employed for
the final purification. Adsorbable substances are those that have high polarity or low
volatility, while non-adsorbable substances have the opposite characteristics. As a
result, although H2 with extremely high purity exits the unit as product, CO2, CO,
and CH4 are adsorbed. As a result, a high rate of H2 recovery is possible. A small
fraction of H2 will be recycled to the Desulfurization.
Adsorption under high pressure and desorption under low pressure are the two basic
modalities that define the operational method, which is carried out in a recurring
cycle. Thermal effects resulting from the adsorption and desorption processes cause
little fluctuation in temperature. As it can be seen from the figure below, PSA Unit
has serial absorbers having specific shift among each other which is controlled
automatically. [11]
15
Figure 8. Description of the PSA System
 Phase of Adsorption:
The filtered gas exits the adsorber's top after the feed gas is supplied at the
base during the adsorption phase. The bottom portion is where impurities
mainly stick, which makes it easier to produce high-purity hydrogen. The input
gas is diverted to a different adsorber once the predefined number of
contaminants has been absorbed.
 Co-Current and Counter Current Depressurization
The adsorber experiences partial depressurization at this point. Other
adsorbers are repressurized and purged using hydrogen, which is
concentrated in the empty areas at the top of the adsorber bed. The system
retains most of the hydrogen extracted during this phase, which improves
overall hydrogen recovery. During this depressurization procedure, the
adsorber's size is set up to keep the contaminants that have been adsorbed
inside the bed.
The lowest adsorber pressure is reached during the counter-current
depressurization (Blowdown stage) when the pressure decreases from top to
bottom. Impurities are rejected and the adsorbent is partly regenerated.
 Purge
In the co-current depressurization process, high quality hydrogen obtained
from an adsorber is used to purge the adsorber, completing the adsorbent's
regeneration. In this stage, the residual contaminants are desorbed and
16
released into the tail gas. The gas exiting the adsorber at the bottom is
routed to the Carbon Capture Unit.
 Repressurization
In the co-current depressurization stage, high purity hydrogen from other
adsorbers and the product gas are used to repressurize the adsorber to the
adsorption pressure once it has been regenerated. The adsorber is prepared
to start a new cycle after this phase.
2.2. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Unit

In this part of the process, CO2 is captured from tail gas coming from the PSA unit in
the hydrogen production plant. The tail gas stream with the bulk of CO 2 gas is first
compressed to about 1.1 MPa before being sent to the absorption column.
Figure 9. Process Flow Diagram for Carbon Capture and Storage System
17
2.2.1. Absorption
One common technique for extracting carbon dioxide from different gas streams—
such as flue gas released by power plants and industrial operations—is CO2 capture
by absorption. Using this method, CO 2 is selectively dissolved from the gas mixture
using a liquid solvent, called the absorbent. Absorbents are generally aqueous
amine solutions, zeolites, ionic liquid, and hydrates. In this project, methyl
diethanolamine (MDEA) has been employed to serve as absorbing agent in capture
process due to its merits with respect to other agents, such as MEA. To compare,
higher reaction rate with CO2 can be achieved while using MEA thanks to its primary
amine group; however, MDEA offers lower consumption of energy during the
regeneration of the agent [12]. Additionally, while using MEA, the distillate gas
exiting the absorber is washed by water on purpose of minimizing the solvent loss,
while the use of MDEA does not require this process, since the system's water loss
can be compensated by mixing the water make-up with the lean solvent (LS) or
wash water [13].
Methyl diethanolamine, with other naming, N-methyl diethanolamine, or with more

frequently called as MDEA is an organic whose chemical formula is CH 3N(C2H4OH)2.
This substance, under normal conditions, has an ammoniacal smell and is pale
yellow or transparent liquid. It is miscible with water, ethanol, and benzene. It mixes
well with water, benzene, and ethanol. Practically, it is widely applied in different
industries as a decarbonizer, catalyst and sweetening agent [14].
Usually, the procedure happens in a gas-liquid contactor where the absorbent and
gas stream come into contact. After compression, the stream is sent to the absorber
from the bottom in which lean solvent supplied to the absorber from top absorbs
carbon dioxide with the help of counter-current contacts. The other gases are left
behind as the CO2-rich gas interacts with the absorbent as it passes along the
column and absorbs CO2 molecules into the liquid phase. The reaction between
MDEA and CO2 ends up
with the formation of
carbamate in accordance
with the zwitterion
mechanism. Garcia-Abuin
18
et al. proved that as a result of this reaction, a blend of bicarbonate and
carbamate are obtained as primary products [15].
The absorption of CO2 by MDEA is an exothermic reaction with a high rate of

reaction low CO2 loading. At this design, the capacity of the absorbing agent has
been taken as 0.40 mol CO2/mol MDEA, which was consistent with the zwitterion
process. As the experiment continues, the pH indicator drops, and the CO2 dosage
rises. The CO2 hydration process is accelerated during this time of high CO2 input,
whereas the c
−¿(6)¿
C O2 + H 2 O↔ H +¿+HC O 3 ¿
hemical reaction weakened. The following might be used to
express the reaction:
2−¿(7 )¿
C O2 + H 2 O↔ 2 H + ¿+C O 3 ¿
The cleaned tail gas purified from CO2 leaves the absorber from the upper stream,
including different compositions of methane, ethane, propane, butane, carbon
monoxide and hydrogen, which is sent to the steam reformer unit as an extra fuel for
burners being used. Conversely, the liquid stream rich in solvent is delivered to the
lean heat exchanger EX-05 in which hot lean solvent from the reboiler in the
regeneration column heats it up. The essence here is to use the bottom product of
the regeneration unit as a hot medium to heat up the rich solvent before being fed to
the regeneration column for the purpose of minimizing the energy needed, along with
making the desorption process easier.
2.2.2. Flash Drum Utilization

The flash drum has been employed as an alternative option to absorption column in
case of any failure or temporary shutdown to ensure continuous process over the
entire plant. Flash drum serves as a contingency measure to remove impurities from
the tail gas coming from the PSA unit. The principle of the flash drum is based on the
separation of components based on rapid depressurization. As the tail gas enters the
flash drum, the abrupt diminishment in the pressure value induces the dissolved
gases vaporize, and solvent and absorbed CO2 leave the drum with liquid stream.
19
2.2.3. Regeneration
Subsequently, after the heat exchanger, hot solvent goes to be supplied to the
regeneration column from the top for reproduction. This process will save the usage
of solvent, making the process economically feasible. To achieve this, a counter-
current contact is created with
the upward-moving vapor
stream at the bottom reboiler,
which uses low-pressure
steam from the cogeneration
plant's back-pressure steam
turbine to serve as a heating
source. Basically,
regeneration is a desorption
reaction which is the reverse
Figure 11. Mechanism of absorption and desorption processes of CO2
of absorption occurred in the
−¿¿
absorption column. At first, HC O 3 is heated up in order to set C O2 free from the
−¿¿ +¿¿
solvent, and then the rest of HC O3 encounter reaction with MDEA H forming
carbamate. The reactions occurring inside the regeneration column is the following
ones:
+¿ heating C O 2( g ) + H2 O (8)¿ −¿+ H

+ ¿heating C O2 ( g) + H2 O(9 )¿
¿
−2
C O3 +2 H HC O3
→
→
−¿ +2H O +C O (g ) ( 10) ¿
2 2
+ ¿heating RNHCO O ¿
−¿+RNH 3 →
¿
2 HC O 3
The condenser receives the gas stream (CO 2) that exits the top of the distillation
column and condenses, collects, and returns the refluxed steam to the column. After
leaving the top condenser, the CO2-rich gas is sent to the dehydration and
compression of carbon dioxide. Finally, CO 2 is collected and kept in commodity tanks
ready for sales.
20
3. Material Balance
The text that follows discusses the material balancing that was carried out with an
emphasis on the hydrogen generating plant's process flow diagram. The plant's
architecture allows it to process natural gas provided by the nearby firm HAOR in a
sequential manner at an annual rate of 210 646.9819 tons which is captured carbon
amount with 99% product purity of the hydrogen.
The main production site phases may be examined separately based on the streams
that enter and exit them. For solving the major problems in mass balance, the
underlying equation is applied.
mas s¿ =mas s out (11)
Input + generation – output – consumption=accumulation (12)
However, for the sake of calculating the streams in a quick way accumulation is
considered as “0”.
The reactions mentioned in Hydrogenation and Desulphurization, as well as in the

