Chapter 1: Cell structure and function

Structure Characteristics Function

Nucleus Has ________________ membrane
Contain ________________________
Mitochondrion Has ________________ membrane;
_____________outer membrane, and
_______________ inner membrane.
Ribosome Consists of _______ sub-unit.

Rough ER Has _____________ attach on it

Smooth ER Has no ______________ attach on it.

Golgi apparatus Consists of a stack of ______________

membranous sacs.
Lysosome Membrane-bound sac
Known as ____________ compartment
Centrioles A pair of ______________ structure

1
Vacuole A ____________ sac. The fluid is called as
________________.
Surrounded by _________________.
Chloroplast Has ________________ membrane

Plasma Made up of _____________ and

membrane _________________.
Cell wall Made up of _________________.
_____________ outer layer.
_________________permeable
Cytoplasm Jelly-like matrix

Differences between plant cell and animal cell

Animal cell Aspect Plant cell

Chloroplast
Vacuole
lysosome
centriole
shape
Food storage
Cell wall

Density of organelle in specific cell

High density organelle Cell Reason

Mitochondrion 1.
2.
3.
Chloroplast 1.

Rough ER + Golgi apparatus 1.

2.
Smooth ER 1.
2.
Cell organisation
2
Amoeba sp.

1. Locomotion

-use _________________________ to move

- The shape of Amoeba changes as it moves.

- called as ______________________.

2. Feeding

- Use ______________________________.

- called as __________________________.

i)__________________________________________________________________________________________

ii) _________________________________________________________________________________________

iii) _________________________________________________________________________________________

iv) _________________________________________________________________________________________

v) _________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Respiration

- gaseous exchange through ______________________.

4. Osmoregulation

- using _______________________________. When it full ,it will ______________ to expel the excessive water.

5. reproduction
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- In ____________________ condition, it reproduce by ___________________________.

- In unfavourable condition, it reproduce by _______________________________.

Paramecium sp.

1. Locomotion

-use _________________________ to move.

- _________________ on iys axis when moving.

2. feeding

- food particles are swept in by the movement of __________________ along the ____________________ and
______________. A ______________________is formed.

- food vacuole ___________________ around the cell. Food is _____________________. Undigested food is eliminated
at ________________________________.

3. Respiration

- gaseous exchange through ______________________.

4. Osmoregulation

- Water enter the cell by __________________. The _________________________ contract __________________ to

expel the excess water out from the cell.

5. reproduction

- In ____________________ condition, it reproduce by ___________________________.

- In unfavourable condition, it reproduce by _______________________________.

4
Cell organisation in animals

- Form a _________________ layer over body surfaces (Eg: skin and lining of
mouth and oesophagus)
- Inner lining of cavities ( lining of lung, body cavities, heart, and blood vessel

Form the lining of kidney tubules, glands and ducts.

The cells in the lining of the _______________________ form ______________

__________________ goblet cells.

The tissue that lines the ________________ consists of cells with ____________

- responsible in ______________________ movements such as _______________

- contraction and relaxation to move the _______________.

Contract to enable heart to ___________________________.

Detect stimuli and ________________ nerve impulses to _________________.

Connective tissues

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1. Cartilage - Provide support to _____________ and ____________.
- As _______________ to ___________________________, reduce____________

2. Bone
- Provide ____________ to the body.

- Transport _____________________, ______________, ____________________,

3. Blood
_________________________.

4. Adipose tissue
- Store ______________.
- Act as ___________________ reserve.
- Protect the _______________________.

Cell organisation in plants

1. meristematic tissues - small cells with _____________ walls, ____________ nuclei, ____________
cytoplasm, no _____________________.
- young, active _______________ cells, not undergone __________________.
- located at the _______ of shoot and ____________.
2. permanent tissues - _________________ tissues that have undergone ____________________.

a) epidermal tissue
- flat cells with ________________ vacuole.
Leaf epidermal: covered by _________________ which is water proof to
i)

6
 ii)
iii)
Root epidermal: has root hair cells to ___________________________________.
Guard cell: specialised epidermal cell which ______________________________
______________________________.

b) Ground tissues - Found in all part of the plant.

