MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(MUMBAI)

A
Major Project Report
On

“Sun tracking Solar Panel”

Submitted by-
Deore Gayatri Bhausaheb

Hiray Atharv Satish

Sonawane Ashwin Santosh

Taskar Pratiksha Bhagwat

Guided by – Mr. P. M. Mohan

Department of Electrical Engineering

K. K. WAGH POLYTECHNIC, NASHIK-03
(2021-22)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With deep sense of gratitude, we would like to thanks all the people who have lit our path with
their kind guidance. We are very grateful to these intellectuals who did their best to help during our
project work.

It is our proud privilege to express deep sense of gratitude to, Prof. P. T. Kadave, Principal,
K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik for his comments and kind permission to complete this project.
We remain indebted to Mr. S. B. Pawar, Head of Electrical Engineering Department for his timely
suggestion and valuable guidance.

The special gratitude goes our external guide Mr. G. B. Bhamare, director at our Industry
Sponsor: Bhamare Brothers Electrical, Nampur and Internal Guide Mr. P. M. Mohan, staff
members, technical staff members, of Computer Technology Department for his expensive,
excellent and precious guidance in completion of this work. We thanks to all the class colleagues
for their appreciable help for our working project.
With various industry owners or lab technicians to help, it has been our endeavor to
throughout our work to cover the entire project work.
We also thankful to our parents who providing their wishful support for our project
completion successfully. Lastly, we thanks to our all friends and the people who are directly or
indirectly related to our project work.

Names of Students
1) Deore Gayatri Bhausaheb Class: TYEE
2) Hiray Atharv Satish Class: TYEE
3) Sonawane Ashwin Santosh Class: TYEE
4) Taskar Pratiksha Bhagwat Class: TYEE

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Abstract
Recent years have a denoted a major increase in technological advances. This report presents the
‘sun tracking solar panel’ using Aurdino Uno. The system we are proposing requires less hardware
than the systems presented earlier. We tend to use dummy solar panel, LDR sensor, and a motor.
motor helps in tracking the axis of the sun and keeps the panel in direction of the sun all day long.
The solar panel are used which rotate along the direction of sun with the help of motor which is
using initial code information we provided in Arduino Uno to activate the LDR sensors used, thus
these LDR sensors give system the information about the best possible movement to be made in
order to charge the solar panels. The designed system increases the energy generation efficiency of
the solar cells.

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 INDEX
Sr. No Content (s) Page No
1 Introduction 05

2 Literature Survey 07

3 Types of Solar Trackers and Solar Tracking Techniques 08

4 Previous Research 10

5 Methodology 12

6 Components Used 14

7 Project Bill of Materials & Budget 27

8 Advantage, Disadvateges & Application 28

9 Project Analysis 29

10 Conclusion & Future Recommendations 31

11 Working Model 32

12 References 34

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List of Figures
Fig. No Figure Name Page No
01 Single Axis Solar Tracking System 08

02 Dual Axis Solar Tacking System 09

03 Block Diagram 09

04 Circuit Diagram 13

05 LDR Sensor 15

06 Motor 16

07 Block Diagram of Voltage Regulator 18

08 Arduino 21

09 Working Model 33

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Project Title: Sun tracking Solar Panel.

Chapter 1: Introduction

In past ten years, many of residential around the world used electric solar system as a sub power at
their houses. This is because solar energy is an unlimited energy resource, set to become
increasingly
important in the longer term, for providing electricity and heat energy to the user. Solar energy also
has the potential to be the major energy supply in the future. Solar tracker is an automated solar
panel that actually follow the Sun to increase the power.

The difficulty was in finding the best light detecting circuit part. An important criterion for this
would be being able to adjust voltage levels based on the smallest amount of rotation of the
components while mounted to the solar panel.
The sun position in the sky varies both with equipment over any fixed position. One well –known
type of solar tracker is the heliostat, a movable mirror that reflects the moving sun to a fixed
location, but many other approaches are used as well Active trackers use motors and gear trains to
direct the tracker as commanded by a controller responding to the solar direction. The solar tracker

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can be used for several application such as solar cells, solar day-lighting system and solar thermal
arrays.

