Lesson 4.

5: DATA ANALYSIS

Data analysis is the process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal
of discovering useful information, informing conclusions, and supporting decision-making. Data
analysis in research is the process of organizing and interpreting data to answer questions and draw
conclusions. It can be used to identify patterns, trends, and relationships in data sets. It can also be
used to develop predictive models and make decisions.

Statistical analysis is a process of exploring, modeling, and understanding data. It involves using
various techniques such as descriptive statistics, probability and inference, to study the data, infer
relationships, and draw conclusions. It helps to identify patterns and trends in data, and make
predictions about future outcomes. The type of statistical analysis used in science investigatory
projects depends on the research question being studied. Common methods include descriptive
statistics, inferential statistics, regression analysis, correlation analysis, and ANOVA.

Types of statistics

Descriptive statistics is the branch of statistics used to summarize and describe data. It involves
organizing, displaying and analyzing data in order to identify patterns and draw conclusions.
Common descriptive statistics include measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) and
measures of spread (range, interquartile range, and standard deviation). Most of the time mean is
being used.

Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that is used to draw conclusions about a population based
on data from a sample from that population. It involves using techniques such as hypothesis testing,
estimation, and regression analysis to generalize about a population from a sample. It is also used to
compare different groups and to identify relationships between variables.

Parametric tests are tests that make assumptions about the data, such as that the data follows a
normal distribution, that the variance is equal among the groups, and that the data points are
independent. Nonparametric tests do not make any assumptions about the data and instead rely on
rank or frequency data. Nonparametric tests tend to be less powerful than parametric tests, but are
useful when assumptions about the data cannot be made.

What are the factors to consider in determining the right statistical analysis in research?

1. The research question and hypothesis: The type of statistical analysis will depend on the research
question and hypothesis being studied.

2. The type of data: The type of data available and the format it is in will determine which statistical
analysis is most appropriate. For example, if the data is categorical, then logistic regression would be
most suitable.
3. The number of variables: The number of variables being studied will affect the type of statistical
analysis used.

4. The sample size: The sample size will also determine the type of statistical analysis that is most
appropriate.

5. The level of accuracy required: The level of accuracy required will affect the type of statistical
analysis used. For example, if a high degree of accuracy is required, then a more complicated
statistical analysis may be necessary.

T-test analysis is a statistical procedure used to compare the means of two samples. It is used to
determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of the two
groups. It is also commonly used to evaluate the level of statistical significance between the results
of two experiments or treatments. T-test analysis is used to compare the means of two groups when
the data is normally distributed and the variances of the two groups are equal. This can be for
comparing the means of a sample versus a population, comparing the means of two independent
samples, and comparing the means of two related samples.

Types of t-tests

1. Independent Samples t-test: Compares the means of two independent groups.

The independent samples t-test is a type of statistical test used to compare the means of two
independent samples. It is a parametric test, meaning it assumes that the data is normally
distributed and that the variances of the two samples are equal. The independent samples t-test is
used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the means of the two
groups.

SIP Title: The Hypoglycemic effect of Mulberry ….

Data:

Independent Samples t-test

Group 1: Treatment Group (n=25)

Mean=4.6

Standard Deviation=1.2

Group 2: Control Group (n=25)

Mean=3.2

Standard Deviation=1.7

Hypothesis:
Ho: There is no difference between the means of the two groups

Ha: There is a significant difference between the means of the two groups

Test Statistic:

t-value=2.5

Degrees of Freedom=48

Alpha=0.05

Results:

The p-value obtained from the independent samples t-test is 0.02 which is less than the alpha value.
Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded that there is a significant difference
between the means of the two groups.

2. The independent samples t-test is most often used to compare the means of two
independent groups across a single variable. For example, it could be used to compare the mean
scores of two different classes on a test, or to compare the average incomes of two different
demographic groups.

