c.

Right to privacy and confidentiality

d. Right not to be harmed
(An/R,EMR)
 Ethics in Research
 Ethical Trustworthiness
CLASSIFIED EXAMINATION Rationale: Self-determination (Option A) means that prospective
FOR CRITICAL TEST ANALYSIS participants have the right to decide voluntarily whether to participate
RESEARCH CONCEPTS & STATISTICS in a study, without risking any penalty or prejudicial treatment. Full
LOCAL NURSING LICENSURE EXAM disclosure (Option B) means that the researcher has fully described
Prepared by: Mr. Ejay M. Reantillo, RN the nature of the study, the person’s right to refuse participation, the
researcher’s responsibilities, and likely risks and benefits. Privacy
Warning: This material is protected by Copyright Laws. Unauthorized
use shall be prosecuted in the full extent of the Philippine Laws. For
and confidentiality (Option C) pertains to participants’ right to expect
exclusive use of CBRC reviewees only. that any data they provide will be kept in strictest confidence. The
right not to be harmed (Option D) is non-maleficence.
.
1. The nurse was asked by her colleague. “What are the possible
5. Nurse researcher Ejay has fully described to prospective
nursing areas that we can focus our research on?” Which of the
study participants the nature of the study, their rights to
following areas will not be provided as an answer by the nurse?
refuse participation and likely risks and benefits that would
a. Nursing Administration c. Community Health
be incurred, he ensured that prospective participants have
b. Nursing Practice d. Nursing Research
the right to ask questions, to refuse to give information, and
(K,R/R,PPR)
to ask for clarification: He has done:
 Introduction to Nursing Research a. Full disclosure c. Informed Consent
 Sources of Evidence in Nursing Research b. Fair treatment d. Debriefing
Rationale: Nursing research is a systematic inquiry designed to (Ap/EMR,SQC)
develop trustworthy evidence about issues importance to the nursing  Ethics in Research
profession, including nursing practice (Option B), nursing education,
 Belmont Report
nursing administration (Option A) and informatics (Pollit and Beck,
Rationale: Full disclosure (Option A) means the researchers have
2012).
fully described to prospective participants their rights and the full
2. A clinical instructor was asked by a student “Why are we
nature of the study. Justice includes the right to fair treatment (Option
conducting nursing research?” The most appropriate response
B) is under the principle of justice, wherein study participants have
from the clinical instructor is:
the right to fair and equitable treatment before, during, and after their
a. “We conduct nursing research because incentives and
participation in the study. Informed Consent (Option C) means that
funds are available for researchers.”
participants have adequate information regarding the research, are
b. “We do research because we want to enhance the
capable of comprehending the information, and have the power of
services for the recipients of nursing care.”
free choice, enabling them to consent to or decline participation to
c. “We formulate researches because the body of knowledge
develop trustworthiness voluntarily.
of nurses will be furthered.”
d. “Nursing research is important for us because it is part of
6. Omega group studied interpersonal conflict among workers
the professional and personal adjustments.”
in a company in Batangas City. A questionnaire is
(C,U/R,PPR)
distributed and was mailed to over 500 hired workers in a
 Foundations of Nursing Knowledge company, asking them about the type and frequency of any
 Definition of Nursing Research interpersonal conflict they had experienced in their job. The
 Purposes of Nursing Research questionnaires were returned without any identifying
information. This is an example of?
Rationale: Nursing research is a systematic inquiry designed to a. Confidentiality c. Autonomy
develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to the b. Anonymity d. Justice
nursing profession. It is designed to guide nursing practice and to (C/R,EMR)
improve the health and quality of the life of nurses’ clients. (Polit and  Justice
Beck, p.3.)  Confidentiality and Anonymity
Rationale: Anonymity (Option B) occurs when the researcher cannot
3. All but one are included in the primary roles of nurses in nursing link participants to their data. A promise of confidentiality (Option A)
research: is a pledge that any information participants provide will not be
a. Principal Investigator publicly
b. Evaluator of research findings reported in a manner that identifies them and
c. Subject in studies will not be made accessible to others. Autonomy (option C) is self-
d. Financer of a research determination. Justice (Option D) refers to being fair.
