SPSS 4

SPSS (test hypothesis)
Professor
Ameer Kadhim Hussein
M.B.Ch.B (FICMS. COM)
Comparing two independent
samples
 A two-sample t-test is a parametric test used to estimate whether
the mean value of a normally distributed outcome variable is
significantly different between two groups of participants.
 This test is also known as a Student’s t-test or an independent
samples t-test.
 Two-sample t-tests are classically used when the outcome is a
continuous variable and when the explanatory variable is binary.
 For example, this test would be used to assess whether mean
height is significantly different between a group of males and a
group of females.
Study design
 Two-sample t-tests can be used to analyze data
from any type of experimental or non-
experimental study design where the
explanatory variable can be classified into two
groups, for example, males and females, cases
and controls, and intervention and non-
intervention groups.
Two-sample t-tests
Levene’s test of equal variances
 In the Independent Samples Test table, the first
test is Levene’s test of equal variances.
 A P value for this test that is less than 0.05
indicates that the variances of the two groups
are significantly different and therefore that the
t statistics calculated assuming variances are
not equal should be used.
 If P value more than 0.05 use assuming equal
variances.
Mann–Whitney U test
 The non-parametric test that is equivalent to a
two-sample t-test is the Mann–Whitney U test.
 The Mann–Whitney U test is based on the
ranking of measurements from two samples to
estimate whether the samples are from the
same population.
 In this test, no assumptions are made about the
distribution of the measurements in either
group.
Mann–Whitney U test
Paired t-test
 A paired t-test is used to estimate whether the means of two
related measurements are significantly different from one
another.
 This test is used when two continuous variables are related
because they are collected from the same participant at
different times, from different sites on the same person at the
same time.
 Examples of paired study designs are
 Measurements collected before and after an intervention in an
experimental study.
 Differences between related sites in the same person, for
example limbs, eyes or kidneys.
Paired t-test
Paired t-test
Non-parametric test for paired data
 A non-parametric equivalent of the paired t-

test is the Wilcoxon signed rank test, which
is also called the Wilcoxon matched pairs
test. This test is used when lack of normality
in the differences of the scores is a concern,
that is when the differences did not come
from a normally distributed population, or
when the sample size is small.
Analysis of variance ANOVA test
 When data are normally distributed, a two-sample t-
test can only be used to assess the significance of the
difference between the mean values of two
independent groups.
 To compare differences in the mean values of three or
more independent groups simultaneously, an analysis
of variance (ANOVA), which is a parametric test, can
be used.
 Thus, ANOVA is suitable when the outcome
measurement is a continuous normally distributed
variable and when the explanatory variable is
categorical with three or more groups.
Analysis of variance ANOVA test
Correlation coefficients
A correlation coefficient describes how closely two
variables are related, that is, the amount of
variability in one measurement that is explained by
another measurement.
 The range of a correlation coefficient is from –1 to
+1.
 A positive correlation coefficient indicates that
both variables increase in value together and a
negative coefficient indicates that one variable
decreases in value as the other variable increases.
Correlation coefficients
Categorical data analysis
 Chi-square tests
 A chi-square test (denoted as 𝜒2) is used to assess whether the
distribution of a categorical variable is significantly different
between two or more groups. Tests of chi-square are used to
determine whether there is an association between two
categorical variables.
 In health research, a test of chi-square is frequently used to
assess whether disease (present/absent) is associated with
exposure (yes/no). For example, a chi-square test could be
used to examine whether the absence or presence of an illness
is independent of whether a child was or was not immunized.
 Chi-square tests are appropriate for most study designs but the
results are influenced by the sample size.
 Fisher’s exact test could be used in all
situations because it is a gold standard test,
Fisher’s exact test is generally calculated for
2 × 2 tables and, depending on the program
used, may also be produced for cross
tabulations larger than 2 × 2.
 the Yates correction used for 2 × 2 table and
should generally not be applied except if the
sample size is small.
Chi-square test
Fisher’s exact test

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SPSS (test hypothesis)

 A non-parametric equivalent of the paired t-

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