The independent samples t-test is generally a robust test, meaning it is not overly sensitive to
violations of its assumptions. However, it is important to check for normality and equal variances
before conducting the test. If the assumptions are not met, there are non-parametric alternatives,
such as the Mann-Whitney U test.

In summary, the independent samples t-test is a statistical test used to determine if the means of
two independent samples are statistically different. It is a parametric test and assumes the data is
normally distributed and that the variances of the two samples are equal

1. Paired Samples t-test: Compares the means of two related groups.

Paired sample t-test (also known as dependent sample t-test) is a statistical test used to compare the
means of two related samples (paired samples) of continuous data to determine if there is a
statistically significant difference between the means. It is commonly used to determine if a
treatment or intervention had a significant effect on the response of the participants. A paired
sample t-test is a type of statistical test used to compare the means of two paired samples of data. It
is often used to compare the means of two related samples, such as a before/after comparison of a
particular treatment. The paired sample t-test is a type of t-test, which is a type of inferential statistic
used to compare population means.

The paired sample t-test is based on the assumption that the difference between the two paired
samples is normally distributed. This means that the difference between the two samples should
follow a normal distribution with a mean of zero. The t-test is used to determine whether the
difference between the two samples is statistically significant.

The paired sample t-test is a useful tool for researchers to compare two different samples. For
example, a researcher may want to compare the effects of a new drug on a particular medical
condition. By using a paired sample t-test, the researcher can compare the mean of the two samples
and determine if the new drug had a statistically significant effect on the medical condition.

In conclusion, the paired sample t-test is a useful statistical tool for comparing two related samples of
data. It is based on the assumption that the differences between the two samples are normally
distributed

How to interpret a t-test result

A t-test result is an indication of the degree to which two sets of data are different. It is a statistic
used to determine whether a significant difference exists between the means of two groups. To
interpret a t-test result, you need to look at the t-value and the associated p-value. The t-value is the
difference between the means of the two groups divided by the standard error of the difference. The
p-value is the probability of observing a t-value at least as extreme as the one calculated. A low p-
value indicates that there is a significant difference between the two groups, while a high p-value
indicates there is no significant difference.

2. One Sample t-test: Compares the mean of one group to a known value.

The one sample t-test is a statistical test used to compare the mean of a single sample of
observations to a known or hypothesized population mean. It is often used to test the significance of
a difference between the sample mean and a known value or to compare two population means. The
one sample t-test is a parametric test, meaning it assumes that the sample data follows a normal
distribution and that the population variance is known.

The one sample t-test is a popular choice for researchers due to its simplicity and ease of use. It is a
hypothesis testing procedure that relies on the t-statistic to determine the significance of a difference
between the sample mean and the population mean. The null hypothesis for the test is that the
sample mean is equal to the population mean. If the t-statistic is greater than the critical value for a
given level of significance, then the null hypothesis is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is
accepted, meaning that the sample mean is significantly different from the population mean.

The one sample t-test is a useful tool for researchers who want to compare a single sample of
observations to a known or hypothesized population mean. It is also a powerful tool for testing the
significance of a difference between two population means.

3. One-way ANOVA: Compares the means of three or more independent groups.

One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical technique used to test if there is a significant
difference between two or more means of a single factor or independent variable. It is used to
compare the means of two or more groups in a single factor experiment. This technique is used to
compare the means of three or more groups to determine if there is a significant difference between
them.

The one-way ANOVA is a parametric test and assumes that the data is normally distributed,
homoscedastic and independent. The null hypothesis of the one-way ANOVA is that there is no
difference between the means of the groups. The alternative hypothesis is that at least one of the
means is different from the others.

The one-way ANOVA is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the
means of three or more independent groups. For example, if you want to test whether there is a
significant difference between the means of three brands of coffee, you could use a one-way ANOVA.