Steam reforming and their coefficient must be taken into account.
Table 2. Material Balance for streams S1-S6
Molar Mass Flowrate in Streams (kg/hr)

Components Mass S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
(kg/kmole)
Methane 16 11996.16 11996.16 11996.16 11996.16 11996.16 11996.16
Ethane 30 657.6 657.6 657.6 657.6 657.6 657.6
Propane 44 281.6 281.6 281.6 281.6 281.6 281.6
n-Butane 58 139.2 139.2 139.2 139.2 139.2 5.8
i-Butane 58 129.92 129.92 129.92 129.92 129.92 2.32
Carbon Dioxide 44 598.4 598.4 598.4 598.4 598.4 598.4
Sulphuric 32 117.76 117.76 117.76 117.76 117.76 117.76
compounds
Water 18 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hydrogen 2 0 44.02678 44.02678 44.02678 44.02678 44.02678
Hydrogen Sulfide 32 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sum - 13920.64 13964.67 13964.67 13964.67 13964.67 13703.67
Components Molar Mass Flowrate in Streams (kg/hr)
21
Mass S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12
(kg/kmole)
Methane 16 0 11996.16 11996.16 11996.16 11996.16 11996.16
Ethane 30 0 657.6 657.6 657.6 657.6 657.6
Propane 44 0 281.6 281.6 281.6 281.6 281.6
n-Butane 58 133.4 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8
i-Butane 58 127.6 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32
Carbon Dioxide 44 0 598.4 598.4 598.4 598.4 598.4
Sulphuric 32 0 117.76 117.76 0 0 0
compounds
Water 18 0 0 0 0 65.5776 43265.58
Hydrogen 2 0 44.02678 44.02678 36.66678 36.66678 36.66678
Hydrogen Sulfide 32 0 0 0 125.12 1.2512 1.2512
Sum - 261 13703.67 13703.67 13703.67 13645.38 56845.38

(kg/kmole)
Methane 16 11996.16 5998.08 5998.08 0 0 0
Ethane 30 657.6 328.8 328.8 328.8 328.8 657.6
Propane 44 281.6 140.8 140.8 140.8 140.8 281.6
n-Butane 58 5.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 5.8
i-Butane 58 2.32 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 2.32
Carbon Dioxide 44 598.4 299.2 299.2 299.2 299.2 598.4
Sulphuric 32 0 0 0 0 0 0
compounds
Water 18 43265.58 21632.79 21632.79 14884.95 14884.95 29769.9
Hydrogen 2 36.66678 18.33339 18.33339 2267.583 2267.583 4535.167
Hydrogen Sulfide 32 1.2512 0.6256 0.6256 0.6256 0.6256 1.2512
Carbon 28 0 0 0 10496.64 10496.64 20993.28
Monooxide
Sum - 56845.38 28422.69 28422.69 28422.66 28422.66 56845.32

(kg/kmole)
Methane 16 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ethane 30 657.6 657.6 657.6 657.6 657.6 0
Propane 44 281.6 281.6 281.6 281.6 281.6 0
n-Butane 58 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 0
i-Butane 58 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 0
Carbon Dioxide 44 598.4 32268.23 32268.23 32268.23 32268.23 0
Sulphuric 32 0 0 0 0 0 0
compounds
Water 18 29769.9 16814.04 16814.04 16814.04 16814.04 16645.9
Hydrogen 2 4535.167 5974.706 5974.706 5974.706 5974.706 0
Hydrogen Sulfide 32 1.2512 1.2512 1.2512 1.2512 1.2512 0
Carbon Monooxide 28 20993.28 839.7312 839.7312 839.7312 839.7312 0
22
Sum - 56845.32 56845.28 56845.28 56845.28 56845.28 16645.9

(kg/kmole)
Methane 16 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ethane 30 657.6 0 0 0 657.6 657.6
Propane 44 281.6 0 0 0 281.6 281.6
n-Butane 58 5.8 0 0 0 5.8 5.8
i-Butane 58 2.32 0 0 2.32 2.32
Carbon Dioxide 44 32268.23 0 0 0 32268.2264 32268.2264
Sulphuric 32 0 0 0 0 0 0
compounds
Water 18 168.1404 0 0 0 168.140448 168.140448
Hydrogen 2 5974.706 5914.959 5870.959 44 59.746792 59.746792
Hydrogen Sulfide 32 1.2512 0 0 0 1.2512 1.2512
Carbon Monooxide 28 839.7312 0 0 0 839.7542 839.7542
Sum - 40199.38 5914.959 5870.959 44 0 0

(kg/kmole)
Methane 16 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ethane 30 657.6 0 0 0 0 0
Propane 44 281.6 0 0 0 0 0
n-Butane 58 5.8 0 0 0 0 0
i-Butane 58 2.32 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon Dioxide 44 322.6823 31945.54 31945.54 0 31945.54 31945.544
Sulphuric 32
0 0 0 0 0 0
compounds
Water 18 0 168.14 168.140448 0 168.140 168.140
Hydrogen 2 59.74679 0 0 0 0 0
Hydrogen 32
0 0 0 0 0 0
Sulfide
Carbon 28
839.7542 0 0 0 0 0
Monooxide
MDEA 119 0 218177.2 218177.21 0 218177.21 218177.22
Sum - 250290.9 250290.90 0 250290.9 250290.90
2169.503
0
Components Molar Mass Flowrate in Streams (kg/hr)
23
Mass
S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 S42 S43
(kg/kmole)
Methane 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ethane 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Propane 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
n-Butane 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
i-Butane 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon 44
Dioxide
31945.54 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sulphuric 32
compounds
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Water 18 0 168.140 168.140 0 168.14 168.14 168.14
Hydrogen 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hydrogen 32
Sulfide
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon 28
Monooxide
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MDEA 119 0 218177.22 218177.22 0 218177.22 218177.22 218177.22
Sum - 31945.54 218345.36 218345.36 0 218345.36 218345.36 218345.36
4. Utilities
Any production facility needs the close-by services known as utilities to guarantee
the efficient running of its activities. The following modules are among the services
that the related facilities offer to maintain proper process conditions like temperature
and pressure.
Electricity
One of the reliable sources of energy employed in the plant is electricity. It is

generally used to power the compressors, pumps, control systems and other
equipments which are necessary to maintain the functionality of the entire plant, as
well as its operation and automation.
Cooling Water
Cooling water plays a crucial role in heat management system over the plant. It is
employed in coolers to compensate for the heat rises through different processes,
such as compression or after any reaction observing temperature increments. It
removes the excess heat obtained as a ramification of the mentioned processes,
assuring the longevity of the equipments in use and keeping the operating
temperature within desirable intervals.
24
Fuel Gas
The usage of fuel gas in the steam reforming unit is a pivotal element in the process.
Fuel gas is a predominant source of energy here, creating a proper reaction
condition for the endothermic reactions involved in the reactor.
Air
The cooling system will perform less efficiently in high humidity and temperature
conditions; instead, air coolers or refrigeration units will handle this function. Ambient
air is utilized in the air cooling system and directed onto the surfaces of heat
exchange. The heated surface exchanges its thermal energy with the cooling air
passing over via convection, removing the excess heat. This process plays a crucial
role since it preserves equipments not to encounter overheating, especially the ones
with heat-sensitive materials or components inside.
Nitrogen
Although nitrogen is not used as a raw material, it serves multifarious roles,

supporting myriad perspectives of the process safety and process optimization. To
exemplify, it is broadly utilized for blanketing purposes to avail the oxidation of
sensitive materials, to eliminate the risk and hazards during maintenance,
shutdowns, or start-ups, generating a neutral ambience over the facilities [16].
5. Energy Balance
We determined the overall project material balance in the part before this one. In
order to determine the heat transfer between the fluids, it is now necessary to
examine the energy balance throughout the complete process. When it comes to
design projects, energy balance is essential since it can tell us whether a process is
exothermic or endothermic and how much heat is needed to get a certain
temperature increase.
The energy balance computations may be affected by the system under

