Comparison between T- test and ANOVA

• when the population means of only two groups is to be compared,

the t-test is used, but when means of more than two groups are to be
compared, ANOVA is preferred.
 1- INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T TEST
• An Independent Samples t-test compares the means for two groups.
• a useful statistical method of hypothesis testing when an organization wants to determine
whether there is a statistical difference between two categories, groups, or items and,
furthermore, if there is a statistical difference, whether that difference is significant.
• In independent samples (or unpaired sample), the values come from two or more different
groups. For example, if the group of men and the group of women are asked about their
income, independent samples exist. In this case, a person from one sample cannot be
assigned to a person from the other sample.
• an inferential statistical test that determines whether there is a statistically significant
difference between the means in two unrelated groups.
Note:

✓ The Independent Samples t Test can only compare the means for two (and only two) groups. It

cannot make comparisons among more than two groups. If you wish to compare the means across

more than two groups, you will likely want to run an ANOVA.

✓ The independent samples t-test is used to compare two sample means from unrelated groups. This

means that there are different people providing scores for each group. The purpose of this test is to

determine if the samples are different from each other.

Independent Samples T- test
Independent Samples T- test
Independent Samples T- test
Example #1: you could use an independent t-test to understand whether financial status of
employees differed based on gender (i.e., your dependent variable would be " financial status
of employees " and your independent variable would be "gender", which has two groups: "male"
and "female").

Conclusion: Result concludes that there is significant difference between financial status of employees when based
on their gender implying that female obtained lower financial status when compared to male employees with mean
difference of (-0.18145).
 2 -PAIRED SAMPLE TTEST

• A Paired sample t-test compares means from the same group at different

times (say, one year apart).

• compares the means of two measurements taken from the same individual, object,

or related units. These "paired" measurements can represent things like: A

measurement taken at two different times (e.g., pre-test and post-test score with an

intervention administered between the two time points)

Note:

✓ Paired-samples t tests compare scores on two different variables but for the same group of cases; independent-
samples t tests compare scores on the same variable but for two different groups of cases.
✓ For example, you might have measured the performance of 10 participants in a spelling test (the dependent variable)
before and after they underwent a new form of computerised teaching method to improve spelling. You would like to
know if the computer training improved their spelling performance.
✓ You can use the test when your data values are paired measurements. For example, you might have before-and-after
measurements for a group of people. Also, the distribution of differences between the paired measurements should
be normally distributed.
✓ Another example, Performance of a group of students in a test conducted before and after a Training course. The
before and after effect of a pharmaceutical treatment on the same group of participants. Body temperature using two
different thermometers on the same group of participants.
Types of T- Test
Types of T- Test
Example of Paired sample test

SPSS Output
INTERPRETATION:

Result shows that between jump 1 and jump2, jump 2 with mean of 2.52 is way higher than jump 1 with mean

of 2.48 with mean difference of -0.034. The paired sample test also shows the t value of -4.773 with probability

value of 0.000 which is less than 0.05 level of significance. From this result, there is measurable differences

found between jump 1 and jump 2. More specifically, the standing long jump after 12- week plyometric training

program is significantly higher than before training program. This further implies that training program indeed

improves standing long jump performance of students. This makes the training program highly effective.
 3 - ONE SAMPLE T TEST
• A One sample t-test tests the mean of a single group against a known mean.
• examines whether the mean of a population is statistically different from a known or
hypothesized value.

• Note: The One Sample t Test can only compare a single sample mean to a specified
constant. It can not compare sample means between two or more groups. If you
wish to compare the means of multiple groups to each other, you will likely want to
run an Independent Samples t Test (to compare the means of two groups) or a One-
Way ANOVA (to compare the means of two or more groups).
Note:
✓ The one-sample t-test is used when we want to know whether our sample comes from a particular
population but we do not have full population information available to us. For instance, we may want to
know if a particular sample of college students is similar to or different from college students in general.
✓ The one-sample t-test is a statistical hypothesis test used to determine whether an unknown population
mean is different from a specific value.
✓ As described, a one sample t test should be used only when data has been collected on one variable for
a single population and there is no comparison being made between groups. It only applies when the
mean value for data is intended to be compared to a fixed and defined number.
✓ A one sample t test compares the mean with a hypothetical value. In most cases, the hypothetical
value comes from theory. For example, if you express your data as 'percent of control', you can test
whether the average differs significantly from 100. The hypothetical value can also come from previous
data.
ONE SAMPLE TEST EXAMPLE:

• 1. For example, a beverage company claims its soda cans

contain 12 ounces. A researcher randomly samples their cans
and measures the amount of fluid in each one. A one-sample t-
test can use the sample data to determine whether the entire
population of soda cans differs from the hypothesized value of
12 ounces.
• A one sample t test has the following hypotheses:

• Null hypothesis (H0): The population mean equals the hypothesized value (µ = H0).