To perform a one-way ANOVA, you need to calculate the sum of squares, the mean square, and the
F-statistic. The F-statistic is then used to compare the means of the groups

4. Two-way ANOVA: Compares the means of two or more independent groups and two or more
dependent variables.

Two Way ANOVA is a statistical tool used to examine the effect of two independent variables on a
single dependent variable. It is used to test for differences between groups, or to see if there is an
interaction between two independent variables. This type of analysis is commonly used in research
studies to determine the influence of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable.

The basic structure of two way ANOVA involves three components: the independent variables, the
dependent variable, and the treatment. The independent variables are the variables that are
manipulated or changed in order to observe the effects on the dependent variable. The dependent
variable is the variable that is being measured or observed. The treatment is the combination of the
different levels of the independent variables.

When conducting a two way ANOVA, the data is analyzed to determine if there is a significant
difference between the means of the dependent variable for each combination of the independent
variables. This is done by calculating the variance in each group and comparing the variance of the
groups to determine if there is a significant difference. If there is a significant difference, then the
independent variables have an effect on the dependent variable.

Two way ANOVA is a powerful tool for researchers to test their hypotheses and better understand
the relationship between two or more variables
5. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA): Compares the means of two or more
independent groups and two or more dependent variables while accounting for the interrelatedness
between them.

Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) is a powerful statistical technique that is used to analyze
the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables.
It is used to determine whether the means of the dependent variables are significantly different
when the independent variables are different.

MANOVA is a type of analysis of variance (ANOVA) which is used when there are more than one
dependent variables, or when the dependent variables have more than one measurement. In this
type of analysis the data is analyzed across multiple dependent variables. This allows us to analyze
the effect of the independent variables on multiple dependent variables at the same time.

MANOVA can be used to assess the effect of a single independent variable on multiple dependent
variables, as well as the effect of multiple independent variables on multiple dependent variables. It
is especially useful when the dependent variables are correlated with each other. It can also be used
to assess the effect of a single factor on multiple dependent variables, and to compare groups of data
with multiple dependent variables.

MANOVA is an effective tool for researchers in many fields, such as psychology, education, business,
and the social sciences. It can provide valuable insights into the relationships between independent
and dependent variables. It can also be used to identify and assess interactions between
independent variables and dependent variables, as well as to investigate the effects of different
treatments on multiple dependent variables.

Overall, MANOVA is a powerful and useful tool for researchers and practitioners. It can help to
identify relationships between independent and dependent variables, and to provide insight into the
interactions between them. It also allows researchers to compare groups of data with multiple
dependent variables, allowing them to make more informed decisions. ANOVA examines the
relationship between one independent variable and one dependent variable, MANOVA assesses the
relationship between two or more independent variables and one or more dependent variables. By
doing so, it allows researchers to identify patterns of relationships between the independent and
dependent variables.

6. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Compares the means of one or more
dependent variables over multiple time points or trials.

Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to analyze data
involving multiple measurements of the same units over time. This type of analysis is useful when
examining how a particular factor, such as a drug or intervention, affects a given outcome. Repeated
Measures ANOVA allows researchers to compare the mean differences between multiple treatments,
or between the same treatment at different points in time.
The advantages of Repeated Measures ANOVA over other types of analysis include the ability to
account for correlations between measurements taken over time, as well as the ability to compare
results between different treatments. Additionally, this type of analysis is more efficient than other
methods as it requires fewer assumptions and allows for more powerful statistical tests.

However, there are a few potential limitations to consider when using Repeated Measures ANOVA.
First, it requires a relatively large sample size, in order to ensure reliability of results. Second, the
analysis may be subject to inflated Type I errors if the assumptions of sphericity or homogeneity of
variance are violated. Finally, it is important to note that this type of analysis is not appropriate when
the measurements taken at each time point are not independent.

In conclusion, Repeated Measures ANOVA is a powerful and efficient statistical technique

7. Mixed ANOVA: Compares the means of one or more independent groups and one or more
dependent variables over multiple time points or trials.