consideration's classification as closed, open, or a mix of both. Since everything was
done inside a closed system in this instance, there was no way for heat to travel from
25
the system to its surroundings. The first law of thermodynamics, which is stated
as follows, is used to perform the energy balance.
Accumulation=Energy∈+Generation−Energy out−Consumption(13)
The specific heat capacity (Cp) values for each chemical must be computed in order
to get the enthalpy change for each stream. The procedures involved in calculating
specific heat capacity for a given substance and temperature are explained below.
This computation is a unique technique.
The method that has been used in the energy balance calculations is the worldwide
formula:
Q=mC p dT (14 )
Where, Q is energy provided or removed during the process but per hour,
m is mass flow rate of each stream,
dT is change of the temperature which also affects the specific heat and reference
temperature has been decided to be equal to ambient temperature -25 degree
Celsius,
C p is specific heat which could have calculated using below-mentioned equation:
2 3
C p= A+ BT +C T + D T (15)
However, to simplify the process and get rid of series of the constants the C pvalues
has been taken from Aspen HYSYS version of the plant.
Table 9. Energy Balance for streams S1-S5
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Cp (kJ/kg*C) 2.097 2.135 2.135 2.142 2.3
Mass Flow 13920.64 13964.64 13964.64 13964.64 13964.64
(kg/hr)
T(*C) 20 20 20 23 80
T_ref (*C) 25 25 25 25 25
Energy (kJ/hr) -145957.9104 -149072.532 -149072.532 -59824.51776 1766526.96
Energy (kW) -40.54386724 -41.40903998 -41.40903998 -16.61792293 490.7019726
26
S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
Cp (kJ/kg*C) 2.307 1.921 2.316 3.282 3.278
Mass Flow (kg/hr) 13703.64 261 13703.64 13703.64 13703.64
T(*C) 80 80 83 360 360
T_ref (*C) 25 25 25 25 25
Energy (kJ/hr) 1738786.361 27575.955 1840782.554 15066741.07 15048378.19
Energy (kW) 482.9962501 7.659988113 511.3285281 4185.206188 4180.105388
S11 S12 S13 S14 S15

Cp (kJ/kg*C) 3.258 2.354 2.642 2.642 2.642
Mass Flow (kg/hr) 13645.35 56845.349 56845.35 28422.67 28422.67
T(*C) 350 373 600 600 600
T_ref (*C) 25 25 25 25 25
Energy (kJ/hr) 14448378.8 46567255.14 86356613.45 43178299.13 43178299.13
5
Energy (kW) 4013.43889 12935.34968 23987.9501 11993.97294 11993.97294
S16 S17 S18 S19 S20

Cp (kJ/kg*C) 3.004 3.004 3.004 2.701 2.864
Mass Flow 28422.644 28422.644 56845.29 56845.29 56845.28
(kg/hr)
T(*C) 860 860 860 360 420
T_ref (*C) 25 25 25 25 25
Energy (kJ/hr) 71293654.85 71293654.85 142587314.7 51435607.98 64307928.36
Energy (kW) 19803.7946 19803.7946 39607.59059 14287.67003 17863.31486
S21 S22 S23 S24 S25

Cp (kJ/kg*C) 2.694 2.615 2.588 1.872 2.899
Mass Flow 56845.28 56845.28 56845.28 16645.904 40199.37
(kg/hr)
T(*C) 145 53 37 37 37
T_ref (*C) 25 25 25 25 25
Energy (kJ/hr) 18376942.12 4162211.402 1765387.016 373933.5875 1398455.684
Energy (kW) 5104.706552 1156.169926 490.3853214 103.8704493 388.4599432
27
S26 S27 S28 S29 S30

Cp (kJ/kg*C) 14.32 14.32 14.32 0.8929 0.9076
Mass Flow (kg/hr) 5735.692 5691.692 44 34463.68 34463.679
T(*C) 40 40 40 50 50
T_ref (*C) 25 25 25 25 25
Energy (kJ/hr) 1232026.642 1222575.442 9451.2 769315.496 781980.8765
8
Energy (kW) 342.22965 339.6043165 2.625333543 213.698766 217.2169275

2
S31 S32 S33 S34 S35

Cp (kJ/kg*C) 0.9879 1.846 1.846 1.444 1.84
Mass Flow (kg/hr) 2348.744 34354.52 34354.52 0 34354.52
T(*C) 44 74 74 44 65
T_ref (*C) 25 25 25 25 25
Energy (kJ/hr) 44086.15975 3107503.752 3107503.752 0 2528492.672
Energy (kW) 12.24615647 863.1955557 863.1955557 0 702.3591317
S36 S37 S38 S39 S40

Cp (kJ/kg*C) 1.803 0.8595 1.877 1.858 1.65
Mass Flow 34354.52 31945.54 2408.9794 2408.9794 0
(kg/hr)
T(*C) 110 100 60 10 40
T_ref (*C) 25 25 25 25 25
Energy (kJ/hr) 5265001.963 2059289.372 158257.9017 -67138.25588 0
Energy (kW) 1462.500662 572.0248714 43.96053176 -18.64951701 0
6. Economics
During “cost-effective” project being chosen, economic analysis of project is
considered as top contributor. Economic analysis shows expenses, their
comparison, and many predictable results to define whether to start the project is
appropriate or not. It is assumed that the life of the project is 12 years during 2 of
which construction of plant, equipment purchasing, installation and other initiatives
will be carried out. So, it is planned to start operation in 2026 as the realization of the
project will be in 2024.
28
6.1. CAPEX
Turning to the calculations, the first step was to determine total investment cost
by finding fixed and working capital investment where working one was considered
as 20% of fixed one. To determine fixed capital investment, ISBL (Inside Battery
Limit), OSBL (offsite cost), engineering and contingency costs are summed.
ISBL is all costs needed to construct new plant, such as cost of civil works, major
process equipment, bulk items, construction, and field expenses. As ISBL cost is
usually used to calculate left project costs, careful determination of ISBL is of utmost
significance.
OSBL is the cost needed in case of new plant addition or existing plant’s capacity
expansion. As there is no precise cost of the offsite requirements, it is assumed that
OSBL is 40% of ISBL.
Besides ISBL and OSBL, fixed capital investment includes engineering and
contingency cost the sum of which is about 2% of ISBL and OSBL sum. [17]
These financial investments are made by businesses so that their operations

being diversified or potentially revenue being generated. [18]
As shown in Table 17, fixed capital cost is about $ 169 million.
Table 17. Investment costs.
ISBL $ 100.843.615,76
OSBL $ 40.337.446,30
Engineering cost $ 14.118.106,21
Contingency cost $ 14.118.106,21
Fixed capital $ 169.417.274,48
investment
Working capital $ 33.883.454,90
investment
Total investment $ 203.300.729,37
Table 18. Purchased equipment cost.
Equipment Units for

S a b n cost in $
size, S
CO-shift reactor volume, m3 50 61500 32500 0,8 804620,709
Hydrogenation
volume, m3 50 61500 32500 0,8 804620,709
reactor
29
Desulphurisation
volume, m3 50 61500 32500 0,8 804620,709
reactor
Reformer duty, MW 30 80000 109000 0,8 1736240,89
Separator 1 kg 125000 11600 34 0,85 742490,687
Separator 2 kg 125000 11600 34 0,85 742490,687
Separator 3 kg 125000 11600 34 0,85 742490,687
Flash Drum kg 125000 11600 34 0,85 742490,687
Compressor 1 kW 10000 580000 20000 0,6 5603772,86
Compressor 2 kW 10000 580000 20000 0,6 5603772,86
Compressor 3 kW 10000 580000 20000 0,6 5603772,86
Compressor 4 kW 10000 580000 20000 0,6 5603772,86
Pump 1 flow, litre/s 50 8000 240 0,9 16114,9201
Pump 2 flow, litre/s 50 8000 240 0,9 16114,9201
Heat exchanger 1 area, m2 500 28000 54 1,2 121574,554
Heat exchanger 2 area, m2 500 28000 54 1,2 121574,554
Cooler 1 area, m2 500 28000 54 1,2 121574,554
Cooler 2 area, m2 500 28000 54 1,2 121574,554
Air cooler area, m2 500 28000 54 1,2 121574,554
Heat Exchnger 3 area, m2 500 28000 54 1,2 121574,554
Condenser area, m2 250 28000 54 1,2 68730,6903
Reboiler area, m2 250 29000 400 0,9 86571,2951
Flue gas stack kg 100000 11600 34 0,85 616214,999
Vessel kg 125000 11600 34 0,85 742490,687
Trays m 2,5 130 440 1,8 120976,066
Vessel kg 125000 11600 34 0,85 742490,687
Trays m 2,5 130 440 1,8 120976,066
Vessel kg 125000 11600 34 0,85 742490,687
Trays m 2,5 130 440 1,8 120976,066
Total cost in
33658751,6
2010
Total cost in
50421807,9
2023
Inside ISBL cost (Inside Battery Limit), there is a purchased equipment cost
presented in Table 18 was estimated by equation below:
Cost of purchased equipment ( Ce ) =a+b∗¿ equipment ( S ) Indexof equipment ( n) (16)
By referring to Table 7.2 given in the Chemical Engineering Design book by

