Name: KERBY JAN Y.

TOLEDO BS-CRIM 1ST YEAR

CAVITE MUTINY

The year 1872 is a historic year of two events: the Cavite Mutiny and the
martyrdom of the three priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora, later on immortalized as GOMBURZA. These events are very important
milestones in Philippine history and have caused ripples throughout time, directly
influencing the decisive events of the Philippine Revolution toward the end of’ the
century. While the significance is unquestioned, what made this year
controversial is the different sides to the story, a battle of perspectives supported
by primary sources. In this case, we zoom in to the events of the Cavite Mutiny, a
major factor in the awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos of that time.

Spanish Account of the Cavite Mutiny

The documentation of Spanish historian Jose Montero y Vidal centered
on how the event was an attempt in overthrowing the Spanish government in the
Philippines. Although regarded as a historian, his account of the mutiny was
criticized as woefully biased and rabid for a scholar. Another account from the
official report written by then Governor General Rafael I Izquerdo implicated
the native clergy, who were then, active in the movement to secularization of
parishes. These two accounts corroborated each other.

Primary source: Excerpts from Montero’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny

The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite arsena1 of
exemption from the tribute was, according to some, the cause of the insurrection.
There were, however, other causes. The Spanish revolution which overthrew o
secular throne; the propaganda carried on by an unbridled press against
monarchial principles, attentatory of the most sacred resects towards the
dethroned majesty; the democratic and republican books and pamphlets; the
speeches and preaching of the apostles of these new ideas in Spain; the
outbursts of the American publicists and the criminal policy of the senseless
Governor whom the Revolutionary government sent to govern the Philippines,
and who put into practice these ideas were the determining circumstances which
gave rise. among certain Filipinos, to the idea of attaining their independence It
was towards this goal that they started to work, with the powerful assistance of a
certain section of the native clergy, who out of spite toward friars, made common
cause with the enemies of the mother country. At various times but especially in
the beginning of year 1872, the authorities received anonymous communications
with the information that a great uprising would break out against the Spaniards;
the minute the fleet at Cavite left for the South and that all would be
assassinated, including the friars. But nobody gave importance to this notice. The
conspiracy had been going on since the days of La Torre with utmost secrecy. At
times, the principal leaders met either in the house of Filipino Spaniard, Dr.
Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, or in that of the native priest, Jacinto Zamora, and
these meetings were usually attended by the curate of Bacoor, the soul of the
movement, whose energetic character and immense wealth enabled him to
exercise a strong inf1uence.

Primary Source: Excerpts from the Official Report of Governor lzquierdo on

the Cavite Mutiny of 1872.
The investigators, to carry out their criminal project, protested against the
injustice of the government in not paying the provinces for their tobacco crop,
and against the usury that some practice in documents that the Finance
department gives crop owners who have to sell them at a loss. They encourage
the rebellion by protesting what they called the injustice of haying obliged the
workers in the Cavite arsenal tax pay tribute starting January 1 and to render
personal service from which they were formerly exempted... Up to now it has not
been clearly determined if they planned to establish a monarchy or a republic,
because the Indios have no word in their language to describe this different form
government, whose head in Tagalog would be called hari but it turns out that
they would place at the head of the government a priest that the head selected
would be D, Jose Burgos, Or D. Jacinto Zamora.,. Such is... the plan of the
rebels, those who guided them, and the means they counted upon its realization.
The accounts detail that on January 20, 1872 the district of Sampaloc
celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto and came with it were some
fireworks display. The Caviteños allegedly mistook this as the signal to
commence with the attack. The 200-men contingent led by sergeant Lamadrid
attacked Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal. Izquierdo, upon
learning the attack, ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish forces in invite to
quell the revolt. The “revolution” was easily crushed, when the Manilenos who
were expected to aid the Cavitenos did not arrive. Leaders of the plot were killed
in the resulting skirmish, while fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were tried
by a court-martial and sentenced to be executed. February 17. 1872 the
GOMBURZA were executed to serve as a threat to the Filipinos to never attempt
again to fight to the Spaniards again.
 Name: KERBY JAN Y. TOLEDO BS-CRIM 1ST YEAR

THE KATIPUNAN
Background of the author:
Emilio Jacinto was born in the year 1875 on December 15. Jacinto joined
the Katipunan, a secretrevolutionary society in the age of 20. He became the
secretary of the Katipunan and was referred asthe “Utak ng Katipunan” or
“Pingkian”. Jacinto was also in charge of writing the guidebook for themembers
of the Katipunan, which was called Kartilya ng Katipunan. Emilio Jacinto died in
the year1899 at the age of 24, because of malaria.

Historical background of the document:

Kartilya ng Katipunan was officially founded by Andres Bonifacio,
Teodoro Plata, Lasido Diwa,Deodato Arellano, Valentine Diaz and others. The
revolutionary society or samahang Kataastaasankagalang-galangan
katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan (KKK) was established in the year 1892
July 7by the anti-Spanish Filipino at Tondo, Manila in response to the news of
Rizal’s exilement. The aim of the Kartilya ng Katipunan is to fight for the
Philippine Independence from Spain and to unite theFilipinos into one nation.

Content presentation and analysis of the important historical information

found in thedocument:
Having a purpose in our lives because having no purpose means we are
living a useless life. As ahuman being we should be responsible and do the right
thing. We should be kind and love others andnot expect that our kindness and
love would have something in return.

Contribution and relevance of the document in understanding the grand

narrative of thePhilippines history:
The Kartilya ng Katipunan was the honorable foundation guide to the
Katipuneros and it instructsabout the rules and principles that they need to heed
for becoming a part of the revolutionary society.It is one of the recorded
documents about the Philippine revolution that survived. It also serves as
anevidence what our fellow Filipinos back then did to fight for our country and
how this contributed tounderstanding our history and how it changed the present.

Learning experiences:
The Kartilya ng Katipunan incorporates virtues, discplines, loyalty, and
morality that the modernFilipinos represent today. It also teaches that true
kindness is having an open hand to offer help tothe ones who are in need and
not doing it to have something in return. It also explains that we have tofight for
our rights and fight for the person who is in the right side.
 Name: KERBY JAN Y. TOLEDO BS-CRIM 1ST YEAR

The Rizal Retraction

Brief Background about Jose Rizal
JOSE RIZAL
• He is identified as a hero of the revolution
• His writings centered on ending colonialism and liberating Filipino minds
to contribute to creating the Filipino nation
• The great volume of Rizal’s lifework was committed to this end,
particularly the more influential ones – Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
• His essays criticize NOT the Catholic religion, but the friars, the main
agents of injustice in the Philippine society
• Rizal’s affiliation in Masonry was accounted to have caused drastic
changes to his religious ideas.

Retraction
• The act of taking back an offer or statement, or admitting that a statement was
false.
• Formally taking back something which was said or done.
RIZAL’S RETRACTION
• One of the most intriguing issues of Jose Rizal
• Is about his reversion to the Catholic Faith and all other issues linked to it such
as his marriage to Josephine Bracken (The Catholic’s Condition: No Retraction,
No Marriage) .
• The night before his death by firing squad at the Luneta on December 30, 1896,
accounts exist that Rizal allegedly retracted his Masonic ideals and his writings
and reconverted to Catholicism following several hours of persuasion by Jesuit
priests.