• Alternative hypothesis (HA): The population mean does not equal the hypothesized
value (µ ≠ H0).

• If the p-value is less than your significance level (e.g., 0.05), you can reject the null
hypothesis. The difference between the sample mean and the hypothesized value is
statistically significant. Your sample provides strong enough evidence to conclude
that the population mean does not equal the hypothesized value.
Example of One sample test:

Interpretation:
SPSS Result
Result shows that mean score is 3.72. Based on one
sample test, t value is -2.381 with p value of 0.022, So,
from the test value of 4.0, results revealed that
depression score was statistically significantly lower
than the population normal depression score. In here,
the null hypothesis is rejected since p value is lower
than the significance level of 0.05.
 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

• The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine

whether there are any statistically significant differences between the

means of two or more independent (unrelated) groups (although you

tend to only see it used when there are a minimum of three, rather

than two groups).

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
 ANOVA EXAMPLE
Problem: Suppose you want to know if there exist significant
difference of student Math score based on their age.

1
 ANOVA EXAMPLE
Problem: Suppose you want to know if there exist significant
difference of student Math score based on their age.

2
3
INTERPRETATION:

The descriptive statistics result shows the math scores of students based on their age. It can be gleaned from the result
that age group of 24 years old and above shows the highest math scores, followed by age group of 21 years old. Notably,
age group of 20 years old got the lowest math scores of 75.4 which is close to failing.

The anova result or the analysis of variance shows the F value of 3.151 with corresponding value of 0.021. Since the p value
is less than 0.05 level of significance, this implies significant result, or we can say we have strong evidence against our null
hypothesis (there is no significant difference between math scores of students based on age). In here, the null hypothesis is
rejected. Therefore, we can say that there is measurable differences found between math scores of students across age.
Now since the result for ANOVA shows significant differences, expectedly we can find the specific groups which shows
significant results based on the MULTIPLE COMPARISON TEST.

Multiple comparison test shows that group of 20 years old is significantly different from 21 years old with p value of 0.041,
and from 24 years and above with p value of 0.034. But not with groups: 22 years old, and 23 years old. Likewise, 22 years
old, and 23 years old show no significant differences from the rest of the groups.

Therefore, it can be delved in to the result that age factor is a significant contributor in measuring math intelligence among
students. Among students, the study may recommend that elder students may find some time to assist the younger
students in learning math. This could be done through one-on-one tutorial, or could be done in group tutorial. Teachers
may opt to report to their parents or guardians the need for the students to double the effort in learning math. In this way,
parents or guardians may initiate effort to help their children with their academics, especially in learning math.
Notes:
✓ ANOVA Test, or Analysis of Variance, is a statistical method used to test the differences between means of
two or more groups. Developed by Ronald Fisher in the early 20th century, ANOVA helps determine whether
there are any statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent groups.
✓ The ANOVA F value can tell you if there is a significant difference between the levels of the independent
variable, when p < . 05. So, a higher F value indicates that the treatment variables are significant. Note that the
ANOVA alone does not tell us specifically which means were different from one another.
✓ ANOVA is a useful tool for biomedical researchers to compare means across multiple groups. It can be used
to analyze data from experiments that involve testing the effectiveness of a new drug, comparing the survival
rates of different treatments for a disease, or analyzing the efficacy of a new medical device.
✓ Why use ANOVA over a TTEST? - The real advantage of using ANOVA over a t-test is the fact that it allows you
analyse two or more samples or treatments. A t-test is appropriate if you have just one or two samples, but
not more than two. The use of ANOVA allows researchers to compare many variables with much more
flexibility.
 Gertrude M. Cox: First Lady of Statistics. NC State's Department of Statistics
was founded by Cox, who recruited bright, talented statisticians to come to the
university. She was the first woman to receive a professional appointment at NC
State and she proved to be a visionary, creating a world-renowned department.

Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890-1962), renowned as "his time's greatest

scientist," was a British statistician and biologist who made significant
contributions to experimental design and population genetics. He is widely
regarded as the "Father of Modern Statistics and Experimental Design."

Although the term statistic was introduced by the Italian scholar Girolamo Ghilini in 1589 with reference to
a collection of facts and information about a state, it was the German Gottfried Achenwall in 1749 who
started using the term as a collection of quantitative information, in the modern use for this science. Which
means, Gottfried Achenwall is regarded as the one who gave the name STATISTICS.

Florence Nightingale: Mother of Statistics. Studied mathematics from an early age

as her parents had strongly endorsed women's education. Years before she began her
formal mathematical training at the age of twelve, she had developed skills in
collecting, organizing and presenting data.