(K/R)
 Roles of Nurses in Research 7. During the defense of the students, the panel of critiques
Rationale: The Roles of Nurses in Nursing research are: found out that the research group had made up some of the
Principal Investigator data in their study, and edited some of the results that’s why
Member of the Research Team they had difficulty defending their study. Which of the
Research Finding User following is described the violation done by the group?
Identifier of research problem a. Plagiarism c. Fabrication
Client Advocate b. Falsification d. Research misconduct
Evaluator of research findings (Ap/R/EMR)
Subject  Ethical Issues in Research
Option D is not included in the Roles of Nurses in Nursing Research
Rationale: The phrase, “the research group has made up some of
the data in their study” is a form of fabrication (Option C) – made
4. An 85 year old client in a nursing home tells a nurse, “I signed
the papers for that research study because the doctor was so
up the results of the study, while “edited some of the results” is a
insistent and I want him to continue taking care of me”. Which form of falsification (Option B) – manipulated the results. All these
client right is being violated? three, plagiarism, falsification and fabrication, are forms of
a. source
Rightwasof downloaded
self determination research misconduct (Option D).
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 8. In general, research with vulnerable subjects should be d. Describe the characteristics, opinions, attitudes or
undertaken only when the investigator has determined that the behaviors of certain population about a current issue or
risk/benefit ratio is low. The following are considered vulnerable event
subjects except: (C,R)
a. Mrs. Reantillo, 89 years old who is living with her daughter.  Types of Nursing Research according to nature
b. JV Revilla, an institutionalized person at Provincial Jail.  Experimental and Non-experimental Research
c. Sarah Balabagan, an AIDS/HIV+ subject. Rationale: Experimental studies are explicitly designed
d. Shamcey, a sixth day post-partum mother. to test causal relationships. Option A is a description of
(K/R,SQC,EMR) experimental research.
 Vulnerable subjects
Rationale: Vulnerable subjects includes children, mentally ill or 13. If the nurse plans to conduct a true experimental study,
emotionally disabled people (Option A), severely ill (Option C) or he/she must be able to have the following essential
physically disabled people, terminally ill, pregnant women, and components, except:
institutionalized people Option B). a. Manipulation/Intervention
b. Control group
9. Which of the following ethical requirements is the most difficult c. Randomization
to satisfy when conducting a placebo-controlled randomized d. Quota sampling
clinical trial? (K,C,U/R,PPR)
a. Ensuring the privacy of the research participants.  True Experimental Research
b. Obtaining informed consent from all research Rationale: A true experiment is characterized by the following
participants. properties: (1) Manipulation – Option A; (2) Control – Option B; and
c. Protecting research participants from unnecessary risks. (3) Randomization – Option C. Option D is not included.
d. Providing the best available treatment for all research
participants. 14. Which of the following is true in an experimental study?
(An/R,EMR,SQC) a. Clients most likely to perform the best are assigned to
 Ethics in Research the experimental group
 Placebo b. Subjects are randomly assigned to both
Rationale: experimental and controlled group
1`uey c. Conditions affecting the subject are left uncontrolled
10. An ethical review board is needed to determine the ethical d. The control group receives the therapy being studied
protocol of a certain study. Which of the following is considered (Ap/R,PPR)
the least person to choose as part of the ethical review board?  Characteristics of Experimental Research
a. Medical Health Worker b. Priest Rationale: Option A – A true experiment employs randomization, so each
b. Legal Counsel d. Ordinary bystander member of the population has an equal chance to be assigned as the
(An/R,EMR) experimental group. Option B is a characteristic of a true experiment. Option
C – Control is one of the elements of a true experiment. Option D – The
 Ethical Trustworthiness
control group does not receive an intervention or treatment.