FOUR ITERATIONS OF RETRACTION

1. The first was published in La VazEspañoland Diario de Manila on the day of
the execution.
2. 2. The second text appeared in Barcelona, Spain, in the magazine La
Juventud, on 14 February 1897, from an anonymous writer who was later on
revealed to be Fr. Vicente Balaguer.
3. 3. The third one was a shorter version published in El Imparcial and is believed
to be the one that Fr. Pio drafted for Rizal.
4. 4. The “original” text that Fr. Manuel Garcia found on archdiocesan archives,
May 18, 1935.
5.
THE JESUIT VERSION
• The Jesuits figured prominently during the last 24 hours of Rizal’s life because
Manila Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda asked them to take care of Rizal’s
spiritual needs while the latter awaited the hour of his death.
• In an affidavit that he issued in 1917, Fr. Pio Pi (the Superior of the Jesuits)
declared that he had accepted the task because he considered Rizal to be
Ateneo Municipal High School’s “very distinguished and dear pupil”
• The Jesuits he sent to Rizal’s detention cell were Frs. Vicente Balaguer, Jose
Vilaclara, Estanislao March, Luis Visa, Federico Faura, and Miguel Saderra.

FR. VICENTE BALAGUER

• Of all the Jesuits whom Fr. Pi commissioned to deal with Rizal, it was Fr.
Vicente Balaguer who wrote extensively about what happened in Rizal’s
detention cell the day before he was executed.
• Fr. Balaguer used the first-person pronoun, which suggests that he was
personally present and involved in the negotiation.
• He also persuaded everyone to take his affidavit as a primary source because
he had personal knowledge of Rizal’s retraction.
 • He and Fr. Vilaclara arrived in Rizal’s prison cell around 10 o’clock in the
morning.
• A formula of retraction composed by Father Pio Pi was given by the
Archbishop to Balaguer.
• Their encounter with Rizal started with a discussion of some articles of
Catholic faith.
• Rizal believed that his rule of faith in God is based on the scriptures but was
said to be false and indefensible by the two Jesuits because only with the
authority of the Church that it can be valid.
• Balaguer stated that if Rizal did not yield, he will be damned by the judgement
of God and this made Rizal weep and say "No I will not damn myself.” He
reminded him that outside the Catholic Church, there was no salvation. • They
returned to Rizal around 3 o’clock but still not able to convince him to sign the
retraction.
• Their third meeting with Rizal took place at 10 o’clock that night with two
retraction templates.
• Rizal found the first template unacceptable because it was too long and its
language and style were not reflective of his personality.
• The second template is a shorter one but Rizal did not sign it right away
because of the statement: “I abominate Masonry as a society reprobated by the
Church.”
• Rizal wanted to emphasize that Philippine Masonry was not hostile to
Catholicism
• He revised it into: “I abominate Masonry as the enemy of the Church and
reprobated by the same Church”
• Rizal signed his retraction letter before midnight.

TRANSLATION OF THE RETRACTION

“I declare myself a Catholic and in this Religion in which I was born and
educated I wish to live and die. I retract with all my heart whatever in my words,
writings, publications, and conduct has been contrary to my character as son of
the Catholic Church. I believe and I confess whatever she teaches, and I submit
to whatever she demands. I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which is of the
Church, and as a Society prohibited by the Church. The Diocesan Prelate may,
as the Superior Ecclesiastical Authority, make public this spontaneous
manifestation of mine in order to repair the scandal which my acts may have
caused and so that God and people may pardon me.”

CONCLUSION
• Rizal’s retraction is a recurring controversy for more than 100 years.
• The discovery of Moreno’s report casts. negative light on both the
Catholics and the Mason.
• The report reduces Fr. Balaguer’s affidavit into secondary source.
• However, they still both reported that Rizal indeed retracted.
• Rizal did not fight the Catholic religion; he fought those who abused the
religion.
• He was not against the Catholic religion but was against the manner
that the Catholic religion was practiced by the friars in the Philippines during his
time.
 Name: KERBY JAN Y. TOLEDO BS-CRIM 1ST YEAR

The start of uprisings

Introduction

The Philippine Revolution, which began in 1896, was a pivotal event in the
country's history. It marked the fight against Spanish colonial rule and set the
stage for Philippine independence.

Background and Causes

 Socio-Political Climate: The late 19th century in the Philippines was

characterized by significant discontent due to Spanish colonial rule. Issues
such as economic exploitation, social injustices, and political repression
were prevalent.
 Reform Movements: Efforts for reform were led by intellectuals like José
Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar, who advocated for political and social
changes through writings and peaceful means.

Formation of the Katipunan

 Founder: Andrés Bonifacio established the Katipunan (Katipunan ng mga

Anak ng Bayan) on July 7, 1892. The organization's aim was to overthrow
Spanish rule and establish an independent Philippine Republic.
 Objectives and Structure: The Katipunan operated as a secret society
with a structured hierarchy and clear objectives of rebellion against
Spanish authorities.

Discovery of the Katipunan

 Event: The Spanish authorities discovered the existence of the Katipunan

in August 1896. This led to arrests and heightened tensions between the
revolutionaries and the colonial government.
 Impact: The discovery forced the Katipunan to transition from clandestine
activities to open rebellion.

The Cry of Pugad Lawin

 Date: August 23, 1896

 Description: Andrés Bonifacio and his followers performed the Cry of
Pugad Lawin, a symbolic act of tearing up cedulas (tax documents) to
signify their revolt against Spanish rule.
 Significance: This act marked the beginning of the Philippine Revolution
and showcased the resolve of the revolutionaries.

Key Figures

 Andrés Bonifacio: Founder of the Katipunan and a leader in the early

uprisings. Often referred to as the "Father of the Philippine Revolution."
 Emilio Aguinaldo: A significant revolutionary leader who became the first
President of the Philippines. His military successes were crucial to the
revolution.
 José Rizal: Although not directly involved in the armed struggle, his
reformist ideas and writings greatly influenced the revolutionary
movement. He was executed on December 30, 1896.
 Marcelo H. del Pilar: A reformist and editor of the newspaper Kalayaan,
he played a key role in advocating for reform and mobilizing support for
the revolution.
Initial Uprisings

 Major Battles: The revolution began with uprisings in August 1896,

particularly in Cavite and Manila. Early battles included the Battle of San
Juan del Monte.
 Impact: These initial skirmishes demonstrated the determination of the
revolutionaries and gained support from various sectors of Philippine
society.

Challenges Faced

 Resource Shortages: The revolutionaries faced difficulties due to a lack

of resources and arms.
 Internal Divisions: There were internal conflicts and strategic
disagreements among revolutionary leaders.
 Spanish Countermeasures: The Spanish authorities responded with
military force and repression, complicating the revolutionaries' efforts.

Impact and Legacy

 Immediate Outcomes: The early uprisings led to a series of

confrontations and set the stage for the eventual declaration of Philippine
independence in 1898.
 Legacy: The revolution is celebrated for its role in the fight against
colonial rule and the pursuit of Philippine sovereignty. Key figures like
Bonifacio and Rizal remain national heroes.