- The cells have _____________walls and large ____________________.
i) _____________________ tissues
- use to __________________________________________________.
- give _____________ to herbaceous plant.

- cells have thickened cell walls by _____________ and _______________.

ii) ____________________ tissues
- support _______________ plant, young stem.

- The cells have cell walls uniformly thickened by _________________.

iii) _________________ tissues
- the cells are ___________.
- Give mechanical support to mature region of the plant.

c) Vascular tissues
- consists of _____________________
i) _______________
- Transport _________________________________________________________

- Consists of _________________________.
ii) ___________________
- Transport _________________________________________________________.

Chapter 2: Movement of substances across the plasma membrane

1. The movement of substances …………………. and …………………of cells occur across the ……………………………………………………

7
2. According to …………………………………………………………………………………………………….., plasma membrane is composed
mainly of …………………………………………………….. and …………………………………………………………..

3. Each phospholipid molecule consists of two parts:

a) a …………………………………………………………………….that give it a ………………………………………………….. property

(…………………………………………………………………………..) and

b) a ………………………………………………………………… that give it a …………………………………………………..property

(…………………………………………………………………………..)

4. At plasma membrane, phospholipids are arranged in a ………………………………………….layer, called the

………………………………………………………………………………………………., that surround a cell.

5. According to ……………………………………………..model, the ………………………………………………….., ………………………………………

and other components are not …………………………………..or ………………………..,but form a………………………………………………..
and ………………………………………structure.

6. The …………………………………molecules …………………………..about freely in the …………………………………………………………………

and are free to move ……………………………………………within the membrane. This causes the membrane to have a …………..
………………………….characteristic.

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The permeability of plasma membrane

1. Plasma membrane is a ……………………………………………………………….because it only allow ……………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2.The ……………………….and ……………………………….of molecules determine the movement of molecules across plasma
membrane.

3. Molecules can move freely across the plasma membrane through ……………………………………………………………………………

Oxygen lipid soluble vitamins glucose Na+ water carbon dioxide fatty acids and glycerol

4. Classify the molecules above into different group according to their characteristic.

Characteristic Molecule How to move across the plasma membrane

Lipid- soluble

Small, uncharged

Large , water soluble

Small, inorganic ions,

water- soluble

Movement of substances across the plasma membrane

1. Passive transport: Movement of substances across the plasma membrane from the region of __________
concentration to the region of ____________ concentration without using the _______________.
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a) simple diffusion

Definition: Movement of _________________ and ___________ from the region of __________ concentration to the
region of ____________ concentration without using the _______________ until achieve the __________________
state.

Example: - gaseous exchange between the alveoli and blood capillaries.

2._________________________________________________________________________________________________
3._________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) __________________________________

Definition: Movement of substances from the region of __________ concentration to the region of ____________
concentration with the help of ________________________________ but without using the _______________ until
achieves the __________________ state.

Example: Absorption of _________________________ and ______________________ in villi of small intestine.

c) Osmosis

Definition: Net movement of _____________ molecule from the ____________ solute concentration region to the
_______________ solute concentration region through a ________________________ membrane without
using__________________.

Example: uptake of _________________ by the root hair cells.

2. Active Transport

Definition: Movement of molecules and ions from the region of ________________ concentration to the region of
_________________ concentration with the help of ___________________ protein and require ________________.

Example: uptake of ___________________________ by root hairs.

Comparison between passive transport and active transport.

Passive transport Aspects Active transport

Simple diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion

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 Type of molecules

Movement

Energy

Transport protein

Semi permeable
membrane
Transport condition

Effect of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on animal cells.

Environment of cell Explanation

1. Hypotonic solution: the solution with a 1. When red blood cells are placed in a _________ solution,
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_______________________ than the cell. _________ molecules diffuse into red blood cells by
______________.
2. Red blood cells _________ water and _________, finally
________. This is because they have no
_____________________.
3. The red blood cells are said to undergo _______________.