 Ethical Board Committee
15. A research project was started by a nurse in the oncology
Rationale: An Institutional Review Board must have 5 or more department. It seeks to determine the effects of cutaneous
members, at least one of who is not a researcher (e.g. member of stimulation among children suffering from skin cancer.
the clergy or a lawyer may be appropriate). One IRB member Which of the following is the control group in the research?
must be a person who is not affiliated with the institution and is a. Group of children with skin cancer who will be
not a family member of a person who is affiliated. To protect subjected to cutaneous stimulation
against potential biases, the IRB cannot comprise entirely men, b. Group of children with skin cancer who will not be
women, or members from a single profession (Polit and Beck, p. subjected to cutaneous stimulation
195). c. Both A & B
d. Effects of cutaneous stimulation
11. Nurse Erwin is planning to conduct basic research for her post (An/R)
graduate studies. Which of the following is true about pure  Experimental vs. Control Group
research? Rationale: Option A – is the experimental group. Option B is the
a. Develops theories that increase the knowledge about a control group. Option C is wrong, only Option B is the control group.
certain phenomenon Option D is the treatment or intervention.
b. Aims to solve day-to-day concerns or issues
c. Aims to establish a cause and effect relationship among 16. What type of experimental research design has manipulation
variables of independent variable, no randomization and/or
d. Service as the basis for further research comparison group but has efforts to compensate for this
(An/R,PPR) lack?
 Types of Nursing Research according to purpose a. True Experimental c. Pre-experimental
 Basic and Applied Research b. Quasi-experimental d. Non-experimental
Rationale: Basic/Pure research is designed to extend (E/R)
the base of knowledge in a discipline for the sake of  Types of Experimental Research
knowledge production or theory construction. Option A is Rationale: (Option B) Quasi-experiments, involve the
an example of pure research. Option B is an apllied manipulation of an independent variable, that is, an
research. Option C is an example of experimental intervention. However, quasi-experimental designs
research. Option D can be an applied research. lack randomization to treatment groups, which
characterizes true experiments (Pollit and Beck, 2012).
12. If the nurse wanted to create an experimental research, he or
she must be able to understand that the primary purpose of this 17. Which of the following studies is based on quantitative
research is to: research?
a. Test the cause and effect relationship among the a. A study examining the bereavement process among
variable under a controlled situation spouses of clients with cancer
b. Study something after the fact b. A study examining client’s feelings before, during and
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c. Predicts the future based in past events after a medical treatment.
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 c. A study experiences or smoking behavior of an social unit. Option B Ethnography is focuses on the culture of a group
individual of people, with an effort to understand the world view of those under
d. A study measuring the effects of sleep deprivation study. Option C - grounded theory An approach to collecting and
on the functional health pattern. analyzing qualitative data that aims to develop theories and
(Ap/R) theoretical propositions grounded in real-world observations. Option
 Quantitative Research D - Phenomenology is an approach to thinking about what life
Rationale: Option A is a qualitative research. Option B is a qualitative experiences of people are like and what they mean
research. Option C is also a qualitative research. Option D is a
quantitative research. 23. At the middle of data collection, the nurse would like to create
18. Quantitative researchers are highly structured type of a theory that will explain the phenomenon of mothers who are
research that requires collection of data through senses. In terminally ill. The primary research design that the nurse will
conducting a quantitative research, researchers are use is.