Conclusion

The start of the Philippine Revolution was a crucial moment in the nation's
history. It marked the transition from peaceful reformist efforts to an armed
struggle for independence. The courage and leadership of figures like Andrés
Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo were instrumental in shaping the course of
Philippine history.
 Name: KERBY JAN Y. TOLEDO BS-CRIM 1ST YEAR

CRY OF BALINTAWAK OR PUGAD LAWIN

It is surprising that there are different versions on the dates for the first cry
of the revolution as well as the venue. This controversy up to this time remains
unsolved. It is believed that the so-called Cry took place in Balintawak; but others
would say that it really happened in Pugad Lawin. Nevertheless, there are
different versions to consider in knowing the real date and place of the Cry.
These include Pio Valenzuela’s Controversial “Cry of Pugad Lawin”, Santiago
Alvarez’s “The Cry of Bahay Toro”, Gregoria de Jesus’ version of the “First Cry”,
and Guillermo Masangkay’s “The Cry if Balintawak”.

Pio Valenzuela’s Controversial “Cry of Pugad Lawin” (August 23, 1896)

This controversial version of the “Cry of the Pugad Lawin” has been
authorized by no other than Dr. Pio Valenzuela, who happened to be the
eyewitness himself of the event. In his first version, he told that the prime staging
point of the Cry was in Balintawak on Wednesday of August 26, 1896. He held
this account when the happenings or events are still vivid in his memory. On the
other hand, later in his life and with a fading memory, he wrote his Memoirs of
the Revolution without consulting the written documents of the Philippine
revolution and claimed that the “Cry” took place at Pugad Lawin on August 23,
1896.

“The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio

Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario, and myself was Balintawak, the
first five arriving there on August 19 and I, on August 20, 1896. The first place
where some 500 members of the Katipunan met on August 22, 1896, was the
house and yard of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong. Aside from the persons
mentioned above, among those who were there were Briccio Pantas, Alejandro
Santiago, Ramon Bernardo, Apolonio Samson, and others. Here, views were
only exchanged, and no resolution was debated or adopted. It was at Pugad
Lawin, in the house, store-house, and yard of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora
Aquino, where over 1,000 members of the Katipunan met and carried out
considerable debate and discussion on August 23, 1986. The discussion was on
whether or not the revolution against the Spanish government should be started
on August 29, 1986. Only one man protested and fought against a war, and that
was Teodora Plata [Bonifacio’s brother-in-law-Z]. Besides the persons named
above, among those present at this meeting were Enrique Cipriano, Alfonso
Pacheco, Tomas Remigio, Sinforoso San Pedro, and others. After the
tumultuous meeting, many of those present tore their cedula certificates and
shouted “Long live the Philippines! Long live the Philippines!”

Guillermo Masangkay’s The “Cry of Balintawak” (August 26, 1896)

This version is written by the Katipunan General Guillermo Masangkay.

He is an eyewitness of the historic event and a childhood friend of Bonifacio.
According to him, the first rally of the Philippine Revolution happened on August
26, 1896 at Balintawak. Correspondingly, the date and site presented were
accepted by the preliminary years of American government. Below is General
Guillermo Masangkay’s version of the “Cry of Balintawak”.

“On August 26th [1896-Z.], a big meeting was held in Balintawak, at the
house of Apolonio Samson, then the cabeza of that barrio of Caloocan. Among
those who attended, I remember, were Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del
Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela,
Enrique Pacheco, and Francisco Carreon. They were all leaders of the Katipunan
and composed the board of directors of the organization. Delegates from
Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite and Morong (now Rizal,) were also present.
 At about nine o’clock in the morning of August 26, the meeting was
opened with Andres Bonifacio presiding and Emilio Jacinto acting as secretary.
The purpose was to discuss when the uprising was to take place. Teodoro Plata
[Bonifacio’s brother-in-law – Z.], Briccio Pantas, and Pio Valenzuela were all
opposed to starting the revolution too early. They reasoned that the people would
be in distress if the revolution were started without adequate preparation. Plata
was very forceful in his argument, stating that the uprising could not very well be
started without the arms and food for the soldiers. Valenzuela used Rizal’s
argument about the rich not siding with the Katipunan organization.
Andres Bonifacio, sensing that he would lose in the discussion then, left
the session hall and talked to the people, who were waiting outside for the result
of the meeting of the leaders. He told the people that the leaders were arguing
against starting the revolution early, and appealed to them in a fiery speech in
which he said: “You remember the fate of our countrymen who were shot in
Bagumbayan. Should we return now to the towns, the Spaniards will only shoot
us. Our organization has been discovered and we are all marked men. If we don’t
start the uprising, the Spaniards will get us anyway. What then, do you say?”

“Revolt!” the people shouted as one.

Bonifacio then asked the people to give a pledge that they were to revolt.
He told them that the sign of slavery of the Filipinos were (sic) the cedula tax
charged each citizen. “If it is true that you are ready to revolt,” Bonifacio saved, “I
want to see you destroy your cedulas. It will be the sign that all of us have
declared our severance from the Spaniards.”
With tears in their eyes, the people as one man, pulled out their cedulas
and tore them to pieces. It was the beginning of the formal declaration of the
separation from Spanish rule. With their cedulas destroyed, they could no longer
go back to their homes because the Spaniards would persecute them, if not for
being katipuneros, for having no cedulas. And people who had no cedulas during
those days were severely punished.
When the people’s pledge was obtained by Bonifacio, he returned to the
session hall and informed the leaders of what took place outside. “The people
want to revolt, and they have destroyed their cedulas,” Bonifacio said. “So now
we have to start the uprising; otherwise the people by hundreds will be shot.”
There was no alternative. The board of directors, in the spite of the protests of
Plata, Pantas, and Valenzuela, voted for the revolution. And when this was
decided, the people outside shouted: “Long Live the Philippine Republic!”
I still remember Bonifacio as he appeared that day. Although a mere
bodeguero (warehouseman) and earning ₱25 (Mex.) a month, he was a cultured
man. He always wore an open coat, with black necktie, and black hat. He always
carried an umbrella. At the meeting that morning of August 26, Bonifacio took off
his coat and was wearing only his shirt, with collar and tie. Bonifacio’s hobby was
weaving bamboo hats. During his spare time, he wove dozens of them and sold
them in Manila. Thus, he made extra money.
At about 5 o’clock in the afternoon, while the gathering at Balintawak was
celebrating the decision of the Katipunan leaders to start the uprising, the guards
who were up in trees to watch for any possible intruders or the approach of the
enemy, gave the warning that the Spaniards were coming.

Led by Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and other leaders of the Katipunan, the
men were distributed in strategic positions and were prepared for attack of the
civil guards. I was with a group stationed on the bank of a small creek, guarding
the places where the Spaniards were to pass in order to reach the meeting place
of the katipuneros. Shots were then fired by the civil guards, and that was the
beginning of the fire which later became such a huge conflagration.
 Name: KERBY JAN Y. TOLEDO BS-CRIM 1ST YEAR

AGRARIAN REFORM POLICIES

INTRODUCTION
 What is Agrarian Reform? -
-The agrarian reform aimed at modernizing the feudal structure of
southern agriculture, by expropriating the most unproductive portions of
the large estates (latifundia) and redistributing them to landless peasants
in the form of small holdings.
- Agrarian reform can refer either, narrowly, to government-initiated
or government-backed redistribution of agricultural land or, broadly, to an
overall redirection of the agrarian system of the country, which often
includes land reform measures.

