A REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

CARRIED OUT AT
OVERFLOW PHARMACY LIMITED
40 HOSPITAL ROAD, EKPAN, WARRI, DELTA STATE

BY
ASSAY EWOMAZINO ANASTASIA
CFB/20/21/267146

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY,
FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES
COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY, ABRAKA.

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT: DR. BENNETT AZU

SUPERVISED BY: DR. A. I OMOGBIYA

NOVEMBER, 2023.

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 DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to God Almighty.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I write to acknowledge my industry based supervisors and nurses for their teachings and
corrections throughout my stay in the pharmacy. I also write to appreciate my parents for their
moral and financial support through my industrial training period, and finally to God almighty
for his grace, strength and good health.

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 ABSTRACT

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme established by the Federal Government of
Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skill and
practical experience in their approved course of study and also to prepare students for the
industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation. This technical report is
based on the experiences gained during my six months of Industrial Training at Overflow
pharmacy, Warri, Delta state.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover page
Acknowledgment
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: SIWES

 Introduction

 Definition of S.I.W.E.S.

 Purpose of S.I.W.E.S.
 Aims and Objectives of S.I.W.E.S
 Relevance of work experience to career
CHAPTER TWO: DESCRIPTION OF WORK DONE

 Nature of work
 Practice on employer's facility
 Things I learnt
 Specific work done

-Dispensing of drugs

-Interpretation of drug prescription

-Shelving and sorting of drugs

CHAPTER THREE: CLASSIFICATION OF SOME DRUGS

 Pharmacological classification of some drugs

 Brief explanation on some drugs
 Frequently encountered medical conditions during my training

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

 Summary
 Conclusion

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 CHAPTER ONE: SIWES

INTRODUCTION

SIWES was established by Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1973 to solve the problem of lack
of adequate practical skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of
tertiary institution. The scheme exposes student to industry based skills necessary for a smooth
transition from the classroom to the world of work. It affords student of tertiary institution the
opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery
and equipment which are usually not available in the educational institution. Participation in
SIWES has become a necessary pre-condition for the award of Diploma and Degree Certificates
in specific discipline in most institution of higher learning in the country, in accordance with the
education policy of government.

DEFINITION OF SIWES

SIWES is the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme whereby students are out annually to
professional organization relevant to their course of study with the help of the institution based
coordinator. The scheme takes up at the end of the first year during the ND program for science
oriented course, study in polytechnics.

PURPOSE OF SIWES

In the earlier stage, students are graduating without any technical knowledge or working
experience and this makes them to undergo further training after securing an employment. With
this reason, student industrial training was established.

During this program, as designed by the ITF, students are expected to get technical assistance
and acquire more experience scheme in their chosen field of study and exposed them to the usage
of source machines and safety precaution where relevant before the completion of their program
in their various institutions.

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AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF SIWES

1 To provide an avenue for student in the Nigerian Institution to acquire industrial skills and
experience during their course of study.

 To prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.

 To expose the student to work method and techniques in handling equipment and

machinery that may not be available in their institution.

 To allow the transition phase from school to the world of working environment easier and
facilitate students contact for later job placements.

 To provide student with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real work
situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

RELEVANCE OF WORK EXPERIENCE TO CAREER

The place and relevance of SIWES is underscored by the fact that the scheme Contributes to
improving the quality of technical skill generally available in the pool from which employers
source technical manpower. It gives student the opportunity to blend the theoretical knowledge
acquired in the classroom and with practical hands-on application of knowledge required to
perform work in the industry.

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 CHAPTER TWO

DESCRIPTION OF WORK DONE

NATURE OF WORK

The pharmacy department was previously a product based practice; whose job was more of
dispensary, but it has metamorphosed to not only product based but includes pharmaceutical care
which comprises management of drug therapy problem and others.