Mixed ANOVA is a statistical technique used to analyze data from an experiment with multiple levels
of both between-subjects and within-subjects factors. It is a type of analysis of variance (ANOVA)
used to evaluate the differences among two or more independent variables and their effect on a
dependent variable. Mixed ANOVA is particularly useful when the within-subjects factor is repeated
more than once, allowing for the analysis of both between-subjects and within-subjects factors at
the same time.

Mixed ANOVA can be used in a variety of fields and disciplines, including psychology, sociology,
marketing, business, and economics. For example, in a psychology study, the between-subjects factor
might be gender, while the within-subjects factor may be a type of treatment. In a marketing study,
the between-subjects factor could be different customer segments, while the within-subjects factor
could be different advertising campaigns.

The main advantage of using Mixed ANOVA is that it allows researchers to evaluate both between-
subjects and within-subjects factors at the same time, providing a more comprehensive
understanding of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Additionally,
the use of Mixed ANOVA is a relatively simple process,

How to interpret ANOVA analysis result

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical method used to test whether the means of two or more
groups are equal. The result of an ANOVA analysis includes the F-test statistic, the degrees of
freedom, the p-value, and the effect size (also known as eta-squared).
To interpret the result of an ANOVA analysis, one should first look at the p-value. If the p-value is
lower than the predetermined significance level (usually 0.05), then the null hypothesis (that the
means of the groups are equal) can be rejected. This means that the difference in the means of the
groups is statistically significant.

Next, one should look at the effect size. The effect size is a measure of the strength of the
relationship between the independent variable (the group) and the dependent variable (the mean).
A larger effect size indicates a stronger relationship.

Finally, one should look at the F-test statistic. This statistic is a measure of the variability between the
means of the groups. A larger F-test statistic indicates greater variability, which means that the
difference in the means of the groups is larger.

A significant difference among variables in a research study means that the differences between the
variables are large enough to be considered meaningful or important. This suggests that the
variables have a measurable impact on the outcome of the study, and that further exploration of the
relationship between them is necessary. If there is no significant difference among variables in a
research study, it means that the results of the study do not show a statistically significant difference
between the variables. This could mean that the variables are unrelated, or that the differences
between them are too small to be of any practical significance.

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Lesson 3.1. Tabular Presentation of Data

Data tables are an essential part of any research study. They provide a concise, organized way to
present data in an easily comprehensible format. Tables can be used to summarize, compare, and
contrast different sets of data. They can also be used to explain the relationships between different
variables. Data tables are typically organized into columns and rows. Each row represents a single
observation or data point, while each column contains a different variable. Data tables may also
include summary statistics such as mean, median, and standard deviation. In addition, tables can be
used to display error bars, confidence intervals, and other statistical information.Data tables are
especially useful for displaying results from quantitative research studies. By presenting data in an
organized manner, it is easier for readers to interpret and understand the results. Tables can also be
used to compare different groups and to compare results from one study to another.In addition to
displaying data, tables can also be used to communicate research findings. By summarizing the data
in a table, researchers can highlight key findings and draw attention to important patterns in the
data. This can be an effective way to communicate results to a broader audience.Overall, data tables
are an invaluable tool for researchers. They provide a concise, organized way to present data, and
they can be used to effectively communicate findings to a wider audience.
Writing a textual presentation of data in a research study involves presenting the data in a way that is
both clear and concise. It should include an introduction to the research study, an overview of the
data, and an analysis of the results.

The introduction should provide a brief overview of the research study, including the research
question, the methodology used, and any key variables that were studied. This is followed by an
overview of the data, in which the researcher outlines the types of data collected and how it was
collected. It is important to explain the relevant data in a clear and understandable manner, so that
the reader can easily understand the research results.

The analysis of the results should include a discussion of the findings and how they relate to the
research question. It should also provide an interpretation of the findings and a discussion of any
relevant implications. Here, the researcher should discuss any trends or patterns observed in the
data, and explain any limitations that may have been encountered in the study.