The solar tracker is very useful for device that needs more sunlight for higher efficiency such as
solar cell. Many of the solar panels had been positioned on a fixed surface such as a roof. As sun is
a moving object, this approach is not the best method. One of the solutions is to actively track the
sun using a sun tracking device to move the solar panel to follow the Sun. With the Sun always
facing the panel, the maximum energy can be absorbed, as the panel is operating at their greatest
efficiency.
The main reason for this project is to get the maximum efficiency for the solar cells. Although
there are many solar trackers in the market, the price is expensive and unaffordable because the
market for solar tracker is still new and only certain countries use the solar tracker such as USA
and South Korea. The large-scale solar tracker that normally used is not suitable for the residential
use. As a result, this project will develop a Sun tracking system specially designed for residential
use for a low-cost solar cell. Previous researchers and used LDR and photodiode as sensors
respectively. Meanwhile and used DC motor with gear and steeper motor respectively. Those
projects have disadvantages and some of the disadvantages are high cost during development,
difficult to control motor speed and difficult to design because using microprocessor.

How Sun Tracking Solar Panel Works?

• Assemble the circuit as described and upload the code to ATmega328 Microcontroller.
• Power on the circuit and place the set up directly under the Sun (on the rooftop).
• Based on the light falling on the two LDRs, the ATmega328 Microcontroller changes the
position of the Servo Motor which in turn moves in the panel.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review

Project Background:

Fossil fuels have been facing reduction with passing time and generation of power is becoming a
bigger challenge. Talking about renewable sources, the conversion of solar energy into electrical
energy by using photovoltaic panels is prioritized. The watts delivered by the solar panel are
directly proportional to the relative angle of the sun in reference to the earth. Thus, the delivery of
the watts is reduced when tis relative angle changes. In this regard the efficiency of the PV panel
can be increased by using solar tracking system. The pay load is moved towards the sun by solar
trackers 2 the day.
This project highlights different forms of tracking system as well as their pros. The main types of
tracking systems are either a single axis solar tracker or a dual axis solar tracker. The single axis
system depends on a single horizontal or vertical axis. The direction of the axis is based on the
location of the system where it is going to be placed. The dual axis is a system that includes both a
horizontal and vertical axle. This type of tracking system can track the motion of the sun exactly
around the world in any location.

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Chapter 3: Types of Solar Trackers and Solar Tracking Techniques:

Modern solar tracking methods can be classified into the following categories:

1. SINGLE AXIS SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM:

This is strategy is normally utilized for sun-oriented trackers expected to be utilized in the tropics
where the center is to follow the point of elevation (edge of tilt) of the sun along a solitary hub. A
solitary straight actuator is utilized, for example, an engine to drive the board as indicated by sun
developments. A lot of two LDRs on inverse sides of the sun-based board might be utilized to
quantify the power of the sun-based illumination by estimating the voltage drop crosswise over
them which is then looked at by a drive circuit until the two LDR voltages are equivalent and the
movement of the board is ceased. Along these lines, the sunlight-based board is constantly situated,
regularly to sun light.

FIG 1: SINGLE AXIS SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

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2. DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM:

This technique is for the most part intended for territories outside the tropics or zones past 10°N
and 10°S of Equator. In this strategy, both edge of azimuth and point of Tilt of the sun-oriented
tracker are utilized to follow the sun developments consistently. Thusly, a lot of two actuators, for
the most part engines is utilized to move the sun powered board in like manner by accepting
voltage control signals from a lot of four LDRs (two on inverse sides of sun-based board) and
when the voltage drop on all the four LDRs is equivalent then the board is encountering the
greatest sun-oriented illumination and in this way the movement stops. This guarantees the sun
powered board is at right edges with daylight consistently.

FIG 2: DUAL AXIS SOLAR TACKING SYSTEM

2.1 ACTIVE SOLAR TRACKING

This system includes the persistent and steady observing of the sun's situation all through daytime
and when tracker is exposed to murkiness it stops or rests as indicated by its structure. This should
be possible utilizing of light touchy sensors, for example, photograph resistors (LDRs) whose
voltage yield are contribution to a microcontroller which at that point drive actuators (engines) to
alter the sunlight-based boards position.