The nature of operation in dispensary is usually carried out as such; during dispensary, the
prescription is given to the pharmacy staffs by the pharmacist after the individual has laid their
health complain or given to a patient by a doctor, on-getting to the pharmacist, it is then
assessed; the assessment involves the assessment of the quantity of drug/product to be
dispensed, the price of the drugs/product. If the drug is out of stock, it is then written on the out
of stock book to be purchased outside. On completion of the assessment, the drug is then cost
and the patient is allowed to pay to the cashier. After the payment has been made, the patient is
then offered a receipt/invoice if needed. The drugs are then dispensed to the patient and proper
drug information, instructions and counselling(including convenient time frame for taking their
medications, expected side effects of their medication and how to cope with them) are given to
ensure adherence.
PRACTICE ON EMPLOYER’s FACILITY

The duration of my Industrial attachment was between 23rd of May to 11th November 2023,
during which I acquired the following industrial skills:
• Measurement of blood pressure
• Measurement of blood glucose levels
• Stock taking
Measurement of Blood Pressure
Arterial blood pressure is defined as the lateral pressure exerted by the column of blood on wall
of arteries. The pressure is exerted when blood flows through the arteries. Generally, the term
blood pressure’ refers to arterial blood pressure. Blood pressure is altered in physiological and
pathological conditions.

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Principle: When an external pressure is applied over the artery, the blood flow through it is
obstructed. And the pressure required to cause occlusion of blood flow indicates the pressure
inside the vessel.
Material: Digital sphygmomanometer
PROCEDURE:
Turn the power on to start the unit.
On the automatic models, the cuff will inflate by itself with a push of a button. On the manual
models, you have to inflate the cuff. You do this by squeezing the rubber bulb at a rapid rate.
After the cuff inflates, the automatic device will slowly let air out.
Look a t the display screen to get your blood pressure reading. It will show your systolic and
diastolic pressures. Write down the measurement in your record. The systolic pressure goes in
front of the diastolic pressure. For example, 120/80.
Press the exhaust button to release all of the air from the cuff.
If you need to repeat the measurement, wait 2 to 3 minutes before starting.

Measurement of Blood glucose level

Blood sugar level is the concentration of glucose present in the blood. Blood glucose monitoring
is done to measure the concentration of glucose in the blood (glycaemia) over time, and is
important in the care of patients with diabetes mellitus. Information about individual patterns of
blood glucose changes, gathered through blood glucose monitoring, can be used to plan meals,
activities, and at what time of day to take insulin.
Importance of blood glucose measurement
• It can be used as a screening tool for diabetes mellitus (diabetes).
• It is an important tool in the assessment of the unwell patient, especially in the young or old.
• Potentially life-threatening extremes of blood glucose can be detected to enable the patient,
carer or health worker to respond to high (hyperglycaemia) and low (hypoglycaemia) blood
glucose by adjusting the diet or using insulin.
Procedure
• The patient is asked to sit down and explain what you are going to do.
• Choose the site for the blood sample: usually the side of a finger
• Alcohol swab is used to clean the site and let the alcohol dry.

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• The test strip is inserted into the monitor, following the instructions.
• A single-use lancet or a lancing device to draw blood and dispose of it in a container.
• Apply the blood to the testing strip in the correct way: some strips need the blood drop to be
over the whole of the test pad and some suck up the blood directly from the site of the bleeding.
• Place the alcohol swab (note: it will sting) or a piece of gauze over the site and hold it there, or
let the patient hold it there until the bleeding stops. Monitor for excess bleeding.
• Read and record the result, reporting and/or responding to abnormal readings.
• Tell the patient what the result is, explain it and discuss options.

Stock Taking
Stock taking involves taking a total count of the drugs in the pharmacy . Quantity and expiry are
the main criterias used . Stock taking ensures that drugs are always available for patients and that
expired drugs are not mistakenly dispensed to patient .

THINGS I LEARNT
• DRUG LABELING
A label is an indication or a form of a directive which determines how a dispensed drug is to be
used. The label on a drug repeats the instructions the medical practitioner wrote on the
prescription to the patient. A label would mean to a patient a complete instruction on the use of a
particular drug or prescription. Label is either for external use or internal use. They are told the
necessary precautions to take during treatment, the route of administration alongside dosage per
unit.

• DRUG FORMULATIONS
A formulation is a form in which a drug is available. It can also be said to be the form in which a
drug gets to its target site. Drugs that are taken orally e.g. tablets and capsules can be
transformed into suspensions and syrups for increased drug absorption. The different forms of
drugs formulations include:
Tablet: It is a solid unit dosage form of medication or medicaments with suitable excipients,
prepared either by molding or by compression.