Before After

2. Isotonic solution: solutions of __________ solute 1. When red blood cells are ___________________
concentration.Exp: NaCl 0.85 %
_________________, water diffuse in and out of the cells by
____________ at the __________ rate.
2. Red blood cells neither _________ nor ________ water.
3. The red blood cells retain their ___________ and
_____________.
Before After

3. Hypertonic solution: the solution with a 1. When red blood cells are placed in a __________
_______________________ than the cell.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________.
2. Red blood cells will ___________ and plasma membrane
____________________.
3. This process is called _____________________ of red blood

Before After cells.

Effect of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on plant cells.

Environment of cell Explanation

1. Hypotonic solution 1. When a plant cell is placed in a _________ solution
such as _________, ___________ molecules diffuse into
the cell by ______________.
2. The vacuole _________ water, ____________ and
____________________ outwards on the cell wall. The
pressure is called _______________________ which
caused the plant cell to become ___________.
Before After

2. Isotonic solution 1. If the plant cell is immersed in ________________

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 _____________ , _______________ molecules diffuse
_____________________________________
_________________________. There is no _______
______________ of water across the plasma membrane.
Before After 2. The cell’s ______________ and ______________
remain constant.
3. Hypertonic solution 1. When a __________________________________
_____________such as____________, ___________
molecules ______________________________ by
________________.
2. Water is ___________from the vacuole and cytoplasm.
3. the vacuole ______________. The ____________
together with ____________________ is _________
____________ from the _____________________.
4. The plant cell __________water and __________. The
Before After cell become ________________. This process is called
______________________.
5. A plasmolysed plant cell immersed in a ________
________________, the cell will become turgid again.
The plant cell is said to undergo ___________
__________________.

Type Of Explanation Shape of the strip

Solution
1. The water _________ the cells by __________
through the _______________ and this causes the
Hypotonic cells to swell.
( distilled 2. The epidermis is protected by ______________,
water) Therefore the epidermal layer is not affected by
______________ and retain its normal size.
3. The strip becomes ___________, ___________,
turgid and ___________. It curves ______________
with the epidermal layer facing ________________.

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 Isotonic 1.Water _________________________________
( 15% ________________________________________ at
sucrose the same rate. The ______________ and
solution) ______________ of the strip is maintained.

1. Water __________ the cell by ______________

Hypertonic through the _____________ and this causes the cells
( 30% to become _________________.
sucrose 2. As a result, the strip becomes ____________,
solution) ______________, and __________________. It curves
______________ with the epidermal layer on the
______________.
Explain why a plant cell will wilt and finally die when too much fertilizer is used.

- Fertilizer _____________ in the soil and caused the soil water to be ________________ to the root cells of the plant.

- Water ________________of the root cells by _________________.

- the plant cells __________ water to their surrounding and __________________.

- ____________________ occur and the plant cells become __________________, causing the plant to wilt.

- If no water is given to the plant, it will continue to wilt and finally _______________________.

Food preservation by using concentrated solution.

- Food such as ___________, _________________, fish can be preserve by using ____________________ salt and sugar
solution .

- concentrated salt and sugar solution is ______________________ solution.

- _____________________ diffuses out from the food by ____________________.

- The cells of the food ____________ water. This create a _______________________ condition which is not suitable
for the _____________________________________________________________________.

- At the same time,bacteria and fungi also _____________________________________________________________.

- Eventually, they will die. The food will not spoil and can last longer.

14
Chapter 4: Chemical composition of the cell

1. Element: Cannot not be broken down into simpler form.

Example: ____________, ___________________,__________________,____________________

2. compound : Made up of two or more elements

Types of compound: ____________________ compound, _____________________ compound

Example: _______________________, _______________________, ______________________,

____________________

Carbohydrates

- contain elements such as ________________, ________________, ___________________

- ratio: _____________________________________________

- types of carbohydrates: _________________________, _________________________, _________________________

a) monosaccharide

- called as ____________________ sugar

- chemical formula: _____________________________________________

Example: __________________________, _________________________, ________________________________

Characteristics: 1) They are ___________________________ sugar.

2) has ____________________ taste

3) ________________________in water

b) Disaccharide

- chemical formula: _________________________________

- example: _____________________________, ______________________________, _________________________

i) _____________________ + _________________________ ======= ______________ + ________________

15
 ii) _____________________ + _________________________ ======= ______________ + ________________

iii) _____________________ + _________________________ ======= ______________ + ________________

Characteristics: 1) They are ___________________________ sugar except ________________________.