Agrarian reform is essentially the rectification of the whole system of the

agriculture, an important aspect of the Philippine economy because nearly half of
the population is employed in the agricultural sector, and most citizens live in
rural areas.

Agrarian reform is centered on the relationships production and the distribution of

the land among farmers. It is also focused on the political and economic class
character of the relations of production and distribution in the farming and related
enterprises, and how these connect to the wider class structure.

Through genuine and comprehensive agrarian reform, the Philippines would be

able to gain more from its agricultural potential and uplift the Filipinos in the
agricultural sector, who have been, for the longest time, suffering in poverty and
discontent.

Formalization of the administration of land rights has been promoted as a pre-

requisite for economic development. Perceived benefits include increased tenure
security and improved access to credit, thereby providing the incentive and ability
for farmers to invest in making improvements to the land. Formal administration
is proposed as a means to facilitate a land market, allowing land to move towards
its "highest and best use", thus helping farmers become more productive and
consequently improved their lives.

AGRARIAN REFORM HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES 

 Land reform. A process of redistributing land from the landlords to
tenantfarmers in order that they will be given a chance to own a piece of land
to improve their plight. 
 Agrarian reform is defined as the rectification of the whole system of
agricultural land. 
 Is concerned with the relation between production and distribution of land
among farmers. 
 The processing of raw materials proceeds by farming the land from the
respective industries.

Precolonial Times
“This land is Ours God gave this land to us” 
 Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, land was practically owned by
the community known as barangay ruled by a chief or datu. 
 Everyone regardless off status had access to the land and mutual shares the
fruits of their labor. 
 They believe that “this land is ours, god gave this land to us”. They practice
the concept of stewardship. 
 Land cultivation was done commonly by slash-and-burn (kaingin) method. 
During this era, food production was intended only for family consumption.
 Later on neighboring barangay are also engage in a barter trade, exchanging
their goods with others 
 However, despite the existence of different classes in the social structure,
practically everyone had access to the fruits of the soil. Money was unknown,
and rice served as the medium of exchange.
Spanish Era
“United we stand, divided we fall”
What was the system of land cultivation then?

Were the native families still allowed to own a land?


 When the Spanish came to the Philippines, the colonial government
introduced pueblo agriculture. 
 A pueblo agriculture is a system wherein native family in rural communities
are given certain 4 to 5 hectares of land to cultivate. Cultivate not to own, the
native family were merely landholders and not landowners. It was because
the land assigned to them was the property of the Spanish king where they
pay their colonial tributes in the form of agricultural products they produced.

Encomienda system - where a large tract of land was given to Spanish

(encomienderos) for them to manage and have the right to receive tribute from
the natives or indios. It soon became an abusive power only few powerful
landlords were able to afford to rents and the natives who once cultivated the
lands in freedom were transformed into mere share tenants. They don’t even
allowed to have any rights to the land, they were forced to sell it at a very low
price or surrender their harvest to Spanish authorities then the encomienderos
will resell it for profit.

First Philippine Republic

“The yoke has finally broken”

When the First Philippine Republic was established in 1899, Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo declared in the Malolos Constitution his intention to confiscate large
estates, especially the so-called Friar lands.

American Period
“Long live America”
Significant legislation enacted during the American Period:
 Philippine Bill of 1902 – Set the ceilings on the hectarage of private
individuals and corporations may acquire: 16 has. for private individuals and
1,024 has. for corporations. 
 Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) – Provided for a comprehensive
registration of land titles under the Torrens system. 
 Public Land Act of 1903 – introduced the homestead system in the
Philippines. 
 Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113) – regulated relationships
between landowners and tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane
lands.
The Torrens system, which the Americans instituted for the registration of lands,
did not solve the problem completely. Either they were not aware of the law or if
they did, they could not pay the survey cost and other fees required in applying
for a Torrens title.
Commonwealth Period
“Government for the Filipinos”
President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the "Social Justice" program to arrest the
increasing social unrest in Central Luzon.

Significant legislation enacted during Commonwealth Period: 

 1935 Constitution – "The promotion of social justice to ensure the well-being
and economic security of all people should be the concern of the State" 
 Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045),
Nov. 13, 1936 – Provided for certain controls in the landlord-tenant
relationships 
 National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC), 1936 – Established the price of
rice and corn thereby help the poor tenants as well as consumers. 
 Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937 – Specified reasons for the dismissal of
tenants and only with the approval of the Tenancy Division of the Department
of Justice. 
 Rural Program Administration, created March 2, 1939 – Provided the
purchase and lease of haciendas and their sale and lease to the tenants.
Commonwealth Act No. 441 enacted on June 3, 1939 – Created the National
Settlement Administration with a capital stock of P20,000,000.

Japanese Occupation
“The Era of Hukbalahap”

The Second World War II started in Europe in 1939 and in the Pacific in
1941. Hukbalahap controlled whole areas of Central Luzon; landlords who
supported the Japanese lost their lands to peasants while those who supported
the Huks earned fixed rentals in favor of the tenants.

Unfortunately, the end of war also signaled the end of gains acquired by
the peasants.

Upon the arrival of the Japanese in the Philippines in 1942, peasants and
workers organizations grew strength. Many peasants took up arms and identified
themselves with the anti-Japanese group, the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan
Laban sa Hapon).

Philippine Republic
(“The New Republic”)
After the establishment of the Philippine Independence in 1946, the
problems of land tenure remained. These became worst in certain areas. Thus
the Congress of the Philippines revised the tenancy law.

President Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948) enacted the following laws:

Republic Act No. 34 -- Established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and
regulating share-tenancy contracts.
Republic Act No. 55 -- Provided for a more effective safeguard against
arbitrary ejectment of tenants.

Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953) enacted the following law:

Executive Order No. 355 issued on October 23, 1950 -- Replaced the
National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Development
Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural
Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production
Administration.
Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) enacted the following laws:
Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 -- Abolished the LASEDECO and
established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration
(NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at
rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.

Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) -- governed the
relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing sharetenancy
and leasehold system. The law provided the security of tenure of tenants. It also
created the Court of Agrarian Relations.

Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) -- Created the Land
Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and
distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for
individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.

Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative

Financing Administration) -- Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with
low interest rates of six to eight percent.

President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)

Continued the program of President Ramon Magsaysay. No new legislation
passed.

President Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965) enacted the following law:

Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform Code)
-- Abolished share tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75
hectares, invested rights of preemption and redemption for tenant farmers,
provided for an administrative machinery for implementation, institutionalized a
judicial system of agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing and
supervised credit system of services of farmer beneficiaries.

The RA was hailed as one that would emancipate Filipino farmers from
the bondage of tenancy.

President Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)

Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 ushered the Period of the
New Society. Five days after the proclamation of Martial Law, the entire country
was proclaimed a land reform area and simultaneously the Agrarian Reform
Program was decreed.

President Marcos enacted the following laws:

 Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA No. 6390 of
1971 -- Created the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian Reform
Special Account Fund. It strengthen the position of farmers and expanded
the scope of agrarian reform.
 Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26, 1972 -- Declared the country
under land reform program. It enjoined all agencies and offices of the
government to extend full cooperation and assistance to the DAR. It also
activated the Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council.
 Presidential Decree No. 27, October 21, 1972 -- Restricted land reform
scope to tenanted rice and corn lands and set the retention limit at 7
hectares.
President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)
The Constitution ratified by the Filipino people during the administration of
President Corazon C. Aquino provides under Section 21 under Article II that “The
State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.”
On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law
Republic Act No. 6657 or otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Law (CARL). The law became effective on June 15, 1988.
Subsequently, four Presidential issuances were released in July 1987
after 48 nationwide consultations before the actual law was enacted.