2.2: PASSIVE SOLAR TRACKING

This strategy includes trackers that decide the Sun's situation by methods for a weight
awkwardness made at two finishes of the tracker. This irregularity is brought about by sun powered
warmth making gas weight on a low breaking point packed gas liquid that is headed to the other
side or the other which at that point moves the structure.

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Chapter 4: Previous Research

After doing thorough writing review, the inspiration of the undertaking is chosen. In the writing
standard diary papers and books are alluded.
In the paper [1]," IMPLEMENTATION OF A PROTOTYPE FOR A TRADITIONAL SOLAR
TRACKING SYSTEM" by Nader Barsoum distributed in the 2009 Third UKSim Euro-pean
Symposium on Computer Modeling and Simulation depicts in detail the structure and development
of a model for sun oriented following framework with two degrees of opportunity, which
recognizes the daylight utilizing photocells. The control circuit for the sun-based tracker depends
on an Arduino. This is modified to recognize the daylight through the photocells and afterward
impel the engine to position the sun-based board where it can get most extreme daylight. This
paper is tied in with moving a sun powered board alongside the heading of daylight; it utilizes a
rigging engine to control the situation of the sunlight-based board, which gets its information from
an Arduino. The goal is to structure and execute a computerized, twofold hub solar tracking
instrument utilizing installed framework configuration so as to streamline the efficiency of in
general sunlight-based vitality yield.
In the paper [2] entitled," DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATIC SOLAR
TRACKING SYSTEM” by Md. Tanvir Arafat Khan, S.M. ShahrearTanzil, Rifat Rahman, S M
Shafiul Alam8 distributed in sixth International Conference on Electrical and Computer

Engineering ICECE 2010, 18-20 December 2010, Dhaka, Bangladesh depicts an Arduino based
structure system of an au-4.
Sun Tracking Solar System automatic sun powered tracker. Light needy resistors are utilized as the
sensors of the sunlight-based tracker. The structured tracker has exact control instrument which
will give three different ways of controlling framework. A little model of sun based following
framework is likewise developed to execute the structure approach displayed here. In this paper the
plan approach of an Arduino based basic and effectively modified programmed sun-based tracker
is exhibited. A model of programmed sunlight-based tracker guarantees practicality of this plan
approach.
Sun Tracking Solar System In the paper [3] entitled, “MICROCONTROLLER-BASED TWO-
AXIS SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM" by Lwin Oo and Nang Kaythi Hlaing distributed in Second
International Conference on Computer Research and Development depicts to create and execute a
model of two pivot sun powered following framework dependent on a PIC microcontroller. The

11
allegorical reflector or illustrative dish is built around two feed width to catch the suns vitality. The
focal point of the illustrative reflector is hypothetically determined down to an infinitesimally little

point to get very high temperature. This two-pivot auto-following framework has additionally been
developed utilizing PIC 16F84A microcontroller. The get together programming language is
utilized to interface the PIC with two-hub sun oriented following framework. The temperature at
the focal point of the explanatory reflector is estimated with temperature tests. This auto-following
framework is controlled with two 12V, 6W DC apparatus box engines. The five light sensors
(LDR) are utilized to follow the sun and to begin the activity (Day/Night task). Time Delays are
utilized for venturing the engine and achieving the first position of the reflector. The two-pivot
sunlight based following framework is developed with both equipment and programming
executions. The plans of the apparatus and the allegorical reflector are painstakingly considered
and absolutely determined.

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Chapter 5: Methodology

5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Transfor Rectifi Capaci Regula

mer er tor tor

Ldr-1

Motor
Ldr-2 Motor -2 Dummy
Controller driving Solar
circuit panel
Ldr-3 Motor
-3

Ldr-4

FIG 3: BLOCK DIAGRAM

5.2 WORKING:
four LDR sensors are used placed at opposite ends of the solar panels placed over a bridge tube
connected with servo motor. We use two 12v power supply connected to servomotor and arduino
separately. The LDR sensors follow a decrease in resistance indicating the falloff light over them.