Gavin Towler and knowing required equipment’s size and type constant and then
cost of purchased equipment was defined. However, here is one nuance that Table
7.2 is based on 2010. Therefore, the ratio of chemical plant cost index (CEPCI) in
30
2023 to that of 2010 was multiplied by obtained cost to determine current year’s
equipment cost. CEPCI in 2010 was 5332.9 while in 2023 it is 798.3. [19]
Besides the fixed capital cost, working capital cost is included in Capex, too. It
is needed additional investment so that plant to be run when there is a generation of
revenue. [20] In brief, the assets set apart by which immediate necessities are
funded are taken account as working capital investment. Although, in working capital
estimation, some fluctuations lead to difficulties, working capital investment is usually
considered as 10-30% of fixed capital one when an initial appraisal of project is
performed. [21] It is assumed that 20% fixed capital investment is working one in this
project which yields to $33.8 million.
Finally, it is approximately found that the total investment that this project
needs is $203 million.
6.2. OPEX
To maintain and manage a business, daily expenses are incurred which are
called operating expenses. These expenses are classified into administrative,
general, selling, and overhead expenditures like rent, salaries, maintenance, and raw
material costs. Expenses such as investment, currency exchange and interest are
not included in operating cost estimates. [18] Determination of the operating cost is
needed for the assessment of a project’s being viable and choice between potential
different techniques of processing. [20] This project’s operating cost is accounted for
$146.6 million and $227 million in 2026 and 2035, accordingly.
Table 19. Operating Cost in 2026.
Maintenance $ 16.941.727,45
Operating labor $ 820.172,12
Fixed Laboratory cost $ 164.034,42
Production Supervision $ 164.034,42
Costs ($) Direct salary
$ 393.682,62
overhead
Plant Overheads $ 410.086,06
31
Insurance $ 1.694.172,74
Local Taxes $ 3.388.345,49
Royalties $ 1.694.172,74
Rent of land $ 1.411.810,62
Capital Charges $ 16.941.727,45
Total $ 44.023.966,14
Variable Raw Materials $ 3.226.759,20
Production Miscellaneous
Costs ($) $ 1.694.172,74
Materials
Utilities $ 73.222.419,05
Total $ 78.143.351,00
Direct Production Cost $ 122.167.317,14
General General overheads

operating Research and
costs ($) development costs $ 24.433.463,43
Sales Expense
Reserves
Total $ 146.600.780,57
Below, the classification of operating expenditure is illustrated:
32
OPEX
Fixed costs Variable costs
Maintenance
Operating Labour
Laboratory Cost
Raw Materials
Supervision
Direct salary overhead
Miscellanous Materials
Plant Overheads Utilities
Insurance Shipping, Packaging
Local Taxes
Royalties
Rent of land
Capital Charges
Figure 12. Classification of Operating Costs (Coulson & Richardson, 1993).
6.2.1. Fixed costs

Despite the output rate, the part of the operating cost which is constant is
considered as a fixed cost. If production of the plant is cut back, fixed costs will not
be decreased. This cost consists of:
Maintenance:
The cost which is needed to keep the plant in good condition despite
production level is maintenance cost. Generally, 5 – 10 % of fixed capital cost is
33
taken into account as maintenance cost, so for this project, it is assumed to be
10% in 2026 which accounts for $16.9 million.. [20] This cost is predicted to be $26
million in 2035 as it increases within time.
Operating Labor:
Operating cost is an expense paid to the company’s workforce. It is planned

to hire 89 workers by CarbonCap company. The amount of money allocated to
workers is $820 thousand per year.
Laboratory cost:
Costs necessary for identification, measurement, and evaluation of samples

of chemicals in the laboratory are laboratory expenses. Both services and supplies
are applied to these expenses. It is considered as 20 -30% of the cost spent for
operating labor. [20] For this project, 20% is assumed to be.
Supervision:
Supervision is taking whole operation of plant under control which consists of

forecast fulfillment, management of personnel, and quality control. Like supervision
cost, it is 20% of labor cost. [20].
Direct salary overhead:
This cost includes health insurance cost of employee which is 40% of

supervision and operating labor totally. [17]
Manufacturing overhead:
This expense is commonly known as “factory overhead” is an expense of

indirect costs which is incurred when plant normally operates. The direct costs of
materials and labor are excluded from here. [22] Although supervision and laboratory
cost are 20% of labor cost, manufacturing overhead accounts for 50% of that.
Insurance:
To safeguard the company’s operations from potential risks such as financial

losses, robbery, accidents, compensation guaranteed by authorities is known as
34
insurance. This cost is considered between 1% and 2% of fixed capital. [20] It is
estimated that CarbonCap can be provided by $1.6 million insurance in 2026.
Local taxes:
In most countries, tax is paid by individuals and cooperations so that

expenses of several public services, such as education, sewage maintenance,
garbage collection being covered. Different kinds of taxes like property, sales, payroll
taxes and license fees can be. [23] This cost is also 1 – 2 % of fixed capital
investment. [20]
Royalties:
Needed payment to use assets which are intangible, such as trademark,

patents, franchises, and copyrights is referred as royalties. Fixed capital’s 1% is
taken into account as royalty cost. [20]
Rent of land:
Cost which is 1-2% of ISBL and OSBL is cost needed to rent land. Land
rather than being purchased is rented by most companies. [17]
Capital charges:
So that capital expenditures being recouped, application of depreciation

charges is a well-known practice. It conserves some amount annually to cover
plant’s cost. If there is an expectation that a plant may “lose value” within the plant’s
operational life at a provided rate, determination of yearly based amount that will be
considered in operating cost is a simple way. Typically, capital charge will be 10 –
20% of fixed capital investment on an annual base. [20]
6.2.2. Variable costs

The expenses which depend on how much is generated are variable ones.
Raw materials, Utilities:
Table 20. Raw material cost.
Raw materials Amount in m3/h Price $/m3 $/year

Natural gas 2100 0,06941 1049479,2
Steam 43,2 7 2177280
35
Total 3226759,2
Table 21. Utility cost.
Electricity 67798,53616 kW
Hours 7200 hr
Yearly electricity 488149460,4 kWh
Price per kWh 0,15 USD
Total cost 73222419,05 USD
Miscellaneous materials:
Gaskets, instrument charts, safety clothing are miscellaneous materials the

cost of which is taken into account as 10% of maintenance cost, that’s why it will be
$1.6 million in 2026.
Shipping and packaging:
As the product is stored in the customer’s own tank, cost of packaging and
shipping is neglected.
6.3. Sensitivity analysis

Some few factors have impact on the business getting profit. To analyze the
worst and best possibilities of this impact, profile of cumulative cash return with
special assumption is illustrated below:
Cumulative Cash Return Profile

300000000
250000000
200000000
Cumulative Cash Return
150000000
Expected Case
100000000
Worst Case
50000000
Best Case
0
2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035 2037
-50000000
-100000000
-150000000
-200000000
Years
36
Figure 13. Cumulative Cash Return Profile.
In The best-case estimation shows that its NPV is $246 million, ROI is 10% and IRR
is 20%, while in the worst case, it is illustrated that NPV is $75 million, ROI is 3% and
IRR is 10%, respectively.
The payback period (PBT) in the best scenario is around 6 years, while in the worst
one it is 7. The expected payback period is 6 years.
Beneath is the tabulated form of all PBT, NPV, IRR, ROI and discount rates:
Table 22. Data of sensitivity analysis.
Expected Worst Case Best Case