2) has ____________________ taste

3) ________________________in water

C) Polysaccharide

- formed by more than two ________________________ combine through ________________________

- can be broken down through ____________________ by using ___________________ or _______________________

Characteristics: 1. _____________________ in water, 2. _________________ has sweet taste, 3. __________________

crystallise. 4. Not _____________________ sugar.

Example: ____________________________, ___________________________, _______________________________

Polysaccharide Structure Function

Differences between condensation and hydrolysis

Condensation Hydrolysis

Protein
16
- contain elements such as ________________, ________________, ___________________, _____________________.
Some of the proteins also contain ___________________ and __________________________.

- monomer: __________________________.

- ____________________________ are linked together by __________________________ through the process of

____________________________.

- Protein can be broken down through________________________.

- types of amino acids:

a) _______________________________ which can be ________________ by the body. They are derived from other
amino acids.

b) __________________________________ which ___________ be synthesised by the body but must obtained from
the ____________.Example: __________________

- Protein that contain all the _________________ amino acids is called as ________________________ protein such as
________________________________.

- The protein that do nit contain all the essential amino acids is called as __________________________ protein such as
________________________________________.

- Protein can be grouped into four levels of organisation:

i) _____________________________________________________

ii) ____________________________________________________

iii) ____________________________________________________

iv) ____________________________________________________

A _______________ sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

17
 The polypeptide is _____________ to form ________________
Or _____________ into ____________________________. The
structure is maintained by _________________________.

The _______________ or ___________________________ are

_______________ into _____________________________
shape of a polypeptide. The structure is maintained by
_____________bond, _________________ bond and
________________ bond.
Example: _____________________, ____________________,
______________________.
Two or more ________________________ structure
polypeptide chains combine to form a ____________ and
complex protein molecule.
Example: ___________________________.

Lipids

- contain elements such as ________________, ________________, ___________________

- main types of lipids

Give us energy, ptotect the internal organ

Include cholesterol and hormones
Reduce water loss
Main component of plasma membrane; similar to triglycerides but one of the
fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group.
a) Triglycerides

- example: ___________________ and ___________________.

- Monomer: ___________________________________ and __________________________________.

Differences between saturated fat and unsaturated fat

Saturated fat Differences Unsaturated fat

18
 Double bondd between carbon atom
in fatty acids
Ability to react with an additional
hydrogen atom

Condition at room temperature

Cholesterol level
Example

Nucleic acid

1. Nucleic acid contains ______________, __________________, _________________, _________________ and

____________________.

2. The basic unit structure is _________________ which consists of a ___________________, _____________, and
_________________.

3. There are 2 types of nucleic acid: ____________________ and ___________________.

4. State 2 importance of nucleic acids in cell.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________ ________________________________________________________________________

5. Label the structure below correctly.

6. State 5 importance of water in the cell.

i)

ii)

iii)
19
iv)

v)

Enzymes

Definition: Enzyme is a _________________ that act as ___________________________________ to _______________

the ___________________________ reaction in the body.

How does enzyme work?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Characteristics of enzyme

1. All the enzymes are _____________________________.

2. Enzymes do not ___________________ or ______________________ at the end of the reaction.

3. Enzymes are ___________________________________ that is , each enzyme can only catalyse one kind of substrate.

4. Enzymes are needed in ___________________________________.

5. Enzymes can work in ______________________________________, that is enzyme cn catalyse the reaction to

produce _______________ or to reproduce the substrate.

6. Enzyme activity can be __________________ or __________________by ____________________ such as _________

and __________________.

7. many enzymes can only function in the presence of _____________________ such as ferum.

8. Enzymes are sensitive to ____________________ and ______________________.

Naming of enzymes

- Add suffix ________ at the end of the name of their substrate. Example:

Name of substrate Name of enzyme

20
Maltose
Starch
Lipid
Sucrose
Protein
Lactose

- Intracellular enzyme are the enzymes that ____________________ and retained in the cell to __________________.
Such as __________________________.