As soon as any of the LDR sensors respond to the light the servo motor gets activated using the
initial programming information present in the arduino and rotates the bridge tube in the direction
of that particular LDR which has responded to the light. If the light falls over both the LDR sensors
equally than there will be no movement in the bridge tube done by the servo motor.

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5.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG 4: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Chapter 6: Components Used

The real piece of this hardware framework is the arduino. All the operations are constrained by it.
With the assistance of arduino, you can adjust the sun-based board as indicated by the power of the
daylight. Another segment is the battery-powered battery which is utilized to store vitality which is
gotten from the board. The reason for the charge control is to control the charging of the battery.
Small scale controller unit gets the status of the battery by the charge control unit. It has two
sensors, each made up of LDR. Two LDRs establish on unit and are put at the Two corners of the
board. LDR faculties the power of daylight and controller gets the yield. Control unit chooses in
which course the board must be turned to get most extreme daylight. Another unit of the sensor
additionally comprises of LDRs and utilized for the control of lightning load. The board can be
pivoted in the ideal bearing by the server engine.

Sr. No Name of component quantity

1 LDR sensor 2

2 Arduino uno 1

3 resistors 2

4 Servo motor 1

5 Solar Panel 1

6 Programming Cable 1

7 capacitor 2

8 Voltage Regulator 1

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6.1 LDR SENSOR

At the point when exposed to light vitality, a Photoconductive light sensor will change its physical
property. Photograph Resistor is a typical sort of photoconductive gadget. Photograph resistor is a
semiconductor gadget that utilizes light vitality to control the progression of electrons and in this
way the progression of current in them. The most widely recognized kind of photoconductive cell
is a Light Dependent Resistor or LDR. As the name infers, a Light Dependent Resistor is a
semiconductor gadget that changes its electrical obstruction relying upon the nearness of light.
A Light Dependent Resistor changes its electrical obstruction from a high estimation of a few
thousand Ohms in obscurity to just a couple of several Ohms when light is episode on it by making
electron – gap combines in the material. The most widely recognized material used to make a Light
Dependent Resistor is Cadmium Sulfide (CdS). Different materials like Lead Sulfide (PbS),
Indium Antimonide (InSb) or Lead Selenide (PbSe) can likewise be utilized as the semiconductor
substrate.

FIG 5: LDR SENSOR

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6.2 MOTOR

A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or
linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for
position feedback. It also requires a relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module
designed specifically for use with servomotors. Servomotors are not a specific class of motor
although the term servomotor is often used to refer to a motor suitable for use in a closed loop
control system.

FIG 6: MOTOR

A servomotor is a closed loop servomechanism that uses position feedback to control its motion
and final position. The input to its control is a signal (either analogue or digital) representing the
position commanded for the output shaft. The motor is paired with some type of encoder to provide
position and speed feedback. In the simplest case, only the position is measured. The measured
position of the output is compared to the command position, the external input to the controller. If
the output position differs from that required, an error signal is generated which then causes the
motor to rotate in either direction, as needed to bring the output shaft to the appropriate position.
As the positions approach, the error signal reduces to zero and the motor stops. The very simplest
servomotors use position-only sensing via a potentiometer and bang-bang control of their motor;
the motor always rotates at full speed (or is stopped). This type of servomotor is not widely used in
industrial motion control, but it forms the basis of the simple and cheap servos used for radio-
controlled models.

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6.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

Features:
• Output Current up to 1A.
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.
• Thermal Overload Protection.
• Short Circuit Protection.
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

Description:
The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the
TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a Wide
range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe
operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided,
they can deliver over 1A output Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators,
these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

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Internal Block Diagram:

FIG 7: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Absolute Maximum Ratings:

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6.4 RECTIFIER

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses
direction, to direct current (DC), current that flows in only one direction, a process known as
rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and as
detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc
valves, and other components. The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts
A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a
bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. In
positive half cycleonly two diodes (1 set of parallel diodes) will conduct, in negative half cycle
remaining two diodes will conduct and they will conduct only in forward bias only.