Finally, the researcher should provide a conclusion to the research study. This should be a summary
of the findings and any implications or implications for further research.

In conclusion, writing a textual presentation of data in a research study requires a clear and concise
overview of the data and an analysis of the results. By providing a thorough explanation of the data
and a discussion of the implications, the researcher can effectively communicate their research
findings and relate them to the research question.

Writing an implication of a research study is an important step in the research process. It helps to
determine the potential implications of the findings and provides a strong foundation for future
research. Here are some tips for writing an implication of a research study:

1. Summarize the findings: Start by summarizing the main findings of the study and any possible
implications that may arise from the data. This should include any key trends or insights that were
uncovered as a result of the research.

2. Consider the impact: Think about how the findings could potentially impact society, industry, or
even individual people. This helps to draw out the implications of the study and make them more
tangible.
3. Analyze the implications: Analyze the implications of the findings and consider how they could be
used to inform policy or practice. Think about how the implications could be used to address existing
issues or create new opportunities.

4. Consider the limitations: Be sure to consider any limitations of the study and how they may affect
the implications of the findings. This will help to give context to the results and provide a more
detailed picture of the implications.

5. Write it out: Finally, it’s time to write out the implications of the study. Be sure to clearly explain
the implications and provide examples to help explain your points. This will help to make the
implications more understandable and accessible to readers.

By following these tips, you should be able to effectively write out the implications of your research
study. Writing out the implications can help to provide a strong foundation for further research and
provide insights on how to address existing issues.

Writing an corroboration of a research study involves a few key steps. First, you need to review the
research study, including the data and results, to understand the study and its findings. Then, you
need to analyze the research and discuss the implications of the findings. You also need to consider
any limitations of the study and provide an assessment of the reliability of the data. Finally, you
should provide a summary of the research study and its findings, as well as any suggestions for
further research. The first step in writing an corroboration of a research study is to review the
research study. This includes reading the research paper and understanding the data and results. You
should also look at any supporting evidence, such as graphs or tables, to help you understand the
research. Once you have a good understanding of the study, you can begin to analyze the data and
results. The next step is to discuss the implications of the research and findings. This includes looking
at any patterns or trends in the data, as well as any potential implications for future research. You
should also consider any limitations of the study, such as sample size, and provide an assessment of
the reliability of the data. Finally, you should provide a summary of the research and its findings. This
should include an overview of the study, the main findings, and any suggestions for further research.
Additionally, you should provide a conclusion that summarizes the research and its results. By
following these steps, you can write an corroboration of a research study that is both accurate and
informative. Doing so will help ensure that the research is properly evaluated and understood by
other researchers.

SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is a popular statistical analysis software package
used to analyze data and draw conclusions from it. It is used in a variety of fields, including
psychology, sociology, and business.
SPSS is easy to use and has a wide range of features, making it a great choice for those who are new
to statistical analysis. It has built-in data manipulation capabilities, which allow users to quickly and
easily prepare their data for analysis. It also offers a wide range of statistical tests, such as t-tests and
ANOVA, as well as various descriptive statistics. Additionally, SPSS offers a variety of data visualization
tools, such as graphs and charts, which can help to better understand the data.

One of the main advantages of SPSS is that it is relatively user-friendly. Even those who have little
prior experience with statistics can quickly learn how to use the software and start analyzing data.
Additionally, SPSS offers the ability to export data in a variety of formats, which makes it easier to
share results with colleagues or present them in presentations.

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Overall, SPSS is a powerful and convenient tool for statistical analysis. It is easy to use and offers a
wide range of features, making it a great choice for those who need to analyze data quickly and
accurately.

SPSS is a statistical software package that can be used to analyze data for a research study. It allows
researchers to perform descriptive, predictive, and inferential analyses. Descriptive analysis includes
calculating means, standard deviations, frequencies, and other summary statistics for variables in the
dataset. Predictive analysis includes analyzing relationships between variables in the dataset, such as
correlations or regressions. Inferential analysis includes performing statistical tests such as t-tests,
chi-square tests, and ANOVAs. SPSS also allows researchers to graph data, create tables, and
generate reports. With its user-friendly interface, SPSS makes data analysis much easier and faster,
allowing researchers to quickly explore their data and draw meaningful conclusions.