Discount 8,50% 15% 5%
Rate
NPV $ $ 75,447,306.92 $
167,744,898.42 246,219,311.24
ROI 6,88% 3% 10%
IRR 16% 10% 20%
PBT 6,378633186 7,384738462 5,981959648
In conclusion, it is predicted in all cases CarbonCap company will make a profit.
7. Marketing
A business plan's core component is considered as its marketing strategy, which
entails locating, evaluating, and developing a plan to draw in, interact with, and
market the company's goods and services. A well-defined marketing plan is
necessary for corporate success. It outlines the long-term strategy for a good or
service to get and keep a competitive edge in a certain market. By deciding on this
up front, the company may better coordinate its efforts to contact your target market,
educate them about the advantages of your product, and persuade them to become
clients. Only with a really effective marketing plan can one increase income, attract
consumers, and establish brand awareness. A well-thought-out marketing plan
possesses a plenty of benefits, chief among them being improved brand awareness.
Businesses may establish a strong brand identity and connect with their target
market by creating a unique brand message and prioritizing consistent branding
across all platforms. It is quite important for the company since it sets it apart from
the competition and encourages client loyalty. SWOT analysis is also a highly
37
important technique for creating a company strategy in general and an efficient
marketing plan in particular. In order to design strategies to take advantage of
opportunities and capitalize on strengths while addressing weaknesses and threats,
it is an excellent analytical technique for determining the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats that an organization faces. Businesses may evaluate their
position in the market, obtain knowledge regarding their outside and within
environments, and decide how best to use their resources to meet their goals by
creating a SWOT analysis. In summary, a proficient SWOT analysis may assist
companies in optimizing their advantages, reducing their disadvantages, seizing
chances, and controlling threats.
7.1. Price, Market size and Competitive industries

In 2022, the global carbon dioxide market was worth USD 10.27 billion and may
grow at a rate of approximately 5.2% from 2023 to 2030. This is due to its higher
application in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) for marginal oil reserves and extremely
high crude oil reliance, particularly on the Asian Pacific. Also, part of these
developing markets includes the food and beverage, and medical, which will boost
the growth of CO2 in this forecast period. Among the major global markets in CO2,
the US will have the fastest compounded annual growth rate of 4.9% in sales for the
next few years. This industry’s growth in CO2 can be attributed to increasing
industrialism and the oil and gas industry which is also flourishing in US.
Globally, the use of CO2 in the medical field is becoming more and more significant.
The main application of CO2 gas is as an insufflation tool for a number of surgical
techniques, such as arthroscopy, laparoscopy, and endoscopy. Its purpose is to
stabilize and expand the body's cavities, improving visibility in the surgical site. CO2
is provided for medicinal reasons in specially made steel cylinders with valves and a
chromium plating. The use of carbon dioxide products the medical segment is
anticipated to expand quickly throughout the projection period, with a CAGR of
4.92%. The Commercial Carbon Dioxide Market is forecasted to develop at a faster
rate during the projected period due to the growing application of carbon dioxide in
the medical field.Error: Reference source not found
38
One of the main gases used in food and drink production includes carbon dioxide
which is utilized for various reasons such as carbonating beer and soft drinks,
packaging of food and changing the atmosphere of processing and stored foods’
environment. CO2 plays a crucial role in a plenty of food processing procedures
namely, refrigeration and freezing of foods and even to baking some foods. The
vacuum packing that reduces the amount of oxygen in the storage container can
also be used for this purpose. In December 2021, Sonoco items also announced that
will acquire Ball Metalpack - a manufacturer of greener metal packaging for food and
household products at $1.35 billion in cash. As a propellant, carbon oxide is used to
release cooking sprays, whipped cream, and various other culinary products form
aerosol cans. More than 70 percent of carbon dioxide is used by the food and
beverages industry in the US. Error: Reference source not found
Figure 14 Carbon dioxide market
There is also a highly competitive industrial sector that produces a large amount of
CO2 but yet is still high demand for carbon dioxide (CO2). According to the source,
the carbon dioxide market in segmented into hydrogen, ethylene and ethyl alcohol,
alternative natural gas, and others.Error: Reference source not found The highest
market share in 2022 was held by the Ethyl Alcohol category, with the value of 32.17
percent. The carbon dioxide is produced by product as byproduct of ethanol
fermentation, in the alcoholic fermentation process. This source is in high demand
due to purity of carbon dioxide derived from ethyl alcohol which food grade is highly
preferred with. Hydrogen sector will have high growth rate of about 4.7% over the
39
projection duration. The efforts being put into place by developing countries such
as the USA and the UK to shift into a hydrogen-based economy is predicted to
increase the production of hydrogen along the manufacturing of carbon dioxide for
this sector. Due to increased product consumption by the end-use sectors like
chemicals, medical, and pharmaceuticals, this segment may record high growth
rates throughout the projection period. Error: Reference source not found
Figure 15 CO2 market share in percent
Figure 16 U.S. Carbon dioxide market
As a consequence, captured CO2 is going to be used mainly in petrochemical

industry, namely in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). One of the methods of storing
carbon dioxide, underground is to inject the gas into geologic formations. Continuous
use of the fossil fuels has left geological formations in the United States that may be
40
capable of storing CO2 emissions for more than hundreds of years. Geologic
storage of carbon dioxide alternatives include: Error: Reference source not found
 Reservoirs for petroleum and natural gas (Enhanced Oil Recovery through
CO2 - EOR). Oil and gas reservoir present commercial opportunities of
injecting carbon dioxide in their existing sites for extracting more oil. Oil and
gas resources are known to be present in these reservoirs for many million
years; thus, this area can be considered as a perfect location fit for the
geological sequestration of carbon dioxide. In addition, past fossil fuel
exploration is of the utmost importance in creating confidence for permanent
CO2 geologic storage. Carbon Dioxide EOR activities in West Texas date
back over three decades. Besides this, sale of collected CO2 to oil recovery
operators are able to provide some financial relief for CCS installations at
industries and power stations. Error: Reference source not found
 Submerged Salinous Deposits. Though they are found all throughout the
country, these porous rock layers containing with saline have not been
studied as thoroughly as reserves for oil and gas yet.
 Beds of coal. CO2 storage capacity may exist in coal beds that are either thin
or deep enough to extract profitably. Enhanced coalbed methane recovery
(ECBM) is another method for extracting methane gas that makes use of
captured carbon dioxide.
7.2. Place
When it comes to integrating carbon capture unit in the hydrogen production facility,
Azerbaijan may be regarded as excellent. Azerbaijan has always been a major
player in the production of gas and oil. The greater part of its hydrocarbon production
originates from Caspian Sea fields. The majority of the nation's hydrocarbon basins
are found in these offshore Caspian Sea areas. Since 2007 Azerbaijan has been
exporting gas than it imports making it a net exporter. The majority of Azerbaijan’s
natural gas exports to Turkey pass through the South Caucasus Pipeline via Georgia
(SCP). Additionally, through the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), Azerbaijan is able to
export blue hydrogen (not grey) thanks to its pipeline infrastructure.Error: Reference
source not found Azerbaijan has demonstrated a dedication to environmental
responsibility, and its geographic location facilitates access to markets in both
41
Europe and Asia. Furthermore, the country's energy infrastructure and
government support provide an atmosphere that is favorable to the implementation
of ecologically beneficial technologies like carbon capture. The state-owned oil
corporation SOCAR has indicated interest in establishing CCUS in the area for using
CO2 in EOR, although there are currently no estimations for CO2 storage capacity
that are accessible to the public Error: Reference source not found. Public
knowledge of geology at the basin scale appears to be limited, despite the USGS
publishing data on the hydrocarbon regions of the Caspian Sea Error: Reference
source not found. A few important possibilities for using collected carbon dioxide
(CO2) might be investigated for the Azerbaijani market, taking into account variables
namely, the regional economy, energy landscape, and possible applications: Error:
Reference source not found
Chemical Production: One possible application for CO2 is as a feedstock. It