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6.5 FILTER

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is
maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point
changes. Therefore, a regulator is applied at the output stage.
The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this filter is
very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies for
cathode-ray and similar electron tubes that require very little load current from the supply. This
filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical and can be
relatively high. Below figure can show how the capacitor charges and discharges.

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6.6 ARDUINO

INTRODUCTION:

Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists of both
a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece
of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used to
write and upload computer code to the physical board.

The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics, and
for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a
separate piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load new code onto the board – you
can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++,
making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks
out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible pack

FIG 8: ARDUINO

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The Uno is one of the more popular boards in the Arduino family and a great choice for beginners.
We’ll talk about what’s on it and what it can do later in the tutorial.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists,
programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great
help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping,
aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a
wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges,
differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D
printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source,
empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs.
The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide.

Arduino Pin Diagram

A typical example of Arduino board is Arduino Uno. It consists of ATmega328- a 28 pin

microcontrollers.

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Arduino Uno consists of 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a
reset button

Power Jack: Arduino can be power either from the pc through a USB or through external source
like adaptor or a battery. It can operate on a external supply of 7 to 12V. Power can be applied
externally through the pin Vin or by giving voltage reference through the IORef pin.

Digital Inputs: It consists of 14 digital inputs/output pins, each of which provide or take up 40mA
current. Some of them have special functions like pins 0 and 1, which act as Rx and Tx
respectively, for serial communication, pins 2 and 3-which are external interrupts, pins 3,5,6,9,11
which provides pwm output and pin 13 where LED is connected.

Analog inputs: It has 6 analog input/output pins, each providing a resolution of 10 bits.

ARef: It provides reference to the analog inputs

Reset: It resets the microcontroller when low.

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Steps to program an Arduino

● Programs written in Arduino are known as sketches. A basic sketch consists of 3 parts
1. Declaration of Variables
2. Initialization: It is written in the setup () function.
3. Control code: It is written in the loop () function.

● The sketch is saved with. ino extension. Any operations like verifying, opening a sketch, saving
a sketch can be done using the buttons on the toolbar or using the tool menu.
● The sketch should be stored in the sketchbook directory.
● Chose the proper board from the tool’s menu and the serial port numbers.
● Click on the upload button or chose upload from the tool’s menu. Thus, the code is uploaded by
the bootloader onto the microcontroller.

Few of basic Adruino functions are:

● digitalRead(pin): Reads the digital value at the given pin.

● digitalWrite(pin, value): Writes the digital value to the given pin

● pinMode(pin, mode): Sets the pin to input or output mode.

● analogRead(pin): Reads and returns the value.

● analogWrite(pin, value): Writes the value to that pin.

● serial.begin(baud rate): Sets the beginning of serial communication by setting the bit rate.

Coding:
#include <Servo.h>

Servo myservo;
int ldr1 = 4;
int ldr2 = 5;
int val1;

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int val2;
int pos=90;

void setup()
{
myservo.attach(11);
Serial.begin(9600);
myservo.write(pos);
}

void loop()
{
val1 = analogRead(ldr1);
val2 = analogRead(ldr2);
val1 = map(val1, 0, 1023, 0, 180);
val2 = map(val2, 0, 1023, 0, 180);
if(val1 > (val2+50))
{
if(pos<180)
pos=pos+1;
myservo.write(pos);
Serial.println("backward");
delay(10);
}
else if(val2 > (val1+50))
{
if(pos>0)
pos=pos-1;
myservo.write(pos);
Serial.println("forward");
delay(10);
}

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6.7 Motor Driver (L298N)

The L298N Motor Driver Module is a high voltage Dual H Bridge manufactured by ST Company.
Itis designed to accept standard TTL voltage levels. H-bridge drivers are used to drive inductive
loads that requires forward and reverse function with speed control such as DC Motors, and
Stepper Motors.
It uses the popular L298 motor driver IC and has an on-board 5V regulator which it can supply to
an external circuit. It can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with directional and speed
control. Motor drivers acts as an interface between the motors and the control circuits. Motor
requires high amount of current whereas the controller circuit works on low current signals. So, the

function of motor drivers is to take a low-current control signal and then turn it into a higher-
current signal that can drive a motor.