President Corazon C. Aquino enacted the following laws:

 Executive Order No. 228, July 16, 1987 – Declared full ownership to
qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27. It also determined the value
remaining unvalued rice and corn lands subject of PD 27 and provided for the
manner of payment by the FBs and mode of compensation to landowners.
 Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 – Provided mechanism for the
implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987 – Instituted the CARP as a major
program of the government. It provided for a special fund known as the
Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of Php50 billion to cover
the estimated cost of the program from 1987-1992.
 Executive Order No. 129-A, July 26, 1987 – streamlined and expanded the
power and operations of the DAR.
 Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Law) – An act which became effective June 15, 1988 and instituted a
comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice and
industrialization providing the mechanism for its implementation and for other
purposes. This law is still the one being implemented at present.
 Executive Order No. 405, June 14, 1990 – Vested in the Land Bank of the
Philippines the responsibility to determine land valuation and compensation
for all lands covered by CARP.
 Executive Order No. 407, June 14, 1990 – Accelerated the acquisition and
distribution of agricultural lands, pasture lands, fishponds, agro-forestry lands
and other lands of the public domain suitable for agriculture.

President Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)

When President Fidel V. Ramos formally took over in 1992, his
administration came face to face with critics who have lost confidence in the
agrarian reform program. His administration committed to the vision “Fairer,
faster and more meaningful implementation of the Agrarian Reform Program.

President Fidel V. Ramos enacted the following laws:

 Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 – Amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and
exempted fishponds and prawns from the coverage of CARP. Republic Act
No. 7905, 1995 – Strengthened the implementation of the CARP.
 Executive Order No. 363, 1997 – Limits the type of lands that may be
converted by setting conditions under which limits the type of lands that may
be converted by setting conditions under which specific categories of
agricultural land are either absolutely non-negotiable for conversion or highly
restricted for conversion.
 Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act
AFMA) – Plugged the legal loopholes in land use conversion. Republic Act
8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill) – Provided an additional Php50
billion for CARP and extended its implementation for another 10 years.
President Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2000)
“ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP’. This was the battle cry that endeared
President Joseph Estrada and made him very popular during the 1998
presidential election.

President Joseph E. Estrada initiated the enactment of the following law:

 Executive Order N0. 151, September 1999 (Farmer’s Trust Fund) –
Allowed the voluntary consolidation of small farm operation into medium and
large scale integrated enterprise that can access long-term capital.

During his administration, President Estrada launched the Magkabalikat

Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or MAGKASAKA. The DAR forged into joint
ventures with private investors into agrarian sector to make FBs competitive.
However, the Estrada Administration was short lived. The masses who put
him into office demanded for his ouster.

President Gloria Macapacal-Arroyo (2000-2010)

The agrarian reform program under the Arroyo administration is anchored
on the vision “To make the countryside economically viable for the Filipino family
by building partnership and promoting social equity and new economic
opportunities towards lasting peace and sustainable rural development.”
Land Tenure Improvement - DAR will remain vigorous in implementing
land acquisition and distribution component of CARP. The DAR will improve land
tenure system through land distribution and leasehold.
Provision of Support Services - CARP not only involves the distribution of
lands but also included package of support services which includes: credit
assistance, extension services, irrigation facilities, roads and bridges, marketing
facilities and training and technical support programs.
Infrastructure Projects - DAR will transform the agrarian reform
communities (ARCs), an area focused and integrated delivery of support
services, into rural economic zones that will help in the creation of job
opportunities in the countryside.
KALAHI ARZone - The KALAHI Agrarian Reform (KAR) Zones were also
launched. These zones consists of one or more municipalities with concentration
of ARC population to achieve greater agro-productivity.
Agrarian Justice - To help clear the backlog of agrarian cases, DAR will
hire more paralegal officers to support undermanned adjudicatory boards and
introduce quota system to compel adjudicators to work faster on agrarian reform
cases. DAR will respect the rights of both farmers and landowners.

President Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016)

President Benigno Aquino III vowed during his 2012 State of the Nation
Address that he would complete before the end of his term the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), the centerpiece program of the administration
of his mother, President Corazon Aquino.
The younger Aquino distributed their family-owned Hacienda Luisita in
Tarlac. Apart from the said farm lots, he also promised to complete the
distribution of privately-owned lands of productive agricultural estates in the
country that have escaped the coverage of the program.
Under his administration, the Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity
and Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) project was created to contribute to
the overall goal of rural poverty reduction especially in agrarian reform areas.
Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP) provided credit support for
crop production to newly organized and existing agrarian reform beneficiaries’
organizations (ARBOs) and farmers’ organizations not qualified to avail
themselves of loans under the regular credit windows of banks.
 The legal case monitoring system (LCMS), a web-based legal system for
recording and monitoring various kinds of agrarian cases at the provincial,
regional and central offices of the DAR to ensure faster resolution and close
monitoring of agrarian-related cases, was also launched.
Aside from these initiatives, Aquino also enacted Executive Order No. 26,
Series of 2011, to mandate the Department of Agriculture-Department of
Environment and Natural Resources-Department of Agrarian Reform
Convergence Initiative to develop a National Greening Program in cooperation
with other government agencies.

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 – present)

Under his leadership, the President wants to pursue an “aggressive” land
reform program that would help alleviate the life of poor Filipino farmers by
prioritizing the provision of support services alongside land distribution.
The President directed the DAR to launch the 2nd phase of agrarian
reform where landless farmers would be awarded with undistributed lands under
the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
Duterte plans to place almost all public lands, including military reserves,
under agrarian reform. The President also placed 400 hectares of agricultural
lands in Boracay under CARP.
Under his administration the DAR created an anti-corruption task force to
investigate and handle reports on alleged anomalous activities by officials and
employees of the department.
The Department also pursues an “Oplan Zero Backlog” in the resolution of
cases in relation to agrarian justice delivery of the agrarian reform program to
fast-track the implementation of CARP.
 Name: KERBY JAN Y. TOLEDO BS-CRIM 1ST YEAR

1899 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

A BASIC LAW: THE BASIC REQUIREMEMNT FOR GOVERNANCE


 JUNE 18, 1898
 Upon his return from exile, General Emilio Aguinaldo set about the massive
task of organizing the disparate provincial and regional revolutionary movements
into a cohesive and united government. In a series of decrees, under the advice
of lawyers Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista and later Apolinario Mabini,Aguinaldo
began to flesh out the structure for bureaucracy and political divisions.
 He issued a degree proclaiming the establishment of a Dictatorial
Government, and himself as dictator.

 JUNE 20, 1898

 This law as supplemented by a 20 June 1898 decree that provided for the
rules in the holding of local assemblies and sessions, organization of police
forces, and delved deeper into the administration of judicial and legal functions
(creation of local magistrates, civil registry) and taxation and property rights.

 JUNE 23,1898
 Dictatorial Government was transformed into a Revolutionary Government
with himself as President.
 But these decrees were enforced not through the consent of the governed
but through the force by which the Revolutionary Government found itself
liberative various parts of the country with.
 They defined no bill of rights or other modes of recourse and assumed that
the Spanish legal codes applied inasmuch as they were not directly
repealed by new decree or order.