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Capsules: it refers to a range of dosage forms used to enclose medicines in a relatively stable
shell by a process of encapsulation. They are easier to swallow and are used by manufactures
when the drug cannot be compacted into a solid tablet.
Caplets: It is a smooth, coated, oval-shaped medicinal tablet in the general shape of a capsule.
There are usually indentations running down the middle so they may be split in half more easily.
Injections: Are drugs that are administered using a syringe and needle. They are usually in
liquid form since they are delivered parenteral administration.
Syrups: These are liquid drugs usually a concentrated solution of sugars in water or other
aqueous liquid with a medicinal agent added.
Suspension: In a suspension, the medicine is mixed with a liquid, usually in water, in which it
cannot dissolve and therefore remains intact in the form of small particles.
Suppositories: It is a solid dosage form that is inserted into the rectum, vagina or urethra where
it dissolves or melts and exerts local or systemic effects. They are used to deliver medications
that act both systemically and locally.
The form in which a drug appears tells us about it routes of administration and whom is to be
administered to e.g. drugs formulated in syrup are normally intended for pediatrics and aging
patients, while those formulated in injection forms are administered parenterally, while some
infusions are used to irrigate injuries.

SPECIFIC WORK DONE

The practical act of dispensing: During this training, the practical aspect of dispensing which
was previously only taught theoretically was carried out by me under the supervision of the
pharmacist in charge.
DISPENSARY REGIMENS

1. Validation: Checking for the validity of the prescription especially control drugs that requires
Doctor's prescription with name and signature..

2. Assessment and Costing: This involves interpretingthe clinician’s language and communicati
ng to thepatient, the cost of the drug or consumables required.While assessing a prescription, is c
arried out to ensurethat:

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a) Possible drug therapy problems are identified andquickly communicated to the prescriber.

b) All the patients complain are handled either directly orindirectly by a prescribed drug.

c) To ensure cost convenience in the part of the patient.For poor patients, the pharmacist is to ens
ure they get thebest treatment available at the cost they can afford.

3. Assembly: Gathering the drug from the shelf.

4. Dispensing: After the assessment of the prescription and listening to individuals who came for
self purchase, drugs are then dispensed according to prescription or instruction.

5. Counseling: Before dispensing the drug to the patient, we are charged with the responsibility
of educating the patient on adherence, when and how to take it.

6. Documentation: Documenting records of transaction with customers.

I was directly involved in the dispensing of drugs during the period of my industrial attachment.
Patients come to the pharmacy with a doctor’s prescription which usually carries the following
information:
The name of the drug
The dosage to be taken or administered
The duration of which the drug is to be taken

During the course of the training, common drugs I dispensed include:

• Antimalaria e.g lonart , swidar , coartem
• Antibiotics e.g clarithromycin, Cefuroxime, Amoxicillin, Levofloxacin
• Anti-fungal e.g Fluconazole, Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole
• Antihypertensives e.g Lisinopril, amlodipine, losartan
• Anti ulcerative drugs like e.g ranitidine, omeprazole , lansoprqzole
• Analgesics e.g Panadol, diclofenac, Ibuprofen
• Contraceptives e.g Postinor, postpill

. Prescription Interpretation: A prescription is a written order by a medical practitioner that

authorizes a patient to be issued with medicine or treatment. It is also defined as a physician

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instruction for the preparation and administration of a drug or device for a patient. Prescriptions
were interpreted and accessed for authenticity and correctness within the medical practice and
guideline. At the initial stage of the training, prescription was difficult for me to interpret, but
with practice and guidance from the senior pharmacists, it became easier.

PRESCRIPTION ABBREVIATIONS AND THEIR MEANING

The table below shows some important and commonly used prescription abbreviations: :

PRESCRIPTION INTERPRETATION
ABBREVIATION

1/52 One week

3/7 Three days

10/7 Ten days

5/7 Five days

1/12 One month

B.D 12 hourly (two times daily)

T.D.S 8 hourly (three times daily)

Q.D.S 6 hourly (four times daily)