1. Begin by opening SPSS and selecting the “Analyze” tab from the menu bar.

2. Select the “Compare Means” option and then select “Independent-Samples T-Test”.

3. Select the variables you would like to compare and click “OK”.

4. On the “Independent-Samples T-Test” dialogue box, select the Options tab.

5. Choose the type of t-test you would like to use (for example, equal or unequal variance).
6. Select the appropriate confidence interval and click “Continue”.

7. Click the “Plots” tab and choose which type of plot you would like to generate (for example,
histogram, box plot, or scatter plot).

8. Click “Continue”.

9. On the “Independent-Samples T-Test” dialogue box, click “OK”.

10. The results of the t-test will be displayed. Review the results and interpret the results.

A t-test result can be interpreted by looking at the test statistic, degree of freedom, and p-value. The
test statistic is used to compare the sample mean to the hypothesized mean. The degree of freedom
is used to determine the level of statistical significance. The p-value is used to determine the
probability that the observed difference between the sample and hypothesized means is due to
chance. If the p-value is less than 0.05, this suggests that the difference is statistically significant and
the null hypothesis can be rejected. If the p-value is equal to or greater than 0.05, this suggests that
the difference is not statistically significant and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected.

Write a discussion about hypothesis testing

Hypothesis testing is a statistical methodology used to make decisions about a population based on
a sample. It is a process of testing a hypothesis, or an assumption about a population parameter,
using statistical analysis. The purpose of hypothesis testing is to determine whether there is enough
evidence in a sample of data to infer that a certain condition or relationship holds true for the entire
population. Hypothesis testing involves stating a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis. The
null hypothesis is typically a statement of no difference or no relationship, while the alternative
hypothesis is a statement of difference or relationship. After stating the hypotheses, the researcher
collects a sample of data and uses a statistical test to evaluate the data. Depending on the type of
data being analyzed, different tests may be appropriate. Common tests used in hypothesis testing
include chi-square tests, t-tests, and ANOVA tests. The end result of the hypothesis testing process is
either acceptance or rejection of the null hypothesis. If the researcher finds that the sample data
provides enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis, then the alternative hypothesis is accepted
as true. If the sample data does not provide enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis, then the
null hypothesis is accepted as true. Hypothesis testing is a powerful tool for making decisions about a
population based on a sample. However, it is important to recognize that hypothesis testing is limited
by the sample size and the quality of the data. Therefore, it is important to use the most reliable data
available and to use a sample size that is large enough to make valid inferences.

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Sheryle Arellano Valiente

Results

The Results section outlines the data gathered through the methods described above and explains
what the data show. This usually involves a combination of tables and/or figures and prose. In other
words, the results section gives your reader context for interpreting the data. The results section
usually includes:

A presentation of the data obtained through the means described in the methods section in the form
of tables and/or figures

Statements that summarize or explain what the data show

Highlights of the most important results

Tables should be as succinct as possible, including only vital information (often summarized) and
figures should be easy to interpret and be visually engaging. When adding your written explanation
to accompany these visual aids, try to refer your readers to these in such a way that they provide an
additional descriptive element, rather than simply telling people to look at them. This can be
especially helpful for readers who find it hard to see patterns in data.

wHAT ARE THE THINGS TO CONSIDER IN PRESENTING THE FINDINGS OF THE STUDY IN RESEARCH? 1.
Organize your findings: Before presenting your findings, it is important to organize them in a logical
manner. This will help the audience understand your findings more clearly. 2. Highlight the main
findings: Make sure to highlight the main findings of the study in your presentation. This will help the
audience understand the main points of your study. 3. Use visuals: Using visuals such as charts,
graphs, diagrams, and images will help engage the audience and make it easier for them to
understand your findings. 4. Explain the implications: Make sure to explain the implications of your
findings. This will help the audience understand the importance of your research and the
implications for future research and practice. 5. Provide recommendations: Provide suggestions for
further research and practice based on your findings. This will help the audience understand the
potential for further research and the implications for practice.