expected to: a. Case study c. Grounded Theory
a. Gather in-depth information b. Ethnography d. Phenomenology
b. Seek patterns in findings (An/R)
c. Use inductive reasoning  Types of Qualitative Research
d. Gather empirical data Rationale:
(C,R,PPR) Rationale: Option A -case study A research method involving a
 Characteristics of Quantitative Research thorough ,in-depth analysis of an individual, group, institution or other
Rationale: Option A, B and C is done in a qualitative research. Option social unit. Option B Ethnography is focuses on the culture of a group
D is a characteristic of quantitative research. of people, with an effort to understand the world view of those under
study. Option C - grounded theory is an approach to collecting and
19. An investigator distributes a questionnaire to a sample of ex- analyzing qualitative data that aims to develop theories and
nurses in an attempt to discover their reasons for leaving the theoretical propositions grounded in real-world observations. Option
profession. This is best described as: D - Phenomenology is an approach to thinking about what life
a. A quasi-experiment c. An experiment experiences of people are like and what they mean
b. A survey d. A social model
(K,C,An/R) 24. The nurse will be immersed in a community because she is
 Instrument Tool in Quantitative Research conducting an ethnographic study. She will utilize participant
Rationale: Option B- A survey is designed to obtain observation. Which of the following clearly describe participant
information about the prevalence, distribution, and observation?
interrelations of variables within a population. a. The observation of participants in the study
b. The observation of the researcher’s input to a study
20. Which of the following studies is based on qualitative c. Participation in a group while studying it
research? d. The study of observational and clinical techniques
a. A study measuring differences in respiratory rate (C,An/R)
before, during and after a procedure  Ethnography; Instrument Tool
b. A study examining client’s reactions to anxiety  Participant Observation
and pain after open heart surgery. Rationale: Participant observers participate in the functioning of the
c. A study measuring nutrition and weight loss/gain in social group under investigation and strive to observe. Option A,B
clients with diabetes mellitus. and C – is a non participant observer.
d. A study examining therapeutic levels of lithium among
bipolar patients 25. The nurse was asked “What kind of research design, according
(An/R) to time dimension, will the nurse employ to determine the trend
 Qualitative Research of gaining knowledge among nursing students from their first
Rationale: Option A, C and D are examples of quantitative research. year to the day that they graduate?” What is the nurse’s
Option B is a qualitative study. response?
a. Cross-sectional c. Longitudinal
21. The nurse wants to know the life of mothers who are newly b. Retrospective d. Prospective
diagnosed to have terminal cancer. She has decided to focus (Ap/R,PPR)
on the meaning of their experiences. Which of the following  Types of Research According to Time
research designs is the most appropriate?
a. Ethnography c. Phenomenology Rationale: The study was conducted in a long period of time,
b. Grounded theory study d. Case study therefore it is a longitudinal research (Option C). Option A - cross-
(Ap/R) sectional design A study design in which data are collected at one
 Types of Qualitative Research point in time. Option B – studies past events. Option D – studies or
Rationale: Ethnographic research (Option A) is used to study a predicts the future.
certain group of people, ethnic race or culture. Grounded theory
(Option B) is a theory developed from the data collected. 26. A group of researchers from LPU took a series of blood
Phenomenological research (Option C) is used to study a certain samples from their subjects. They classified them into blood
phenomena or real-lived experience of people. Case study (Option types and Rh factors. What level of measurement describes
D) is an in-depth analysis of an individual, group,institution or other the category made?
social unit. a. Nominal c. Ratio
b. Ordinal d. Interval
22. The nurse decided to use an in-depth investigation on small (An/R)
number of participants to capture their interesting and unique  Level of Measurement Data
stories about coping with cancer. The approach is known as:
a. Case study c. Grounded Theory Rationale: Option A - nominal measurement, involves assigning
b. Ethnography d. Phenomenology numbers to classify characteristics into categories. Option B - Ordinal
(Ap/R) measurement involves sorting objects on the basis of their relative
 Types of Qualitative Research standing on an attribute according to order. Option C - Ratio scales
Rationale: Option A -case study A research method involving a have a rational, meaningful zero point. Option D – Interval
thorough ,in-depth analysis of an individual, group, institution or other
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 Blood types are Type A, B, AB, O. these are classifications, therefore weeks if administered within 8 hours after injury. The study
the data belongs to nominal measurement. covers a three month period.
