Reference: Essentials For Human Anatomy & Physiology by Marieb, E
Reference: Essentials For Human Anatomy & Physiology by Marieb, E
Reference: Essentials For Human Anatomy & Physiology by Marieb, E
Name:____________________
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Year:_____________
Prelim Topic 2: Cells and Tissues
SY:_____________
Course &
Semester &
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
The Nucleus
Three regions
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the
rest of the cell
Nucleoli
Chromatin
Plasma Membrane
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails
Microvilli
Membrane junctions
Tight junctions
Impermeable junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma
membrane
Cytosol
Organelles
Inclusions
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Two types of ER
Synthesizes proteins
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments (largest)
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules (smallest)
Centrioles
Cellular Projections
Cell Diversity:
Cell Physiology:
A. Membrane Transport
Selective Permeability
The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others
This permeability influences movement both into and out of the cell
Diffusion
Types of diffusion
1. Simple diffusion
An unassisted process
3. Facilitated diffusion
4. Filtration
Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or
hydrostatic pressure
A pressure gradient must exist
Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high-pressure area to a
lower pressure area
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers
called solute pumps
Vesicular transport
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Types of endocytosis
Phagocytosiscell eating
Pinocytosiscell drinking
Interphase
Cell grows
Cell division
DNA Replication
Genetic material is duplicated and readies a cell for division into two cells
Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
C. Protein Synthesis
GeneDNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein
Proteins have many functions
a. Building materials for cells
Transcription
Transfer of information from DNAs base sequence to the
complimentary base sequence of mRNA
Three-base sequences on mRNA are called codons
Translation
Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
Body Tissues
Tissues
Groups of cells with similar structure and function
Four primary types
Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial Tissues
Locations
Functions
Epithelium Characteristics
Cells fit closely together and often form sheets
The apical surface is the free surface of the tissue
The lower surface of the epithelium rests on a basement membrane
Avascular (no blood supply)
Regenerate easily if well nourished
Classification of Epithelia
Number of cell layers
Simple
Stratified
Shape of cells
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Simple Epithelia
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified Epithelia
Stratified squamous
Transitional epithelium
Glandular Epithelium
Gland
Connective Tissue
Functions
Extracellular matrix
Fibers
Three types
Reticular fibers
Composed of
Hyaline cartilage
Composed of
Rubbery matrix
Locations
Elastic cartilage
Provides elasticity
Location
Fibrocartilage
Highly compressible
Location
Locations
Areolar tissue
Adipose tissue
Muscle Tissue
Three types
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Nervous Tissue
Irritability
Conductivity
Regeneration
Fibrosis
Determination of method
Scab detaches
Regeneration of Tissues
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
With old age, there is a decrease in mass and viability in most tissues