6.7.1 Specifications
• Motor driver: L298N
• Motor channels: 2
• Maximum operating voltage: 46V
• Peak output current per channel: 2A
• Minimum logic voltage: 4.5V
• Maximum logic voltage: 7V

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Chapter 7: Project Bill of Materials & Budget:

Sr. No Name of component Quantity Amount

1 LDR sensor 2 24/-

2 Arduino uno 1 580/-

3 Capacitor 2 6/-

4 Servo motor 1 159/-

5 Solar Panel 1 210/-

6 Programming cable 1 129/-

7 Resistors 2 12/-

8 Voltage Regulator 1 10/-

Total - 1130/-

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Chapter 8: Advantage, Disadvateges & Application

Advantages:

• The solar energy can be reused as it is non-renewable resource.

• This also saves money as there is no need to pay for energy used (excluding the initial setup
cost)
• Helps in maximizing the solar energy absorption by continuously tracking the sun.

Applications:
• These panels can be used to power the traffic lights and streetlights
• These can be used in home to power the appliances using solar power.
• These can be used in industries as more energy can be saved by rotating the panel.

Limitations of Sun Tracking Solar Panel Circuit:

• Though solar energy can be utilized to maximum extent this may create problems in rainy
season.
• Although solar energy can be saved to batteries, they are heavy and occupy more space and
required to change time to time.
• They are expensive.

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Chapter 9: Project Analysis

1. Life-Long Learning
Through our working with the project, it is significant to have many effective learning, which
reflects lots of benefits and advantages in our life learning. This project was started as a team and
to set out achievable goals was our first priority. Before starting a project, proper research was
conducted regarding the implementation of the plan. We ensured that each member of team had
ostensible information on the subject. Proper equipment was utilized for the research. We learned a
lot form our blunders throughout the project and tried to work on trial-and-error basis.

2. Software Skills:
In order to achieve our objective in a professional manner it is very important to use technological
advances and skills. At the point when we started our project, we alluded to online websites to
familiarize ourselves that which designs are in market and how can we improve. Then we designed
our project by finding all constraints and started doing simulations. In addition, it is significant to
get viable use for working up project’s design utilizing the various kinds of software skills and to
program technical connections depending on the mechanical and technical powers. With the help
of these softwares we were able to solve all the problems smoothly and quickly.

3. Hardware Skills:
We used very simple and straightforward hardware skills for our project. All parts which are best
suitable for our engineering standards were purchased for manufacturing purpose. However,
multimeter is used for calculation and evaluation of system performance that gave us the values of
current and voltage. To support the hardware system in operating system the team was
professionally provided with database.

4. Time Management:
One of the main challenges in the beginning for the team was to manage the time during working
on project. We had less than four months to complete our project; we managed our time in such a
manner that we were able to finish our project and to do testing beforehand. It was necessary to
organize our work through team meetings and setting suitable and professional schedule for
operating the different parts in the project. Gantt chart plays an important role in helping us

30
managing our time in respect to the different tasks. Team ideas were shared for making the best in
suitable assigned time.

5. Project Management:
To fulfill any task in a proper manner and on time project management is one of the most
important factors. The first thing we did before working on our project was to make Gantt chart.
Gantt chart is a kind of project management plan. In that we had specified all the tasks, their due
dates and who was responsible for doing those tasks. The task was divided equally among each
member and each group member was responsible for his task. It is necessary for each member in
the team to focus on the task and give enough time for previewing and reviewing the missions
according to the work plan which shows the responsibilities and procedures in all stages.

Impact of Engineering Solutions:

1. Society:
The use of solar tracking system is increasing with advancement of technology. The efficiency of
solar panels is more important than ever because of the increasing demand for solar energy. The
aim of this project is to ensure the sunlight rays are falling perpendicularly on the solar panel to
give the maximum solar energy. An automated system is required to get a constant output, which
should be capable to constantly rotate the solar panel; it will help society to make use of more
reliable energy.