Gutt Eye drop

Oc Ointment

Otic Ear drops

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Stat Immediately or at once

P.R.N When necessary

D/C Discontinue

p.c After meal

A.C Before meal

Bes Instill in both eyes

IM Intramuscular

IV Intravenous

Mane Morning

Nocte At night

SHELVING AND SORTING OF DRUGS

Shelf arrangement of drugs: In the pharmacy, drugs are arranged on shelves depending on the
class they belong to. This is done to prevent confusion and having easier access to these drugs
and to prevent Dispensing wrong drugs.
I learnt some drugs lose their action when exposed to certain temperatures and so are kept in
different section for instance, some eyedrops are to be stored in environments at 2⁰C and more.
• Antimalarial: Drugs use in the treatment and prevention of malaria which is caused by female
anopheles mosquitoes e.g quinine, chloroquine, sulfadoxine-primethamine, arthemeter
combination therapy which is available in different company names.
• Gastrointestinal Drugs: Drugs use to treat pains and infection that occured along the
gastrointestinal tract e.g antacid, laxative, loperamide, hyoscine etc.

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• Antifungal: Drugs use to treat fungi infection e.g griseofulvin, fluconazole, ketoconazole,
Nystatin etc.
• Antibiotics: Drugs use in the destruction of bacteria that cause harm in the body leading to
infection e.g levofloxacine azithromycin, erythromycin, cefpodixime proxetil etc.
• Antihistamine: Drugs use to treat various allergic reactions in the body caused by allergens or
things an individual is not compatible with e.g loratidine, chlorpheniramine etc.
• Analgesics: Drugs use to treat and manage different types of pain e.g paracetamol, Non-
steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs etc.
• Arthritis Drugs: Drug use in the management of different forms of arthritis e.g arthocare,
arthrotec etc.
• Antiretroviral: Drugs use to manage Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome e.g
• Antivirals: Drugs use to manage viral infection e.g acyclovir
• CNS drugs: Drugs that have effect on the central nervous system e.g diazepam, amitriptyline,
amphetamine, ketamin etc.
• Antidiabetics: They are drugs use to manage diabetes (lack of or low production of insulin in
the body e.g metformin, glibenclamide etc.
• Antineoplastic agents: These are drugs use to manage various forms of cancer e.g
• Supplements: Drugs that supplies various vitamins and minerals required by the body
especially if there is deficiency or little supply e.g multivitamin like the astymin etc.
• Hormonal and fertility drugs: they are drugs use to replace reproductive hormones or
enhances them especially in individuals who have hormonal imbalance or having difficulty in
conception.
NOTE: Some of the drugs are only available for dispensary on doctors or other medical
practitioner Prescriptions and so they are referred to as control drugs and kept in a separate
lockable shelf (control cupboard)

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 CHAPTER THREE
CLASSIFICATION OF SOME DRUGS

PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOME DRUGS

A knowledge of the non-proprietary [or Generic] and the proprietary [or Trade] names of drugs
is also relevant in drug identification as one particular drug may have more than one trade name.
Below is a table of drugs, their pharmacological classes, non-proprietary names and propriety
names:
Some pharmacological classes of drugs are discussed below:

PHARMACOLOGICAL NON-PROPRIETARY NAME PROPRIETARY

CLASS NAME
a. Antispasmodic/antiemetic Hyoscine ButylBromide Buscopan
Metoclopramide Maxolon
b. Anthelminthic Mebendazole Wormin
c. Analgesic Paracetamol Emzor
Diclofenac Cataflam
d. Antimalarial Artemether+Lumefantrine Lonart
Quinine Malagold
e. Antibiotics Ampicillin +Cloxacillin Ampiclox
Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid Augumentin
Metronidazole Flagyl
Ciprofloxacin CiproTab,
f. Hypnotic/Anxiolytic Diazepam Valium
Bromazepam Lexotan
g. Antidepressants Desipramine Norpramin
Fluoxetine Prozac
h. Diuretics Hydrochlorothiazide Aquazide
Furosemide Lasix
i. Antifungal Fluconazole Flucomed

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 Ketoconazole Ketoral
n. Antidiabetic Glibenclamide Daonil
Metformin Panfor SR
Glimeperide Amaryl
o. Antihypertensives Nifedipine (20mg) Nifedipine
Lisinopril (5mg, 10mg) Lizopril
Vasoprin (75mg) Vasopril
Normoretic(10mg) Moduretic
p. Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Cimetidine Tagamet
Omeprazole Meprasil
Magnesium hydroxide + Aluminium Gestid
hydroxide + simethicone

BRIEF EXPLANATION ON SOME CLASSES OF DRUGS:

ANTIBIOTICS: These are drugs that help to fight against bacteria causing harm to an
individual's health. Antibiotics are grouped based on their mechanism of action and site of
action.
Classes of antibiotics
Beta- lactam antibiotics: These include the penicillin (e.g ampicillin, amoxicillin, procaine
penicillin etc), cephalosporin (e.g ceftriaxone, cefpodixime proxetil, cefuroxime etc) and the
carbapenem(e.g meropenem). They are structural analogue of the natural D-alanyl-D-alanine
substrate, they covalently bind to the active site of penicillin binding proteins and inhibit the
transpeptidation reaction by blocking the re.moval of terminal alanine leading to cell death.
NOTE: Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is by the production of beta-lactamase enzyme and
alteration in target proteins reducing affinity for the antibiotics.
Overcoming this resistance is by co-administering beta-lactamase inhibitors such as the
clavulanic acid and sulbatam.
Cloxacillin is a penicillin that's resistant to beta-lactamase and can be co-administered with
ampicillin to give the brand name Ampiclox.

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Flouroquinolone antibiotics e.g ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, perfoxacin etc. They act by
inhibiting DNA gyrase. They Inhibit topoisomerase ll in gram negative bacteria and
topoisomerase lV in gram positive bacteria.
Inhibitors of protein synthesis: This include the macrolide (e.g erythromycin, clarithromycin and
azithromycin), the aminoglycosides (e.g streptomycin, lincomycin, neomycin and gentamicin)
and the tetracycline which binds to the 30s subunit of the bacteria ribosome thereby blocking
access of the amino acyl tRNA to mRNA ribosome complex of the acceptor site.
ANALGESIC
Analgesics are medicines that are used to relievepain. They are also known as painkillers or painr
elievers. Technically, the term analgesic refers to amedication that provides relief from pain with
out puttingyou to sleep or making you lose consciousness. They aredistinct from anaesthetics, w
hich temporarily affect, andin some instances completely eliminate sensation.Analgesics include
the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, opioid drugssuch as
morphine and oxycodone, cox-2 inhibitors,steroidal anti-inflammatory and others

Some analgesic drugs include:

Diclofenac

Ibuprofen

Aspirin

Paracetamol e.t.c

These drugs can be sold under different brand names

ANTIDEPRESSANTS/MOOD STABILIZERS
Antidepressants are medications used to treat major depressive disorder, some anxiety disorders,
some chronic pain conditions, and to help manage some addictions.
A mood stabilizer is a psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by
intense and sustained mood shifts, such as bipolar disorder and the bipolar type of
schizoaffective disorder.
Fluoxetine : prozac
Desipramine: Norpramin
Setraline : Setraline

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Amitriptyline : Amitriptyline
Clomipramine : Anafranil

Probiotics: Probiotics are used to improve digestion andrestore normal flora. It contains differen
t types ofmicroorganism such as yeast (saccharomyces boulardii)and Bacteria (lactobacillus bifid
obacterium). E.g. floranorm, Bioflor

Laxative: For constipation e.g. Bisacodyl (Ducolax),Castor oil

Anti-diarrheal: Reduce intestinal motility E.g. oralrehydration salt (Ors), loperamide, kaolin

Anti-spasmodic: smooth muscle relaxants: E.g.Buscopan, Atropine

Anti-emetic: Drugs prescribed to help nausea andvomiting E.g. Domperidone, promethazine,me

toclopramide, ondansetron.

Anti-fibrinolytic: promote blood clotting. E.g. vitamink, aprotinin, tramexamic acid, Ergometri
m

Anti-platelet& Anti-coagulant: Blood thinners, used totreat bleeding disorder E.g. Clopidogrel,
aspirin, warfarin

Local anaesthesia: Inhibit pain sensation E.g. lidocaine

Expectorant: Cough medication that help reduce thethickness and viscosity of bronchial secreti
on E.g.Emzolyn, Exiplon, D-cough.

Cough syrup: cough suppressant that relieve cough byblocking cough reflex E.g. neofylin, bron
cholyte,

Decongestant: antihistamine E.g.phenylephrine,chlorpheniramine

Multi-vitamins: used to build or replenish the immunesystem E.g. Abidec syrup, Afrabite syrup,
Astymin,Emvit etc.