would be a good idea to examine the ways to produce chemicals or polymers
which are in demand in the Azerbaijani market increased.
Oil Recovery (EOR): Investigating the use of captured CO2 for increased oil
recovery in current reservoirs might be a beneficial fit for the regional energy
sector, considering Azerbaijan's notable involvement in the oil and gas
industry.
Local agriculture is able to benefit from the application of captured CO2 in
controlled greenhouse situations for promoting plant development.
7.3. People
Any company's staff have a major role in determining its success. We were able to
observe how important it is to recruit, cultivate, and retain onboard exceptional
people who support our vision for the organization at the Carbon Capture site. Our
staff consists of proficient experts that are dedicated to providing our clients with the
greatest products and facilities available. Integrity, collaboration, and ongoing
education form the basis of our corporate culture. We are always constantly
searching for candidates who are interested in joining our team that have a variety of
professional and educational backgrounds since we believe possessing an inclusive
and diverse work environment fosters creative thinking and inventiveness.
42
We have been aware that the performance of our business depends highly on
the pleasure of our employees; therefore, in order to encourage our workers'
professional development and progress, a range of benefits and opportunities for
advancement are offered to them. In addition, the economic circumstances of our
employees are the primary source of happiness and are given top importance while
negotiating with them. Correspond with the performance of our company, our
employees always have access to competitive pay, various benefits packages, and
incentives.
Furthermore, we place a high priority on health and safety at work, and we regularly
provide training and assistance in order to guarantee sure that our staff members
have the abilities and supplies necessary to keep safe at work.
7.4. Promotion
The main goals of marketing are to raise consumer awareness, inform them of the
services and goods being supplied, and boost sales. With the right strategy, plant
products may be promoted in the following ways:
o Attending trade shows and conferences might help to introduce the hydrogen
production plant with Carbon Capture Unit to potential customers and
business partners. It might also be an opportunity to make connections and
engage with other experts in the field.
o Publicizing the Carbon Capture unit and its capabilities through advertising in
industry papers and periodicals, which include industrial journals and
magazines, may assist to increase public consciousness. Additionally, it could
strengthen the hydrogen production plant's standing as a trailblazer and
industry leader.
o In this industry, direct marketing plays a crucial role. Techniques such as
specific email campaigns along with additional direct marketing approaches
may assist generate leads and establish relationships with key decision-
makers.
o Press releases and pertinent PR campaigns have the potential to create
positive publicity and raise plant's reputation among rivals in the industry.
43
o Referrals from existing clients may assist to expand the horizon and
guarantee a win-win scenario for the customers and suppliers, which makes
the use of word-of-mouth advertising crucial in this industry.
o Establishing trusting connections with government agencies and outlining the
production unit's mission and potential economic benefits are essential to
feeling the government's support for the business. In this industry, it is
particularly crucial because the primary sources of income are the nation's
export and import capacities as well as the plant's production capacity.
7.5. SWOT analysis
Strengths Weakness
Abundant Natural Resources: natural gas reserves Dependency on Fossil Fuels

Geopolitical Location Technological Challenges.
Existing Infrastructure Market Competition
Government Support Promotion Concerns
SWOT
Opportunities Threaths
Global Hydrogen Demand Fluctuating Global Energy Prices

International Collaborations Regulatory and Policy Risks
Diversification of Energy Portfolio Technological Advancements
Investment Risks
8. Safety
Safety analysis within the realm of industrial operations is one of the most essential
stages, especially in the chemical industry. Prioritizing safety protocol not only
safeguards the employees from hazards, but also mitigate the environmental risks
associated with the production. In order to minimize these risks, safety rules should
be attentively controlled, and the staff should be encouraged to follow regulations.
Firstly, taking the importance of safety into account, the initial procedure should be
considered during the onset of plant building. The design and optimization of the
whole plant is organized in a way that obeys international and local safety standards.
Apart from that, the location of the plant also plays a key role in general safety. As
44
the waste products, extreme temperatures, and potential explosions due to
chemical reactions may be regarded as a continuous threat to human life, the plant
is built far away from densely populated areas. Moreover, regular training sessions
are organized to build safety-focused culture in working environment.
It is also evident that one primary risk control measure is usage of PPE (personal
protective equipment). Workers are provided with protective uniforms, respirators,
gloves, and steel-toe boots. [24] Considering several kinds of poisonous substances
are available in plant, yogurt is offered to employees in lunch in order to immediately
deal with poisoning.
As it was mentioned before, the primary objective of process is carbon capture,

however, hydrogen is produced as main product since the overall process is
hydrogen production via steam methane reforming process. The available
substances in production are CH4 (methane), CO (carbon monoxide), CO2 (carbon
dioxide), H2 (hydrogen), and H2O (water). Despite the fact that all these compounds
are nonpoisonous and relatively safe to work in, at extreme conditions they can
entail catastrophic dangers. The potential risks which may stem from these materials
and specific methods to handle them are mentioned in the table below:
Table 23.Safety assessment of substances used in production.
Substance Explosive Possible risks Safety precautions

condition
Extreme level of methane can
Gas sensors and
cause mood changes, vision
monitoring equipment are
problems, memory loss,
CH4 used to detect leaks and
More than nausea, and headache.
(methane) measure methane levels.
5.5% Although low level exposure to
Category – Advanced ventilation
concentration methane does not have
H220 system guarantees
adverse impact on health, skin
adequate airflow in plant
or eye contact with liquefied
area
form may entail frostbite. [25]
CO Between As it is colorless, odorless, and Carbon monoxide is kept
(carbon 12.5% and tasteless compressed gas. It is away from high
monoxide) 74% highly toxic to people and may temperature surfaces
concentration cause poisoning as it is hard to and open flames.
detect. It catches fire quickly Smoking near it is
when there is static electricity, completely prohibited.
open flame, or spark. Moreover, CO is utilized
45
in outdoors or in a well-
ventilated area. [26]
Up to 5% leads to a faster The method of
breathing rate, headache, and segregation of personnel
subtle physiological changes. from risk is employed in
Higher concentrations can confined places where
CO2 Around 81 %
result in intoxication and death. CO2 could accumulate.
(carbon concentration
Cold contact burns can be Strong communication
dioxide) if heated
caused by solid. Similar to a measures are taken to
burn, liquid or frigid gas may prevent neighboring
result in freezing injury to the areas from CO2 related
skin or eyes. risks.
In case of detection of
Dispersion of hydrogen can
leak emergency
lead to ignition while explosion
Between 18% shutdown procedures are
H2 is reason of jet flame. Due to
and 59% employed. Leak repair
(hydrogen) its low viscosity, hydrogen can
concentration procedure starts
easily leak from piping
immediately after
connections. [27]
inspection.
8.1. HAZOP analysis

HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study) is a systematic technique for determination of
potential accident cases. It is normally performed while a plant is first designed, and a
detailed flowsheet is established. HAZOP analysis is mostly used during chemical processes
as dangerous substances are available within sophisticated pipelines. It is clear that
evaluating all risk factors in detail is essential in terms of sustainability of plants and
successful protection of employees. The table below demonstrates HAZOP analysis for
hydrogen production – carbon capture plant.
Risk matrix
Guide word Deviations Causes Consequences Action
(r;c)
Extreme energy High quality sensors
Failure in cooling
consumption, damage and alarm systems
equipment.
to equipment parts should be installed.
More Temperature Inadequacy of 9 (3;3)
including pipe Proactive approach to
temperature
impeller, and risk control is
detectors.
environmental issues. implemented. [28]
Low-quality Heat loss is prevented
Decrease of reaction
insulation or via adequate
Less Temperature and absorption 6 (2;3)
malfunction in insulation in
efficiency.
heaters. susceptible devices.
Incorrect Overpressure in Compressed gases

More Pressure 12 (3;4)
equipment sizing, absorber, reactor, or (H280) should be
46
failure of pressure
protected from
relief systems, and
flush drum. Explosion sunlight. In accident
sudden process
is also possible. case area should be
updates like
evacuated
flowrate change.
Any blockage or
It can entail choke,
Leakage in restriction should be
process delays or
pipelines, removed and
Less Pressure downtime. Process 8 (4;2)
insufficient leakages should
efficiency and product
material flow. regularly be checked
quality may drop.
and repaired.
Table 24: HAZOP analysis
Negligible Minor Significant Major Severe

