Physical Chemistry: Monthly Test (Nov 2024) Chemistry 9701 A2/AL

1 Calcium chloride, CaCl 2, is an ionic solid.

The values of some energy changes are shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1

energy change value / kJ mol–1

lattice energy, , CaCl 2(s) –2237
standard enthalpy change of atomisation of calcium +193
first ionisation energy of calcium +590
second ionisation energy of calcium +1150
standard enthalpy change of atomisation of chlorine +121
first electron affinity of chlorine –364

(a) Define lattice energy.

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Use
 the data in Table 1.1 to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation, , of
calcium chloride. It may be helpful to draw an energy cycle. Show all your working.

(CaCl 2(s)) = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

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 Physical Chemistry: Monthly Test (Nov 2024) Chemistry 9701 A2/AL
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(c) Three
 possible values for the first electron affinity of bromine are shown in Table 1.2. One of
them is correct.

Place a tick by the correct value. Explain your choice.

Table 1.2

possible values place one tick (✓) in this column

–342 kJ mol–1

–364 kJ mol–1

–386 kJ mol–1

explanation .................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) The
 enthalpy change of hydration of the chloride ion can be calculated using the lattice energy
of calcium chloride and the data shown in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3

energy change value / kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy change of solution of CaCl 2(s) –83
standard enthalpy change of hydration of Ca2+(g) –1650

(i) Define the following terms.

enthalpy change of solution .................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

enthalpy change of hydration ..............................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Calculate
 the standard enthalpy change of hydration of the chloride ion, Cl –(g). It may be
helpful to draw an energy cycle. Show all your working.

(Cl –(g)) = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

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(e) Calcium fluoride, CaF2(s), can be synthesised directly from its elements.

The value of (CaF2(s)) is –1214 kJ mol–1.

(i) Predict the sign of the entropy change, ∆S o, for this synthesis. Explain your answer.

The sign of the entropy change is .............................. .

explanation ..........................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Use
 the value of (CaF2(s)) given in (e) and your answer to (e)(i) to predict how the
feasibility for this synthesis will change with increasing temperature.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 11]

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 Physical Chemistry: Monthly Test (Nov 2024) Chemistry 9701 A2/AL
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2 (a) Nitrogen monoxide, NO, reacts with ozone, O3.

NO(g) + O3(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g)


This reaction is first order with respect to both NO and O3.
At 298 K, the rate constant k = 11 500 mol–1 dm3 s–1.

(i) Complete the rate equation for this reaction.

rate = ...................................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii)  reaction is carried out in which the initial concentrations of NO and O3 are both
A
1.20 × 10–6 mol dm–3.

Calculate the initial rate of the reaction. State its units.

rate of reaction = .............................. units = .............................. [2]

(iii) The reaction described in (a)(ii) is monitored over a period of time.

Predict whether or not the graph of [NO] against time, under these conditions, shows that
the reaction has a constant half-life. Explain your answer.

prediction .............................................................................................................................

explanation ..........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Nitrous oxide, N2O, decomposes into its elements.

2N2O(g) → 2N2(g) + O2(g)

 a high temperature, a small amount of platinum wire is added to a large amount of

At
nitrous oxide. The reaction follows zero order kinetics. The platinum wire behaves as a catalyst.

(i) 
Sketch a graph, on the axes below, of reaction rate against time for the catalysed
decomposition of N2O under these conditions.

reaction rate

time
[1]

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 Physical Chemistry: Monthly Test (Nov 2024) Chemistry 9701 A2/AL
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(ii) Sketch a graph, on the axes below, of [N2O] against time for this reaction.

[N2O]

time
[1]

(iii) Platinum behaves as a heterogeneous catalyst in this reaction.

Describe the mode of action of a heterogeneous catalyst.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [3]

(iv) Suggest a reason why this reaction has zero order kinetics when the amount of nitrous oxide
is large and the amount of platinum is small.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

 [Total: 10]

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 Physical Chemistry: Monthly Test (Nov 2024) Chemistry 9701 A2/AL
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Question 3 starts on the next page.

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 Physical Chemistry: Monthly Test (Nov 2024) Chemistry 9701 A2/AL
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3 Data should be selected from Table 3.1 in order to answer some parts of this question.

Table 3.1

electrode reaction Eo/V

Mg2+ + 2e– Mg –2.38
Mn2+ + 2e– Mn –1.18
Mn3+ + e– Mn2+ +1.49
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e– Mn2+ + 2H2O +1.23
MnO4– + e– MnO42– +0.56
MnO4– + 4H+ + 3e– MnO2 + 2H2O +1.67
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.52

(a) 
An electrochemical cell can be constructed from a Mg2+ / Mg half-cell and a MnO4– / Mn2+
half‑cell. The standard cell potential of this cell can be calculated using the standard electrode
potentials of the two half-cells.

(i) Define standard electrode potential. Include details of the standard conditions used.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Complete
 the diagram below to show an electrochemical cell constructed from a Mg2+ / Mg
half‑cell and a MnO4– / Mn2+ half-cell.
Label your diagram.

[3]

(iii) 
Use a positive (+) sign and a negative (–) sign to identify the polarity of each of the two
electrodes in your diagram.
Use an arrow and the symbol ‘e’ to show the direction of electron flow in the external
circuit.[1]

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 Physical Chemistry: Monthly Test (Nov 2024) Chemistry 9701 A2/AL
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(iv) Calculate the standard cell potential, , of this cell.

= .............................. V [1]

(v) Construct an equation for the cell reaction.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(vi) 
Predict how the cell reaction will change, if at all, when the solution in the Mg2+ / Mg half‑cell
is diluted by the addition of a large volume of water. Explain your answer.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) A molten magnesium salt is electrolysed for 15.0 minutes by a constant current.

 .75 × 1022 magnesium atoms are produced at the cathode.

4

Calculate the value of the current used.

current = .............................. A [2]

[Total: 11]

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 Physical Chemistry: Monthly Test (Nov 2024) Chemistry 9701 A2/AL
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4 (a) The value of the solubility product, Ksp, of iron(III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3, is given by the following
expression.

Ksp = [Fe3+][OH–]3 = 2.0 × 10–39 mol4 dm–12

(i) Calculate the solubility of Fe(OH)3 in water.

solubility = .............................. mol dm–3 [1]

(ii) Calculate
 the solubility of Fe(OH)3 in 0.010 mol dm–3 barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2(aq).

solubility = .............................. mol dm–3 [2]

(iii) Fe(OH)3 is less soluble in Ba(OH)2(aq) than it is in pure water.

Name this effect.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) The numerical value of the Ka of HBrO is 2.00 × 10–9.

X
is a solution of HBrO which contains 4.00 × 10–3 mol of HBrO in 100 cm3 of solution. In this
solution the following equilibrium is established in which there are two conjugate acid-base
pairs.

HBrO + H2O BrO– + H3O+

(i) Define conjugate acid-base pair.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Identify
 the two conjugate acid-base pairs shown in the equation above.

pair one .............................. ..............................

acid base

pair two .............................. ..............................

acid base
[1]

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 Physical Chemistry: Monthly Test (Nov 2024) Chemistry 9701 A2/AL
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(iii) Calculate the pH of solution X. Show all your working.

pH = .............................. [2]

(iv)  solution containing 2.00 × 10–3 mol of NaOH is added to solution X. A buffer solution is
A
formed.

Calculate the pH of this buffer solution.

pH = .............................. [1]

[Total: 9]

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