- ______________________enzyme are the enzymes that synthesised in the cell but __________________ from the cell
to function ________________________. Such as ______________________

Production of extracellular enzyme

Organelle involved Role

1. Nucleus - contain ____________ that will be __________________ the instruction to ___________.
mRNA leaves the nuclues through __________________and attach itself to
__________________ on the rough ER.
2. Ribosomes The code in the mRNA is ________________ into a sequence of amino acids called a polypeptide.

3. The protein synthesised in the ribosomes are _________________ through the spaces of rough
ER.
21
4. The protein leqve the Rough ER in ____________________ that bud off from the RER.

5. The vesicles fuse with the membrane of Golgi apparatus and empty their contents into the
membranous space. The proteins are _______________________. For example, a
____________________ chain is added to the protrein to form _________________.
6.secretory vesicles Contain modified proteins and move to ______________________________. The vesicles fuse
with the plasma membrane and release the enzyme outside the cell.

Mechanism of enzyme action

- The action of enzymes is based on the ____________________________ hypothesis. The substrate represent the
_______ and enzyme represent the _______________.

1. A specific substrate moves towards the

___________________________ of the enzyme. So , enzyme is __________________________________.

2. The substrate __________ to the _________________________ of the enzyme and form an _____________________

_________________________. The enzyme catalyses the substrate to form ________________________.

3. The __________________ leaves the __________________________. Now, the enzyme is free to bind to more
substrate molecule.

4. Enzyme is not ___________________________________________________________________________________.

Factors affecting enzyme activity

a) Temperature

- At ________ temperature, the rate of enzyme

activity is _________ because enzyme is not
_____________.

22
 - As temperature increases, the substrate moves
rapidly and rate of _______________ with one
another and the enzyme active sites incerases.

- Hence, the rate of enzyme activity incerases. For

every _________ rise in temperature, te rate of
reaction is ____________ until ___________________

_________________. Beyond the optimum

temperature, the rate of enzyme activity decreases, because the enzymes are ___________________. Yhe shape of
active site change and the substrate no longer fit into it. At _________, all the enzymes are ________________ and the
reactions _____________.

b) pH

- Each enzyme can only function optimally at it optimal

pH.

- A change in pH alters the ____________ on the

enzymes’s ______________________ and the substrate
surfaces. Hence, the ability of both moleculess to bind
to each other is reduced.

c) Substrate concentration

- At low substrate concentrations, there are _________

enzymes molecules than substrate.

- So, increase in substrate concentration will increase

the rate of reaction until reaches the
_______________ rate.

- After maximim rate, _________ the active sites of

enzyme are occupied, so increasing the

23
 substrate concentration will not increase the rate
of reaction. The rate of reaction becomes
___________________.

- the enzyme concentration becomes a _____________

_________________.

c) Enzyme concentration

- More enzymes are available when the concentration

of enzymes increases.

- So, the rate of reaction increases if there are more

substrate molecules available until reaches the
_______________ __________________rate.

- After maximim rate, The rate of reaction becomes

___________________.

- the __________________ concentration becomes a

_____________ _______________.

Application Enzymes Uses

a) Daily life
i) Meat Eg: papain
b) Food processing
i) Dairy industry Lipase

24
ii) Seaweed products _________________ Breakdown cellulose to extract agar-agar.
iii) brewing industry _________________ Convert ____________ to ________________.
c) leather industry _________________ Removal of hair from animal hides
d) manufacturing of detergents _________________ Removal of organic stains from clothes.
_________________
_________________

Chapter 5: Cell division

Phase of cell cycle Events

1) Interphase - cell grows larger, prepare for cell division.
- nucleus is big and well-defined

25
i) G1

ii) S phase

iii) G2
2) M phase
i) Mitosis

ii) cytokinesis

Significance of mitosis

i) _________________________________________________________________________________________________

ii) ________________________________________________________________________________________________

iii) _______________________________________________________________________________________________

iv) ________________________________________________________________________________________________

Stages of mitosis Events

26
Mitosis in plant cell ( 2n= 4)

Cytokinesis in animal cell Cytokinesis in plant cell

- Formation of __________________________________ at - Formation of __________________________________.
the equator of the parent cell - ___________________ arrange at the equator of the
- _____________________ will occur and continue until parent cell.
the __________________ is separated into _______ - The vesicles fuse and forming _____________________.
daughter cells - cell plate grows ______________ until the edges reach
the plasma membrane anad fuse with it, dividing the cells
into two.
- new cell walls are formed.