TENSION AND TRIUMPHS

 In his own writing, Mabini had a constitutional program of his own. 

 On the other side of the argument, notable representatives Felipe
Buencamino, Felipe Calderon, and newly elected President of Congress
Pedro Paterno stressed the need for a constitution.
 Throughout the next two months from the opening of Congress, they
dived in
to the discussion of each article and title.

MEASURES AND LEGAL

 1 st : POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

 1570’s, the concept of divine right was introduced.

 PATRONATO REAL
In the 1899 Constitution, both in its preamble and its articles, the
Congress unanimously adopted popular sovereignty, the idea that
the right to govern is derived from the consent of the governed, is
the fundamental source of political power in the Philippine Republic.

 2nd : FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES

 During the Napoleonic period, the Philippines experience a period of

liberalism from the historic CADIZ CONSTITUTION.
 Late 19th century,most Spaniards in Europe already enjoyed civil liberties, but
colonial policies precluded the extension of these rights to the native
born subjects of the archipelago.

 3rd : SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

 One of the grievances that Filipinos against the Spanish rule was the
overreach of the Church.
 Idea of Filipino Nationalism

 4th : SEPARATION OF POWERS

 the Congress to decide on the separation of government powers into Three
Co-equal branches, the executive, the legislative, and the judicial.

 5th : EMERGENCY OF POWERS

 Mabini reiterated that during emergencies such as the War for
Independence, the need for quick and decisive action is necessary to
ensure the proper conduct of war.

ZENITH AND LEGACY

 JANUARY 23, 1899

 The inauguration on of the Philippine republic.
 The legacy of the 1899 Constitution remains as the first legal foundation
of the Philippine nation-state made by Filipinos, for Filipinos.

1935 CONSTITUION ( THE CONSTITUTION OF PHILIPPINE

COMMONWHEALTH )

 1898
 Right after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in Washington D.C , ceded the
Philippines to the US paying the amount of $20, 000, 000 to Spain in the
process.
 1901
 our country was placed under a military government until that year, with
the passing of the Spooner Amendment, putting an end to the military
rule in the Philippines and replacing it with a civil government with
William H. Taft as the first civil governor.
 1902
 The ratification of the Philippine Bill of 1902, which called for the creation
of a lower legislative branch composed of elected Filipino legislators, and
the Jones Law in August 1916 gave the Filipinos the opportunity to govern
themselves better.
 October 16, 1907
 The first Philippine assembly.
 Name: KERBY JAN Y. TOLEDO BS-CRIM 1ST YEAR

1899 Malolos Constitution

Emilio Aguinaldo
 He was the mayor of Cavite Viejo or Kawit Cavite (August 1896).
 He is the local leader of the Kapunan.
 Signed an agreement called Pact of Biac-na-Bató with Spanishgovernor
general (December 1897).
 He made agreements with representaves of the Americanconsulates
and of commodore George Dewey to return to thePhilippines to assist the
United States in the war against Spain.
 Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines on May 19, 1898.
 The Filipinos, who declared their independence from Spain on June12,
1898, proclaimed a provisional republic, of which Aguinaldo was to
become president, and in September, a revolutionary assembly met and
ratified Filipino independence.

History of the Philippine Revolutionary Government

 The Malolos Congress
 July 18, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree asking for the election of
delegates to the revolutionary congress. Five days later, another decree was being
promulgated which declared that Aguinaldo would appoint representatives
of Congress.
 He appointed 50 delegates in all.
 Aguinaldo assembled the revolutionary congress at Barasoain church in
Malolos, Bulacan on September 15, 1898.

The most important achievements of theMalolos Congress:

 In September 29, 1898, ratified the declaration of Philippine
independence held at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898.
 Passage of a law that allowed the Philippines to borrow P 20 million from
banks for government expenses.
 Establishment of the Universidad Literatura de Filipinas and other
schools.
 Drafting of the Philippine Constitution.
 Declaring war against the United States on June 12, 1899.

The Malolos Constitution

 A committee headed by Felipe Calderon and aided by Cayetano Arellano,
the constitution was drafted, for the first time, by representatives of the
Filipino people and it is the first republican constitution in Asia.
 The original title of the first document of the Malolos Constitution is “The
Political Constitution of 1899”
 The constitution has thirty-nine articles divided into fourteen titles,with
eight articles of transitory provision, and a final additional article.
 The final draft of the constitution was presented to Aguinaldo, and this
paved the way to launching the first Philippine Republic.
 It established a democratic, republication government with three
branches: The Executive, the Legislative, and the Judicial branches.And it
called for the Separation of Churches and State
Highlights of the Malolos/PoliticalConstitution of 1899

 Preamble
 We, the Representatives of the Filipino people, lawfully convened, in order
to establish justice, provide for common defense, promote the general
welfare, and insure the benefits of liberty, imploring the aid of the
Sovereign Legislator of the Universe for the attainment of these ends,
have voted, decreed, and sanctioned the following political constitution.
 The 27 articles of title IV detail the natural rights and popular sovereignty
of Filipinos, the enumeration of which not imply the prohibition of any
other rights not expressly stated.
 Title III, Article V, also declares that the state recognizes the freedom and
equality of all beliefs, as well as the separation of Church and State.
 The three form of government, according to Title II, Article 4 is to be
popular, representative, alternative, and responsible, and shall exercise
three distinct powers, namely: legislative, executive, and judicial.
 The 1899 Malolos Constitution was never enforced due to the ongoing
war. The Philippines was the effectively a territory of the united states
upon the signing of the treaty of Paris between Spainand the united
states, transferring sovereignty of the Philippines on December 10, 1898.
 Name: KERBY JAN Y. TOLEDO BS-CRIM 1ST YEAR

1935 CONSTITUTION

Preamble
The Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence, in order to
establish a government that shall embody their ideals, conserve and
develop the patrimony of the nation, promote the general welfare, and
secure to themselves and their posterity the blessings of independence
under a regime of justice, liberty, and democracy, do ordain and promulgate
this Constitution.

ARTICLE I
The National Territory
Section 1.
The Philippines comprises all the territory ceded to the United
States by the Treaty of Paris concluded between the United States and
Spain on the tenth day of December, eighteen hundred and Ninety-eight,
the limits which are set forth in Article III of said Treaty together with all
the islands embraced in the treaty concluded at Washington between the
United States and Spain on the seventh day of November, nineteen
hundred, and the treaty concluded between the United States and Great
Britain on the second day of January, nineteen hundred and thirty, and all
territory over which the present Government of the Philippine Islands
exercises jurisdiction.

ARTICLE II
Declaration of Principles
Section 1.
The Philippines, is a republican state. Sovereignty resides in the people and
all government authority emanates from them.
Section 2.
The defense of the State is a prime duty of government, and in the
fulfillmentof this duty all citizens may be required by law to render
personal military or civil service.
Section 3.
The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, and adopts
the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the
law of the Nation.
Section 4.
The natural right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic
efficiency should receive the aid and support of the government.
Section 5.
The promotion of social justice to insure the well-being and
economic security of all the people should be the concern of the State.