Tabular representation of data results is a way of presenting data in a table format. This format
shows information in rows and columns and can be used to compare and analyze data. It is an
effective way to quickly and easily visualize data and trends.
WHAT ARE THE THINGS TO CONSIDER IN TABULATING DATA IN RESEARCH FINDINGS? 1. Determine
the purpose of the tabulation: What type of data is being tabulated? What is the goal of the
tabulation? 2. Select an appropriate format: What type of tabulation will best illustrate the data?
What type of chart or graph will be most effective? 3. Identify the variables: What are the categories
being tabulated? Are there subcategories that need to be included? 4. Choose the right data points:
What specific data points should be included in the tabulation? 5. Use appropriate terminology:
What terms and labels will best describe the data? 6. Consider the order of presentation: What order
will best illustrate the data? 7. Check for accuracy: Are all data points accurate? Are the calculations
correct? 8. Review the results: Is the tabulation clear and easy to understand? Does it provide a
complete picture of the data?

Textual presentation of data is a method of displaying data in a written format. This can take the form
of an essay, report, or chart. Textual presentations typically include a brief overview of the data, a
description of the data, and an analysis of the data. They may also include visual representations of
the data, such as tables, graphs, or diagrams.

A textual presentation of data is a form of data analysis that involves organizing and presenting data
in a written format. It is used to show patterns, trends, and relationships in the data and can help to
make sense of large amounts of data. The first step in creating a textual presentation of data is to
organize the data. This can be done by sorting the data into categories or by creating a table to
arrange the data in an organized way. Once the data is organized, it is then necessary to identify the
patterns and trends within the data. This can be done by looking for patterns in the data, such as any
correlations between different variables or any outliers or irregularities in the data. Once the
patterns and trends have been identified, it is then important to put the data into context. This step
involves describing the data in a way that makes it easier to understand and interpret. This can
include providing background information about the data, providing a summary of the key findings,
and discussing potential implications of the data. Finally, the data should be presented in a clear and
concise way. This can be done by using charts and graphs to visualize the data, as well as providing a
written description of the data. This will make it easier for the reader to understand the data and
draw conclusions from it. A textual presentation of data can be an effective way to analyze and
interpret data. By organizing, interpreting, and presenting data in a clear and concise way, it is
possible to gain insights from data and draw meaningful conclusions from it.

The data collected from a survey of 100 customers showed that 80% of them preferred to shop
online rather than in stores. The survey also revealed that two-thirds of customers were more likely
to buy products if they had access to detailed product descriptions, while only half of the customers
said they would purchase a product if it was on sale. Additionally, 55% of the respondents said they
preferred to watch product videos before making a purchase decision, while only 28% said they were
satisfied with one-dimensional product images. Finally, the survey found that 90% of customers
wanted to be able to read customer reviews before they made their purchase.
WHAT IS CORROBORATION IN RESEARCH FINDINGS Corroboration in research findings is the process
of seeking additional evidence to support or confirm a hypothesis, theory, or set of findings.
Corroboration can take the form of replicating the original study, additional research on related
topics, or other sources of evidence such as expert opinion, anecdotal reports, or existing data. The
goal of corroboration is to help ensure that the original findings are reliable and valid.

IS THERE A NEED TO WRITE CORROBORATION AFTER TABULAR FINDINGS IN SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT? Yes, there is a need to write corroboration after tabular findings in science investigatory
project. Corroboration is a way to provide evidence to support the findings in the tabular form, to
further validate the results of the investigation. It is important to include corroboration in order to
ensure that the findings are meaningful and accurate.