2. Economy:
We used simpler and less expensive parts because the cost of manufacturing was a big concern for
us during the project. We have used Arduino sensor shield, nut and screws which are economically
affordable material. This has too fold benefits, less manufacturing and maintenance cost. A simple
system has fewer chances of breaking down and therefore leading to less maintenance cost. There
is no use of implementing the project if it cannot pay more than its manufacturing cost.

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3. Environment:
The main implication of this solar tracking system functionality is to ensure environmental
preservation. Globally, the production of existing solar panel can be increased by the execution of
simple machinery. The idea of investing in solar tracking system is sure to become a promising
idea with successful results. This system can assist in struggle against climate change if
implemented successfully. Moreover, this economy friendly system can reduce the demand of
fossil fuel around the globe.

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Chapter 10: Conclusion & Future Recommendations

Conclusion:

The sun tracking solar panel system is proposed here is quite efficient and reliable for the proper
solar energy used. The proposed system works according to the sunrays falling over on either of
the two LDR sensors attached at two different ends of the solar panel. The system performs its task
quite efficiently and moves the solar panels in desired direction of the sunlight. In this report we
made a comprehensive review about various solar power prediction systems, as well as its
organizational structure. And tells how the system is able to track and follow the Sun intensity in
order to get maximum power. The system only focuses in tracking of Sun intensity. These systems
can be applied in the residential area for alternative electricity generation especially for non-critical
and low power appliances. In this contest, small concentration systems present many performance
issues and there are limitations in manufacturing quality.

Future Recommendations:
The goals of this project were outlined keeping in mind the timeline and resources that were
attainable. However, this initial design can be subjected to many improvements. Initially this
design represents a miniature scale model which can be modified into a much larger scale. Easy to
bend cables can be used which do not apply any force on the motor when it is rotating the solar
panel. To get a better tracking precision, a photo transistor with and amplification circuit can be
used. Furthermore, accuracy can also be increased by utilizing dual axis design versus single axis
design. Future projects can make use of microcontroller. This microcontroller can serve as
standalone unit in the fabricated circuit.

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Chapter 11: Working Model –

FIG 9: WORKING MODEL

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 REFERENCES
[1] Arbaj N.Aga, Sanket G.Govekar, AsifAli S.Jamadar, “SUN TRACKING SOLAR PANEL”
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET),Volume: 05 Issue: 03 |
Mar-2018
[2] Rashid Ahammed Ferdaus, Mahir AsifMohammed, Sanzidur Rahman, Sayedus Salehin, and
Mohammad Abdul Mannan,“Energy Efficient Hybrid Dual Axis Solar Tracking
System”Hindawi Publishing Corporation,Journal of Renewable Energy, Volume 2014, Article
ID 629717
[3] Shaifali Jain, Ragi Jain, “MICROCONTROLLER BASED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
FOR ENHANCING EFFICIENCY OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM” Int. Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications,Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 4), September 2014, pp.73-78
[4] Paul Curtis, Andrew Barendregt, Anthony Surillo, “DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
A SUN TRACKING SOLAR POWER SYSTEM” American Society for Engineering
Education, 2009
[5] Muhammad Faheem Khan, Rana Liaqat Ali, “AUTOMATIC SUN TRACKING SYSTEM
(ASTS)” Article · May 2005
[6] G. Deb and A. B. Roy, “Use of solar tracking system for extracting solar energy,” International
Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 42–46, 2012.
[7] T. Tudorache and L. Kreindler, “Design of a solar tracker system for PV power plants,” Acta
Polytechnica Hungarica, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 23–39, 2010.
[8] C.-L. Shen and C.-T. Tsai, “Double-linear approximation algorithm to achieve maximum-
power-point tracking for photovoltaic arrays,” Energies, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1982–1997, 2012.

Mr. P. M. Mohan Mr. J. M. Patil Mr. S. B. Pawar

(Name & Sign of Guide) (Project Coordinator) (HOD-EE)

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