Almost
5 10 15 20 25
certain
Likely 4 8 12 16 20
Possible 3 6 9 12 15
Unlikely 2 4 6 8 10
Rare 1 2 3 4 5
9. Decommissioning
The administrative and technical steps done to eliminate all or some of the regulatory
restrictions from an approved facility so that the building with its facilities and its
location can be utilized again are referred to as decommissioning. [29] Our
company's decommissioning approach generally consists of three main components.
This includes Disposal, Dismantling, and Decontamination.
9.1. Decontamination:
In general, the decontamination part possess myriad intentions as follows:
 To assure the safe operation of equipments, since they can be marketed in

the future,
 To increase the monetary worth of the equipments which are subjected to
be sold.
47
 To actualize renovation for the plant for future utilization.
Industrial toxicants are the chemical substances that are either used or generated
during the process in the plant. They, generally, cause contamination in 4 phases:
 Solid contaminants are the precipitations in the facilities, such as pipelines,

reactors, drums, tanks, vessels.
 Liquid contaminants are the leftovers from the liquid mediums used in
different equipments, namely distillation columns, absorbing towers,
pumps.
 Gas contaminants are the hazardous or risky chemical vapors that stay
inside the instrumentations even after the use of them.
 Aerosol contaminants are suspension of solid or liquid droplets in the air,
such as smoke, fumes and airborne dust.
The removal of these toxins is generally actualized in two forms:
 Standard – using high pressure liquid (water in most cases) and air to the
contaminated area to remove them.
 Non-standard- use of other chemical substances, such as detergents or
different types of solvents with respect to the contaminant characteristics.
To exemplify, for oil contaminations surfactants are broadly implemented
which precipitates the oil spills in the detergents and make them easy to
collect in the end.
9.2. Dismantling:
The dismantling phase is implemented in the event of real removal and disposal
of assets in accordance with the pre-preprepared plan. This part often requires
safe disassembly, disconnection and disposal of components to implement
cleanup of site and repurposing, without bestowing severe hazards, considering
environmental aspects as well. In this stage, each equipment is cleansed
separately using specific techniques, and the instruments are sent to the next
stage of decontamination if the standards of contamination are met after the
degree of contamination is checked.
48
9.3. Disposal:
After having the dismantling stage done, the level of contamination is
monitored once more, and device disposal is started if all the conditions are satisfied.
If any requirements are found to be irrelevant, the instruments are returned to the
very first stage, decontamination phase. There are two different ways for the
disposal:
 To sell the equipments directly to other manufacturing facilities, where it will

be used following restoration and optimization.
 To transfer the equipments to businesses so they can use the parts and
materials from these devices.
The equipments are packed, moved to different factories, and the factory is restarted
during the disposal phase. Waste can also be disposed of in both liquid and solid
phases. This stage involves waste treatment, after which liquid wastes are sent to
the effluent treatment department. Zero loss at the conclusion of the
decommissioning process is one of the main objectives, meaning that the money
made from sales should match the cost spent.
10. Sustainability
In the long-term implications, it is very crucial to consider
sustainability in order to meet needs and safeguard the
rights of future generations. Complete sustainability can
only be attained when sustainable development is
properly taken into account. Sustainable development is
based on three pillars which are:
 Social equity
 Preservation of the environment and natural
Figure 17. Pillars of Sustainability
resources
 Economic efficiency
Sustainability can be achieved by putting a few crucial policies into place including
industrial ecology, environmentally friendly production, and regulation. Sustainable
development requires focus on aforementioned three pillars: ecological, economic,
and social (Figure 1) along with resource availability. [30] For instance, if resources
49
are not available, a process cannot be sustained. Besides that, adopting a
sustainable strategy could give the company a competitive edge by differentiating it
from competitors. Companies that anticipate the impacts of climate change and the
opportunities that come with pursuing sustainability may be able to leverage their
social, economic, and environmental initiatives as differentiators in the marketplace.
Infrastructure for carbon capture supports the nation's environmental goals.
Scientists and engineers developed the concept for the hydrogen economy in the
late 1960s and early 1970s in response to the global energy system's reliance on
fossil fuels. In order to create and execute a hydrogen economy for upcoming
generations, the International Association of Hydrogen Energy (IAHE) was founded
in 1974. Since then, IAHE has worked to advance the concept of the hydrogen
economy at all societal levels, from the general public to the government. By 2005,
several nations had joined the Kyoto Protocol in an effort to create a greener energy
system, and one of the main components of this objective is hydrogen. [31]
During the phase of transition toward a hydrogen economy, hydrocarbon fuels in this
case natural gas cannot be disregarded as a source of hydrogen and energy.
However in the process carbon dioxide sequestration must be used to transform
fossil hydrocarbons into hydrogen in order to use them as a fuel source in a cleaner
manner in order to achieve sustainable development. High temperature heat and
power must be produced by the processes using clean energy sources, such as
nuclear and renewables, in order for them to be sustainable. Hydrocarbon cracking
is one type of procedure that produces carbon black and hydrogen as byproducts.
Nuclear-assisted coal gasification, which involves the creation of IV nuclear reactors
and the sequestration of carbon dioxide, is another technique. Moreover, auto
thermal processes—such as coal gasification, natural gas or petroleum reforming—
can be used in a sustainable way in conjunction with CO2 collection and
sequestration to produce hydrogen. [31] Besides that, it is obvious that hydrogen
plants are among the major sources of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.
Nevertheless, with the carbon capture infrastructure and sequestration (CCS) which
is sustainable energy technology, prevention of anthropogenic CO2 from reaching
the atmosphere can be achieved. [32], [33]
50
Three distinct applications are taken into consideration in order to assess the
overall life-cycle environmental, social, and economic sustainability of CCS:
 controlling the CO2 entrained in reservoir gas in the natural gas sector.
 retrofitting carbon capture and storage to stationary fixed coal-fired power
generation.
 lowering the greenhouse gas footprint of a natural gas plant which is liquefied.
There are other external costs and advantages in addition to carbon emissions to the
climate, which are undoubtedly the main externality. According to one of the studies,
a sustainable and economically sound solution is one that, when all environmental,
social, and economic variables are taken into account over the course of its whole
life cycle, produces more benefits than costs for all stakeholders. [34] Furthermore,
in order to understand the true worth of the action and, consequently, its
environmental, social, and economic sustainability, it is necessary to take into
account the broader external costs and benefits.
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, causing serious health problems and
climate impact. Carbon capture technologies are the best option available in order to
combat climate change. [35] Carbon capture and storage needs to be sustainable if
it is to be a viable tool in our fight against climate change. This means that in order
for carbon capture and storage to be considered viable for large-scale deployment, it
must be able to safeguard the environment and public health over the long run, and
it must consistently produce environmental and social benefits that outweigh its costs
of capital, energy, and operation. [34] Carbon capture is considered one of the
technical option for lowering greenhouse gas emission into the atmosphere and
preventing the long-term effects of human-caused climate change. [36] CCS might
be one of the only ways to significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions from
currently operating coal-fired power plants. In this scenario, the optimal long-term
environmental, social, and financial result depends on which of the many CCS
solutions is available. Future carbon price increases and global climate action will
make carbon capture and storage more and more appealing financially. From the
financial point of view, even with the global carbon pricing implemented, carbon
capture and storage must decrease dramatically in order to achieve more
51
economically feasible applications in the near future. In the upcoming years,
increased financing for research and development of recent advances in carbon
capture technology may significantly increase the financial viability of CCS. In a
thorough analysis, carbon sequestration would also need to account for the
considerable long-term costs as well as the legal and environmental dangers
involved. Another possibility is that carbon prices could increase to the kinds of
levels required for CCS to be economically, socially, and ecologically sustainable.
Since the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are continuously
rising, the social price of carbon keeps rising every year. With an increasing social
cost of carbon, CCS is a more and more viable economic option. [34]
There are different kinds of carbon capture technologies including clathrate hydrate,
calcium looping, and oxyfuel. However, carbon capture utilizing membrane-based
technologies have gained attention as a possible option for large-scale CO2 capture
facilities due to its advantages including flexibility, modularity, high CO2 selectivity,
thermal stability, and mechanical stability under high pressures. [37] Besides that,
the sustainability of this technology has been explored and their impact on the
environment and planet is positive.
10.1. Sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Carbon capture and storage has ten direct interactions with SDGs out of seventeen
which is shown in the table below with every SDG having a distinct focus on the
economy, society, and environment:
Table 25. Pre-identification of direct interactions between CCS and SDGs
Sustainable development goals