Uncontrolled mitosis in living things

- produce ______________________ cells.

Difference sof normal cells and cancerous cell

27
 Normal cells Cancerous cells

- factors that can cause cancer:

1) exposure to ioniding radiation such as ____________________, ____________________

2) Carcinogenic compound such as _____________, ____________________, ________________________

3) viruses

- Types of tumours

i) Belign tumour

- abnormal cells that remain constricted at the original site

- inactive, harmless, but some will develop into malignant tumours if untreated.

ii) ________________ tumours

- can spread to other part of the body.

Application of knowledge of mitosis in cloning

1. Tissue culture technique (plant)

- All equipments used must be ____________________________.

- The ________________is cut into small pieces, called ________________________.

- Then, the explant is placed in a ___________________________ containing ___________________ and

_______________________________.

- After a few weeks, the explant is divided by ____________________ to develop into ___________________.

- Shoot-stimulating hormones stimulate callus to form multiplr shoots.

- Then the shoot is cut and regrown in a new medium with __________________________ hormones that help to
develop roots.

28
- The rooted ___________________ will be transferred to soil.

2. cloning (animal)

Advantages of cloning

1.

2.

3.

Disadvantages of cloning

1.

2.

3.

Meiosis

1. Definition:
_________________________________________________________________________________________

29
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Meiosis take place in _______________ and ______________________ in animal , in _________________ and

___________________ in flowering plant.

Stages of meiosis

Stages of Meiosis I Events

Interphase II: No replication of DNA occur.

Stages of Meiosis II Events

30
3. Significance of meiosis

i. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

ii. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Genetic variation occur due to:

i) _____________________________________________________________________________________________

ii) _____________________________________________________________________________________________

31
iii) _____________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Differences of meiosis I and meiosis II

Meiosis I Difference Meiosis II

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

6. Differences of meiosis and mitosis

Meiosis Difference Mitosis

Importance of the process

Type of cells

Synapsis

Crossing over

Number of chromosomes in
daughter cell
Cytokinesis

Genetic identity

DNA replication

Genetics disorder Number of chromosomes Symptoms

32
Down’s Syndrome 1.
2.
3.
4.

Klinefelter’s 1.
syndrome 2.
3.
Turner’s syndrome 1.
2.
3.

Chapter 6 Nutrition

33
Balanced diet

1. Definition: _______________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The energy value is the _____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________. The unit of energy value is _____________.

3. The daily energy requirement depends on the following factors:

a) b)

c) d)

4.

Food tests

Type of food Test Observation

Iodine test The iodine solution changes colour from yellowish broen to _______________
________________.

34
 Benedict’s test
A ___________________precipitate is formed. ___________________
hydrolyse___________________ sugar to ________________________.
Biuret test A __________________________ is formed.
Millon test A ____________________ precipitate is formed and when hetaed it changes
to a _____________________________.

Grease stain test A ______________________ stain is seen on the filter paper.

Sudan III test A __________ layer of oil is seen on the surface .

Vitamins

Vitamins Function Deficiency effect

A( )

B1 ( )
B3( )

Folic acid

C( )

D( )

E( )

K( )

Minerals

Minerals Function

35
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Iodine
Iron / Ferum
Fluorine

Malnutrition

- Caused by taking an __________________ diet in which certain nutrients are __________________, In ____________
or in wrong proportions.

Nutrient found lacking Disease Characteristics

Protein

Protein and energy providing

nutrients
Vitamin C

Ferum

Calcium

Excessive intake of nutrient Effect

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Sodium
Calcium
Ferum
Vitamin A
Vitamin D

Food digestion

36
Digestion: _________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Food Final product of digestion that can be absorbed

Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein

Human digestive system

37
Organ pH Digestive juices Enzymes Chemical process / reaction

medium

Mouth

Oesophagus

Stomach

duodenum

Ileum

Digestive system in ruminats and rodents

38