ARTICLE VI
Legislative Department
Section 1.
The Legislative power shall be vested in a Congress of the Philippines,
which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.
Section 2.
The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be
chosen at large by the qualified electors of the Philippines, as may be
provided by law.
Section 3.
The term of office of Senators shall be six years and shall begin on the
thirtieth day of December next following their election. The first Senators
elected under this Constitution shall, in the manner provided by law, be
divided equally into three groups, the Senators of the first group, to serve
for a term of six years; those of the second group, for four years; and those
of the third group, for two years.
Section 4.
No person shall be a Senator unless he be a natural born citizen of the
Philippines and, at the time of his election, is at least thirty-five years of
age, a qualified elector, and a resident of the Philippines for not less than
two years immediately prior to his election.
Section 5.
The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than one
hundred and twenty Members who shall be apportioned among the severa
provinces as nearly as may be accorded to the number of their respective
inhabitants, but each province shall have at least one Member. The
Congress shall by law make an apportionment within three years after the
return of every enumeration, and not otherwise. Until such apportionment
shall have been made, the House of Representatives shall have the same
number of Members as that fixed by law for the National Assembly, who
shall be elected by the qualified electors from the present
Assembly districts. Each representative district shall comprise, as far as
practicable, contiguous and compact territory.
Section 6.
The term of office of the Members of the House of Representatives shall be
four years and shall begin on the thirtieth day of December next following
their election.
Section 7.
No person shall be a Member of the House of Representatives unless he be
a natural born citizen of the Philippines, and, at the time of his election, is at
least twenty five years of age, a qualified elector, and a resident of the
province in which he is chosen for not less than one year immediately prior
to his election.
Section 8.
(1) Elections for Senators and Members of the House of Representatives
shall be held in the manner and on the dates fixed by law.
(2) In case of vacancy in the Senate or in the House of Representatives, a
special election may be called to fill such vacancy in the manner prescribed
by law, but the Senator or Member of the House of Representatives thus
elected shall serve only for the unexpired term.
Section 9.
The Congress shall convene in regular session once every year on the
fourth Monday of January, unless a different date is fixed by law. It may be
called in special session at any time by the President to consider general
legislation or only such subjects as he may designate. No special session
shall continue longer than thirty days and no regular session longer than
one hundred days, exclusive of Sundays.
Section 10.
(1) The Senate shall elect its President and the House of Representatives its
Speaker. Each House shall choose such other officers as may be required.
(2) A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business, but
a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and may compel the
attendance of absent Members in such manner and under such penalties
as such House may provide.
(3) Each House may determine the rule of its proceedings, punish its
Members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds
of all its Members, expel a Member.
(4) Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and from time to
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in its judgment
requires secrecy; and the yeas and nays on any question shall, at the
request of one-fifth of the Members present, be entered into the Journal.
(5) Neither House during the sessions of the Congress shall, without the
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Section 11.
The Senate and the House of Representatives shall have an Electoral
Tribunal which shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election,
returns, and qualifications of their respective Members. Each
Electoral Tribunal shall be composed of nine Members, three of whom
shall be Justices of the Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief
Justice, and the remaining six shall be Members of the Senate or the House
of Representatives, as the case may be, who shall be chosen by each
House, three upon nomination of the party having the largest number of
votes and three of the party having the second largest numbers of votes
therein. The senior Justice in each Electoral Tribunal shall be its Chairman.
Section 12.
There shall be a Commission on Appointments consisting of twelve
Senators and twelve Members of the House of Representatives, elected by
each House, respectively, on the basis of proportional representation of the
political parties therein. The president of the Senate shall be the Chairman ex
officious of the Commission, but shall not vote except in case of tie.
Section 13.
The Electoral Tribunal and the Commission on Appointments shall be
constituted within thirty days after the Senate and the House of
Representatives shall have been organized with the election of their
President and Speaker, respectively. The Commission on Appointments
shall meet only while the Congress is in session, at the call of its Chairman
or a majority of its Members, to discharge such powers and functions as are
herein conferred upon it.

Section 14.
The Senators and the Members of the House of Representatives shall,
unless otherwise provided by law, receive an annual compensation of seven
thousand two hundred pesos each, including per dimes and other
emoluments or allowances and exclusive only of traveling expenses to and
from their respective districts in the case of Members of the House of
Representatives, and to an from their places of residence in the case of
Senators, when attending sessions of the Congress. No increase in said
compensation shall take effect until after the expiration of the full term of all
the Members of the Senate and of the House of Representatives
approving such increase. Until otherwise provided by law, the President of
the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall each
receive an annual compensation of sixteen thousand pesos.
Section 15.
The Senators and Members of the House of Representatives shall in all
cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from
arrest during their attendance at the session of the Congress, and in going
to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate therein,
they shall not be questioned in any other place.
Section 16.
No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may hold any
other ofÏce or employment in the government without forfeiting his seat,
nor shall any Senator or Member of the House of Representatives, during
the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil ofÏce which
may have been created or the emoluments whereof shall have been
increased while he was a Member of the Congress.
Section 17.
No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives shall directly or
indirectly be financially interested in any contract with the government or
any subdivision or instrumentality thereof, or in any franchise or special
privilege granted by the Congress during his term of ofÏce. He shall not
appear as counsel before the Electoral Tribunals or before any court in any
civil case wherein the Government or any subdivision or instrumentality
thereof is the adverse party, or in any criminal case wherein an ofÏcer or
employee of the
government is accused of an offense committed in relation to his ofÏce, or
collect any fee for his appearance in any administrative proceedings; or
accept employment to intervene in any cause or matter where he may be
called upon to act on account of his
ofÏce. No Member of the Commission on Appointments shall appear as
counsel before any court inferior to a collegiat court of appellate jurisdiction.
Section 18.
All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase of the
public debt, bills of local application, and private bills, shall originate
exclusively in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose
or concur with amendments.
Section 19.
(1) The President shall submit within fifteen days of the opening of each
regular session of the Congress a budget of receipts and expenditures, which
shall be the basis of the general appropriations bill. The Congress may not
increase the appropriations recommended by the President for the operation
of the Government as specified in the Budget, except the
appropriations for the Congress and the Judicial Department. The form of the
Budget and the information that it should contain shall be prescribed by law.
(2) No provision or enactment shall be embraced in the general
appropriations bill unless it relates specifically to some particular
appropriation therein; and any such provision or enactment shall be limited
in its operation to such appropriation.
Section 20.
(1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a law, be
presented to the President. If he approves the same, he shall sign it; but if
not, he shall return it with his objections to the House where it originated,
which shall enter the objections at large on its Journal and proceed to
reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of all the Members
of such House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent together, with the
objections, to the House by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if
approved by two-thirds of all the Members of that House, it shall become a
law. In all such cases, the votes of each House shall be determined by years
and nays, and the names of the Members voting for and against shall be
entered on its Journal. If any bill shall not be returned by the President as
herein provided within twenty days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have
been presented to him, the same shall become a law in like manner as if he
had signed it, unless the Congress by adjournment prevent its return, in
which case it shall become a law unless vetoed by the President within
thirty days after adjournment.
(2) The President shall have the power to veto any particular item or items
of an appropriation bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to
which he does not object. When a provision of an appropriation bill affects
one or more items of the same, the President cannot veto the provision
without at the same time, vetoing the particular item or items to which it
relates. The item or items objected to shall not take effect except in the
manner heretofore provided as to bills returned to the Congress without
the approval of the President. If the veto refers to a bill or any item of an
appropriation bill which appropriates a sum in excess of ten per centum of
the total amount voted in the appropriation bill for the general expenses of
the Government for the preceding year, or if it should refer to a bill
authorizing an increase of the public debt, the same shall not become a law
unless approved by three-fourths of all the Members of each House.
(3) The President shall have the power to veto any separate item or items
in a revenue of tariff bill, and the item or items shall not take effect except
in the manner provided as to bills vetoed by the President.
Section 21.
(1) No bill which may be enacted into law shall embrace more than one
subject which shall be expressed in the title of the bill.(2) No bill shall be
passed by either House unless it shall have been printed and copies thereof
in its final form furnished its Members at least three
calendar days prior to its passage, except when the President shall have
certified to the necessity of its immediate enactment. Upon the last
reading of a bill no amendment thereof shall be allowed, and the question
upon its passage shall be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and
nays entered on the Journal.
Section 22.
(1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform.
(2) The Congress may by law authorize the President, subject to such
limitations and restrictions as it may impose, to fix, within specified limits,
tariff rates, import or export quotas, and tonnage and wharfage dues.
(3) Cemeteries, churches, and parsonages or convents appurtenant
thereto, and all lands, buildings, and improvements used exclusively for
religious, charitable, or educational purposes shall be exempt from taxation.
Section 23.
(1) All money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose shall be
treated as a special fund and paid out for such purpose only. If the purpose
for which a special fund was crated has been fulfilled or abandoned, the
balance, if any, shall be transferred to the general funds of the Government.
(2) No money shall be paid out of Treasury except in pursuance of an
appropriation made by law.
(3) No public money, or property shall ever be appropriated, applied, or
used, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or support of any sect, church,
denomination, sectarian institution or system of religion, for the use, benefit,
or support of any priest, preacher, ministers, or other religious teacher or
dignitary as such except when such priest, preacher, minister, or dignitary is
assigned to the armed forces or to any penal institution, orphanage or
leprosarium.
Section 24.
The heads of departments upon their own initiative or upon the request of
either House may appear before and be heard by such House on any
matter pertaining to their departments, unless the public interest shall
require otherwise and the President shall so state in writing.
Section 25.
The Congress, shall, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Members
of each House, have the sole power to declare war.
Section 26.
In times of war and other national emergency the Congress may by law
authorize the President, for a limited period, and subject to
such restrictions as it may prescribe, to promulgate rules and regulations to
carry out a declared national policy.