The implications of the findings depend on the nature of the research and the specific results that
were found. Generally, the implications of research findings are the potential applications or
implications for further research, policy, or practice. For example, if a research study finds that a
certain type of intervention is effective at improving academic performance, the implications may be
to develop and implement similar interventions in other settings.

hOW TO WRITE IMPLICATION OF THE FINDINGS IN SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PORJECT The

implications of the findings of a scientific investigatory project should be discussed in the conclusion
of the report. The implications should involve the discussion of the practical applications of the
findings and how they can be used in the future. For example, if the findings of the project suggest
that a certain type of plant is resistant to drought, the implications could include the potential for
using this type of plant to reduce the effects of drought in areas prone to this environmental
problem. Additionally, the implications should involve the discussion of any limitations or further
research that needs to be done in order to gain a better understanding of the findings.

Discussion

The Discussion section explains why the results described in the previous section are meaningful in
relation to previous scholarly work and the specific research question your paper explores. This
section usually includes:

 Engagement with sources that are relevant to your work (you should compare and contrast
your results to those of similar researchers)

 An explanation of the results that you found, and why these results are important and/or
interesting

Some papers have separate Results and Discussion sections, while others combine them into one
section, Results and Discussion. There are benefits to both. By presenting these as separate sections,
you’re able to discuss all of your results before moving onto the implications. By presenting these as
one section, you’re able to discuss specific results and move onto their significance before
introducing another set of results.

wHAT IS DISCUSSION PART IN SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT The discussion part of an

investigatory project is the part where the student explains the results of the project. In the
discussion, the student should talk about the significance of the project, explain the results of the
project, and discuss how the results of the project can be applied in the real world. The discussion
should be written in an organized, logical, and scientific manner.

HOW TO WRITE THE DISCUSSION PART IN SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT 1. Summarize the
Results: Begin the discussion by summarizing the results of your experiment. Briefly explain the
major findings and the data that supports them. 2. Explain the Results: After summarizing the
results, explain what the results mean. Explain the implications of the experiment and its results. 3.
Relate Results to Previous Research: Connect your results to previous research in the field. Cite
sources to support your claims. 4. Discuss Limitations and Errors: Acknowledge any limitations of the
experiment or any errors that may have occurred during the investigation. Discuss possible sources
of error and how they may have affected the results. 5. Suggest Further Research: Suggest further
research that could be done to expand on the results of your experiment. 6. Conclude the
Discussion: End the discussion with a few sentences summarizing the overall findings of the
experiment and their significance.

Conclusion

The Conclusion section of a paper should include a brief summary of the main ideas or key
takeaways of the paper and their implications for future research. This section usually includes:

 A brief overview of the main claims and/or key ideas put forth in the paper

 A brief discussion of potential limitations of the study (if relevant)

 Some suggestions for future research (these should be clearly related to the content of yo

 ur paper)

Conclusion is the final part of a science investigatory project. It summarizes the entire project and
provides a final assessment of the results. It should include a brief discussion of the results and
clearly state the answer to the research question. It should also explain why the results are important
and offer suggestions for further investigation.

HOW TO WRITE THE CONCLUSION IN SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT The conclusion of your
science investigatory project should summarize the main findings of the experiment and provide a
brief overview of the entire project. It should also explain the significance of the results and their
implications for further research. Finally, the conclusion should offer a few recommendations for
future studies that can build upon the findings of the current experiment. Be sure to also include a
brief review of the questions that were asked at the beginning of the project and how they were
answered through the experiment.

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF THE CONCLUSION IN SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT?

1. Summary of Findings: Summarize the main findings of the investigation. 2. Significance of Results:
Explain the significance of the results and how they answer the original research question. 3.
Limitations: Discuss the limitations of the project and what could have been done differently to
improve the results. 4. Recommendations: Offer recommendations for future research based on the
results of the project. 5. Conclusion: Summarize the main points of the project and present your final
thoughts on the topic.