Blood builder: Active components include; iron, folicacid, zinc, and vitamins

FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED MEDICAL CONDITION DURING MY TRAINING:

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1. HYPERTENSION: It's a cardiovascular condition seen as a diastolic arterial pressure
greater than 90mmHg or a systolic arterial pressure greater than 140mmHg. It is mostly
associated with the aged(40+), obese, those that are physically inactive and renal disease.

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS:

They are drugs that act to normalize the blood pressureof an individual and are classified accordi
ng to theirmechanism of action.

Vasodilators

Angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors e.g Lisinopril

Angiotensin-ll receptor antagonist e.g Losartan

Calcium antagonist e.g Nifedipine

Alpha-l adrenoceptor antagonist e.g Doxazosin

Diuretics

Loop diuretics e.g Furosemide

Thiazide e.g Hydrochlorothiazide

Potassium sparing diuretics e.g Spirinolactone

Centrally acting e.g Methyldopa

2. PEPTIC ULCERS: An inflammatory disease resulting from a breach in the mucosa lining
of the stomach or duodenum caused by acid or enzyme attack. It's divided into gastric ulceration
and duodenal ulceration.
Symptoms include: Pain in chest and upper abdomen, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, passing
excessive amount of gas, abdominal discomfort, vomiting etc.

Drugs used in the management of ulcer

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Antibiotics: For ulcers caused by H. pylori infection, you will be asked to take two or three
antibiotics together with a PPI. There is good evidence that such eradication therapy has benefits
both in healing ulcers and preventing recurrence, especially for duodenal ulcer. Commonly used
antibiotics are amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole and tetracycline
Proton pump inhibitors: Examples include Omeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole and
rabeprazole. They irreversibly block the parietal cells H+/K+ ATPase pump after being
converted from prodrug to the active sulfenamide in the acidic environment, thereby inhibiting
the activity of the proton pump.
The PPIs are used to treat Helicobacter pylori associated ulcer (in conjunction with antibiotics)
and hemorrhagic ulcer and also to allow continued use of NSAIDs in patients with Known peptic
ulcers.
The PPIs are metabolized by cytochrome P⁴⁵⁰ enzyme in the liver and excreted via the kidney.
It's adverse effects include gastrointestinal upset, nausea and headache.
Histamine receptor antagonist e.g cimetidine and ranitidine: They competitively block the
action of histamine on the parietal cells by antagonism of H² receptor.
They are available in oral formulation and also intravenously. They are the first line of treatment
of peptic ulcer and GORD.
Contraindication: cimetidine should be avoided in patients stabilized on warfarin and
theophylline because it inhibit P⁴⁵⁰ enzyme, reducing the metabolism of the drugs thereby
potentiating their Pharmacological effect.
Adverse effect include dizziness, fatigue and rash.
Antacids: They are substance which neutralize stomach acidity and is used to relieve heart burn,
indigestion or stomach upset. Antacids are available over the counter. Antacids are distinct from
acid-reducing drugs e.g. H2– receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors and they do not kill
the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, which causes most ulcer. Antacids contains alkaline ions like
calcium bicarbonate ions that neutralizes stomach gastric acid. Example include; ulgicid,
Getzome, magnesium trisilicate mixture etc.
Side effect includes constipation, diarrhoea, long term use may cause kidney stones and increase
risk of getting osteoporosis
DIARRHEA: It is frequent and watery bowel movement. It usually occur due to increase
motility of the stomach and intestines and can be a symptom of infection or food poisoning.

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 Treatment approach to diarrhea:
Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance through oral rehydration therapy
Use of antimicrobial drug such as tetracycline, ampicillin, erythromycin or ciprofloxacin.
Use of opiate like antimotility drug such as loperamide.

Use of stool modifier/absorbent such as kaolin.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

SUMMARY: This write up contains the basic routine activities carried out in the pharmacy
department, identification and classification of drugs, Pharmacology of drugs and various drug
formulations. I was able to put my pharmacological theoretical knowledge to practice. The
industrial training exposed me to work methods, techniques and pharmaceutical procedures and
practices. It has improved my knowledge of drugs and pharmacology in general.

CONCLUSION: In conclusion this program has enabled students to gain practical knowledge
and can now practice the applied aspects of their various disciplines and other related areas on
their own as employees.

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