ARTICLE VII
Executive Department
Section 1.
The executive power shall be vested in a President of the Philippines.
Section 2.
The President shall hold his ofÏce during a term of four years and together
with the Vice- President chosen for the same term, shall be elected by
direct vote of the people. The returns of every election for President and
Vice-President, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province
or city, shall be transmitted to the seat of the National Government,
directed to the President of the Senate, who shall, in the presence of the
Senate and the House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the
votes shall then be counted. The person respectively having the highest
number of votes for President and Vice-President shall be declared
elected, but in case two or more shall have an equal and the highest
number of votes for their office, one of them shall be chosen President or
Vice-President, as the case may be, by a majority vote of the Members of the
Congress in joint session assembled.
Section 3.
No person may be elected to the ofÏce of the President or Vice-President
unless he is a natural born citizen of the Philippines, a qualified voter, forty
years of age or over, and has been a resident of the Philippines for at least
ten years immediately preceding the election.
Section 4.
Elections for President and Vice-President shall be held once every four
years on a date to be fixed by law. The terms of the President and Vice-
President shall end at noon on the thirtieth day of December following the
expiration of four years after their
election, and the terms of their successors shall begin from such time.
Section 5.
No person shall serve as President for more than eight consecutive years.
The period of such service shall be counted from the date he shall have
commenced to act as President. Voluntary renunciation of the ofÏce for an
length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of
the service of the incumbent for the full term for which he was elected.
Section 6.
If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the
President-elect shall have died, the Vice-President-elect shall become
President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed
for the beginning of his term or if the President shall have failed to qualify,
then the Vice-President shall act as President until a President shall have
qualified, and th Congress may by law provide for the case wherein
neither a President-elect nor a Vice-President-elect shall have qualified,
declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who
is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a
President or Vice-President shall have qualified.
Section 7.
Before he enters on the execution of his ofÏce, the President shall take the
following oath or afÏrmation : "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will
faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President of the Philippines,
preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every
man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God." (In
case of afÏrmation, last sentence will be omitted)
Section 8.
In the event of the removal of the President from ofÏce, or his death,
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office,
the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress shall
by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both
of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then
act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability
be removed, or a President shall be elected.
Section 9.
The President shall have an official residence and receive a compensation
to be ascertained by law which shall be neither increased nor diminished
during the period of which he shall have been elected, and he shall not
receive within the period any other emolument from the Government or
any of its
subdivisions or instrumentalities. Until the Congress shall provide
otherwise, the President shall receive an annual salary of thirty thousand
pesos. The Vice-President, when not acting as President, shall receive an
annual compensation of fifteen thousand pesos until otherwise provided
by law.
Section 10.
(1) The President shall have control of all executive departments, bureaus
or ofÏces, exercise general provision over all local governments as may be
provided by law, and take care that the laws be faithfully executed.
(2) The President shall be commander-in-chief of all armed forces of the
Philippines, and, whenever it becomes necessary, he may call out such
armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion,
insurrection, or rebellion. In case of invasion, insurrection, or rebellion or
imminent danger thereof, when the public safety requires it, he may
suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, or place the Philippines
or any part thereof under Martial Law.
(3) The President shall nominate and with the consent of the Commission
on Appointments, shall appoint the heads of the executive departments and
bureaus, officers of the Army from the rank of colonel, of the Navy and
Air Forces from the rank of captain or commander, and all other officers of
the Government whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,
and those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint; but the Congress
may by law vest the appointment of inferior ofÏcers, in the
President alone, in the courts, or in the heads of departments.
(4) The President shall have the power to make appointments during the
recess of the Congress, but such appointments shall be effective only until
disapproval by the Commission on Appointments or until the next
adjournment of the Congress.
(5) The President shall from time to time give to the Congress information
on the state of the Nation, and recommend to its consideration such
measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.
(6) The President shall have the power to grant reprieves, commutations,
and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction, for all expenses
except in case of impeachment, upon such conditions and with such
restrictions and limitations as he may deem proper to impose. He shall have
the power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of the Congress.
(7) The President shall have the power, with the concurrence of two-thirds
of all the Members of the Senate to make treaties, and with the consent of
the Commission on Appointments, he shall appoint ambassadors, other
public ministers, and consuls. He shall receive ambassadors and other
public ministers duly accredited to the Government of the Philippines
Section 11.
(1) The executive departments of the present Government of the
Philippine Islands shall continue as now authorized by law until the
Congress shall provide otherwise.
(2) The heads of the departments and chiefs of bureaus or offices and their
assistants shall not, during their continuance in office, engage in the
practice of any profession, or intervene, directly or indirectly, in the
management or control of any private enterprise which in any way may be
affected by the functions of their office; nor shall they, directly or
indirectly, be financially interested in any contract with the Government,
or any subdivision or instrumentality thereof.
(3) The President may appoint the Vice-President as a member of his
Cabinet and also as head of an executive department.