In the following distribution of data: 43, 44, 44, 45, 45, 46, 46, 46, 1. On the basis of the nature of the investigation, which of
47, 48
the designs listed below would allow the researchers to
27. From the distribution above, what is the mode? have the most confidence that the corticosteroids is
a. 46 b. 45 c. 47 d. 43 effective in improving the motor and sensory outcomes
Rationale: The mode is the score value that appears most frequently. of patients with spinal cord injury.
a. Quasi or semi-experimental design
28. Determine the range of the distribution above. b. Non-experimental design
a. 5 b. 6 c. 45 d. 43 c. Experimental design
Rationale: Range is the difference between the highest score and the d. Retrospective-Prospective study
lowest score. R = 48 – 43 = 5
2. Which of the following is present in conducting the
29. The researchers would like to determine the difference of
above study?
the responses regarding the effectiveness of cooperative
learning of those who are irregular students versus the a. Experimental group c. Variables
regular students of a nursing college. The researchers will b. Subjects d. Control group
utilize a questionnaire with an interval data and cumulative
means garnered. What is the most appropriate statistical 3. The target participants of the intended study are
treatment will be the most appropriate? homogenous in the variables being measured. In
a. Chi square c. Analysis of Variance determining the sample size, the researchers should
b. t-test d. Mean include how many participants in the study?
(Ap/R) a. 500 c. 30
 Inferential Statistics b. 10 d. 100
Rationale: Chi-square (Option A) is a test of association that requires
nominal data. T-test (Option B) is a test of difference between 2
scores. Analysis of Variance (Option C) is a test of difference
4. In the above study, the researchers manipulate the
between 3 or more groups, while the mean (Option D) is the variable under study. Which of the following variables
average. is sufficient for the effect to occur?
a. Clients with spinal cord injury
30. The researchers also would want to determine the b. Injection of corticosteroids within 8 hours after injury
differences of the effectiveness of cooperative learning as c. Research methodology
perceived by the different year levels of the College of d. Motor and sensory outcomes patients with spinal cord
Nursing (from first year to fourth year). Same questionnaire injuries
were utilized. They asked their adviser what statistical tool
they will utilize. The research adviser will most likely answer 5. The manipulated variable to the experimental group is
the said question by saying that the most appropriate tool is:
a. Pearson r c. t-test
the:
b. Analysis of Variance d. Chi square a. Improved recovery and lessen hospitalization period
(Ap/R) b. Questionnaire in gathering pertinent data
 Inferential Statistics c. Improved motor and sensory outcomes
Rationale: Pearson r (Option B) is a test of correlation between 2 d. Injection of corticosteroids within 8 hours post spinal
variables. Analysis of Variance (Option B) is a test of difference cord injury
between 3 or more groups. T-test (Option C) is a test of difference
between 2 scores. Chi-square (Option D) is a test of association that
requires nominal data.

31. Moreover, the researchers would like to determine if the

effectiveness of cooperative learning as a strategy is directly
related to the student’s age. They are curious if there is an
increasing effectiveness of the said strategy when age is
NOTES:
also increasing or vice versa. The most appropriate
statistical tool for the said inquiry is:
a. t-test c. Spearman rho __________________________________________________
b. Pearson r d. ANOVA __________________________________________________
(Ap/R) __________________________________________________
 Inferential Statistics __________________________________________________
Rationale: T-test (Option A) is a test of difference between 2 scores. __________________________________________________
Pearson r (Option B) is a test of correlation between 2 variables. __________________________________________________
Spearman rho (Option C) is used in comparing 2 ordinal
measurements. Analysis of Variance (Option D) is a test of difference
between 3 or more groups.
-END-
“All successful men and women are
POST SCRIPT QUESTIONS
BIG DREAMERS.
Situation: A team of researchers is conducting a study on the
effect of high dose corticosteroids in improving the motor and -EMR-
sensory
This outcomes
study source of patients
was downloaded with spinal cordfrom
by 100000891974070 injuries within 6 on 11-12-2024 06:02:05 GMT -06:00
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