Environment
SDG 13: Climate action
SDG 14: Life below water
SDG 15: Life on land
Economy
SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth
SDG 9: Responsible production and consumption
SDG 12: Industry, Innovation and infrastructure economy
Society
52
SDG 3: Good health and wellbeing
SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation
SDG 7: Affordable and Clean energy
SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities
The main objective of carbon capture and storage is to prevent the excess release of
CO2 into the atmosphere. It is a possible way to lessen the effects of ocean
acidification and global warming brought on by CO2 emissions from heating and
industry. As shown in table 1, SDG 13, 14 and 15 are directly related to the main
purpose of the sustainable development. In the most recent IPCC Special Report on
Global Warming of 1.5 °C, which is a target of the UNFCCC Paris Agreement, the
use of carbon capture and storage—especially when combined with biomass, or
BECCS—was once again emphasized as an essential technological advancement.
[38]
Additionally, CCS has a direct bearing on a few of the economic SDGs, primarily
those that deal with infrastructure and industry (SDG 9), economic growth (SDG 8),
and responsible production and consumption (SDG 12). The question of how CCS
and SDGs interact globally has been tackled in this assessment. However, as the
results of the assessments of employment, economic growth, and industrial
development show (especially with regard to SDGs 8 and 9), the economic effects of
CCS may vary depending on the geography, industry, and level of a nation's reliance
on fossil fuels. [39]
Through direct emission reductions and indirect delivery of low-carbon power, CCS
can help the decarbonization of industry and play an enabling role in the provision of
affordable and clean energy (SDG 7). Research demonstrates that CCS can help
keep jobs in specific industries and help decouple economic growth from
environmental degradation by lowering CO2 emissions (SDG 8).
Most life-cycle assessments show that using carbon capture results in waste
creation and emissions into the air and water. The technology's interactions with
SDGs 3, 6, and 15, which place a significant emphasis on reducing all forms of
pollution to the environment, are counteracted or limited as a result of these
emissions. It is observed that the total consequences of biomass and natural gas are
53
much lower than those of coal. Because running CO2 capture devices requires
an energy penalty, CCS technology may also be a hindrance to achieving SDG 7's
energy efficiency targets.
54
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[41] "Carbon Dioxide Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Source (Ethyl Alcohol,
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5.
58
12. Appendix
Here are the minutes of meetings during the course:
Meeting Details
Date 30.09.2023
Time From 12:00
To 13:00
Location BHOS, Khatai Building
Attendees Team Fuad Taghiyev, Zahrakhanim Aliyeva, Elnura Aliyeva,
members Sabina Ismayilova, Shahin Huseynli, Aytan Valiyeva
Supervisor Ruslan Abishov
Recorder Fuad Taghiyev
Meeting Discussions 1. Get to know each other.
2. Discussion of the course syllabus, goals, and objectives.
3. Project discussion, Q&A part about the topic.
4. Syllabus introduction, presentation of course assessment
criterias.
5. Explanation of the Report layout, specific parts to be included
and certain format in accordance with report writing guidelines.
Meeting Details
Date 02.10.2023
Time From 20:30
To 22:00
Location MC Teams
Meeting Discussions 1. Discussions of the initial, individual findings by each student.
2. Discussion about the different aspects of the design to conclude
which process to employ.
3. Process discussions.
4. Work division among the team members.
Meeting Details
Date 03.10.2023
Time From 16:00
To 17:30
Location BHOS Campus, Library
members Sabina Ismayilova
Meeting Discussions 1. Discussion of the draft BFD sketching,
59
2. Evaluation of the different methods found individually,
3. Decision of the exact process flow,
4. Starting to plot PFD initial draft.
Meeting Details
Date 07.10.2023
Time From 13:00
To 14:00
Meeting Discussions 1. Presentation of the draft PFD to the supervisor,
2. Feedback by the supervisor upon the draft PFD,
3. Explanation of potential mistakes,
4. Identification of rooms for improvements,
5. Setting a task to make betterment on the PFD and decide on the
division of individual unit design for the next semester
Meeting Details
Date 17.10.2023
Time From 19:30
To 20:30
Location MC Teams
Meeting Discussions 1. Discussion of the updated version of PFD,
2. Feedback by the supervisor on the workflow,
3. Discussion of the location for the plan construction,
4. Discussion for the economical aspects of the design.
60
Meeting Details
Date 27.10.2023
Time From 12:00
To 13:00

Attendees Team Fuad Taghiyev, Elnura Aliyeva,
members Sabina Ismayilova, Aytan Valiyeva
Meeting Discussions 1. Discussion of Economical works done so far, checking the
calculated economical results
2. Discussion of marketing strategies,
3. Discussion of carbon capture system in the design
4. The feedback by the supervisor to be considered for the interim
report
Meeting Details
Date 17.10.2023
Time From 09:00
To 12:00
Location BHOS Campus, Library

members
Meeting Discussions 1. Design optimization, summing up material balance and energy
balance,
2. Economical figures discussion, economical optimization was
implemented.
3. Price and cost analysis for the product,
4. Finalizing the yearly production rate.
61

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Baku Higher Oil School

Chemical Engineering Department

Design Project A -Final Report

Finally, we would like to express our appreciation to the BHOS Chemical

Moreover, marketing analysis showed that Azerbaijan is a proper country to

Hydrogen, being a suitable method to obtain energy in a cleaner way, has

Table 1. Comparison of hydrogen energy with oil-based sources in transportation means.

Vehicles using hydrogen energy Comparison with traditional fossil fuels

Figure 2. Different types of hydrogen

SMR is the most advanced technology available for producing H2 on a large

6.2 2.1 Hydrogen Production Unit and its PFD

Figure 4. Stages of HPU

Figure 5. Block Flow Diagram as a reference

6.2.1 2.1.2 Hydrogenation and Desulfurization Section

ZnO+ H 2 S → ZnS+ H 2 O(1)

2.1.3. Steam Reforming

Figure 7. Nickel catalysts Description used in Reforming.

C H 4 + H 2 O CO+3 H 2 −Heat (2)

C H 4 +CO2 2CO +2 H 2−Heat (3)

CO+ H 2 O C O2 + H 2 + Heat (4)

2.1.4. CO-Shift Conversion Section

CO+ H 2 O C O2 + H 2 + Heat (5)

2.1.5. PSA Unit

2.2. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Unit

Methyl diethanolamine, with other naming, N-methyl diethanolamine, or with more

The absorption of CO2 by MDEA is an exothermic reaction with a high rate of

2.2.2. Flash Drum Utilization

+¿ heating C O 2( g ) + H2 O (8)¿ −¿+ H

mas s¿ =mas s out (11)

Input + generation – output – consumption=accumulation (12)

The reactions mentioned in Hydrogenation and Desulphurization, as well as in the

Table 2. Material Balance for streams S1-S6

Molar Mass Flowrate in Streams (kg/hr)

Table 3. Material Balance for streams S7-S12

Components Molar Mass Flowrate in Streams (kg/hr)

Table 4. Material Balance for streams S13-S18

Molar Mass Flowrate in Streams (kg/hr)

Table 5. Material Balance for streams S19-S24

Molar Mass Flowrate in Streams (kg/hr)

Table 6. Material Balance for streams S25-S30

Molar Mass Flowrate in Streams (kg/hr)

Table 7. Material Balance for streams S31-S36

Molar Mass Flowrate in Streams (kg/hr)

Table 8. Material Balance for streams S37-S43

Components Molar Mass Flowrate in Streams (kg/hr)

One of the reliable sources of energy employed in the plant is electricity. It is

Although nitrogen is not used as a raw material, it serves multifarious roles,

The energy balance computations may be affected by the system under

m is mass flow rate of each stream,

C p is specific heat which could have calculated using below-mentioned equation:

Table 9. Energy Balance for streams S1-S5

Table 11. Energy Balance for streams S11-S15

S11 S12 S13 S14 S15

Table 12. Energy Balance for streams S16-S20

S16 S17 S18 S19 S20

Table 13. Energy Balance for streams S21-S25

S21 S22 S23 S24 S25

Energy (kW) 5104.706552 1156.169926 490.3853214 103.8704493 388.4599432

S26 S27 S28 S29 S30