Module 1

Lesson Structure and Functions of

Animal Tissues and Cell
Modification

Activity 1:1
Answer the following questions briefly.
1. In what ways are cells similar? In what ways are they different? Make a Venn diagram

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Doesn’t possess cell wall Eukarya Do possess cell wall

Doesn’t have Chloroplast Both have Nucleolus Do have Chloroplast

Do have small and numerous Both have Endoplasmic Do have single and large
Vacuoles. Reticulum Vacuoles.

Do have Centrioles Both have Mitochondria Doesn’t have Centrioles

Do have Golgi
Apparatus

2. You have learned that plant cells have chloroplast but animals do not.
What do you think are the advantages that chloroplast give to plant cells?

Ans: Chloroplasts are a major advantage to doing synthetic biology in plants.

They produce starch and some amino acids as well as hosting photosynthesis,
all fully separated from other cellular functions going on in the rest of the cell.

Activity 1: 2
Answer the following questions briefly:

1. What is the importance of having a tissue level in the hierarchy of biological organization?
(2 points)
Ans: Tissues are important in the hierarchy of biological organization because these
are the things that consist organs and other vital parts of the body.

2. What do the varying shapes and arrangement of epithelial tissue suggest? (2 points)
Ans: The different shapes and arrangements of epithelial cells in different sites of the
body reflect differences in function. Like Thick epithelium with many layers (as
 occurs in skin) reflects a more effective barrier function than the thin epithelium
(endothelium) of blood vessels. Cilia on the surface of epithelium allows for
movement of fluid across that epithelium, as occurs in the bronchi lungs and in
the oviduct. Microvilli on the surface of cells increase the area for diffusion or
transport across those cells. Tall, “columnar” cells provide a greater barrier to
diffusion of molecules between compartments than do shorter, “cuboidal” cells
or even thinner, “squamous” cells.

3. What is the general function of connective tissues? What function is common to all types
of connective tissues? (2 point)
Ans: Major functions of connective tissue include: First binding and supporting,
second, protecting, third, insulating, fourth, storing reserve fuel, and
fifth, transporting substances within the body.
Connective tissues can have various levels of vascularity. Cartilage is
avascular, while dense connective tissue is poorly vascularized. Others, such
as bone, are richly supplied with blood vessels.

4. What are the functions of voluntary and involuntary muscles? (2 points)

Ans: Voluntary muscles are mostly located in the arms, legs, hands, and feet.
Involuntary muscles are located more within the body like your lungs, and
intestine urinary bladder, etc. They help you in breathing, in propelling food
along gut but you don’t have to think about using them or make them move they
just do it naturally even though you can stop them or make them go.

5. What is the importance of glial cells in nervous tissues? (2 points)

Ans: Glial cells are a general term referring to many different types of cells in the
nervous system. Glial cells surround neurons which provide protection to these
neuronal cells.

6. Identify three (3) cell modifications and describe their respective functions. (2 points each)
Ans: Apical (Surface or luminal) modifications: It is specialized to carry out
functions that occur at these interfaces, including secretion, absorption,
and movement of luminal contents. Basal modification; increase the
surface area where ions transport occurs as in kidney tubules. Lateral
Modification; barriers that regulate the movement of water and solutes
between epithelial layers Prevent leakage of ECF.

Explain the statement “A cell is a living unit greater than the sum of its parts.” Give an example.

Ans: The indivudla parts of a cell are nothing compared to its entire functions. All parts of the cell,
such as the nucleolus, nucleus, ER, Golgi Appartus, ribosomes, and plasma membrane help
out in a variety of ways. each organelle and unit in the cell is responsible for one and other and
many complex processes could not take place without the prescience of a companion which
aids in the process for another substance. A ribosome by itself is okay and could maybe do
some cool things, but when it is in a cell then its potential is limitless.

Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following muscles is voluntary and can be moved at will?

a. Smooth muscle
b. Cardiac muscle
c. Skeletal muscle
d. All of the above
2. Since animals can move around to search for water, their cells can afford to have _________
a. Centrosome
b. No cell walls
c. No chloroplasts
 d. Smaller vacuoles
3. Which of the following terms are incorrectly matched?
a. Skin: epithelial tissue
b. Muscle: cardiac tissue
c. Tendon: dense connective tissue
d. Cartilage: loose connective tissue
4. Bones provide strength and support because their intercellular matrix consist of _______
a. Protein fibers
b. Calcium carbonate
c. Salts of calcium phosphate
d. All of the above
5. Which combined tissues are directly involved when a boy kicks, a frog leaps or a bird flies?
a. Bones and nerves
b. Blood and muscles
c. Muscles and bones
d. Nerves and muscles

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Use specific examples to show that particular functions are closely related to the structural
characteristics of:
a. Animal cells
b. Animal tissues
2. How do connective tissues support the body?
3. Recall what you know about cell parts. What is the advantage of muscle cell containing numerous
mitochondria?

Ans:
1. A. Animal cells: Centrioles, functions; helping in cell division by allowing separation of chromosomes, and helping in
cell movement. Centrosomes, functions; help in the separation of chromosomes during cell division, maintaining the
chromosome number during cell division, and organizing microtubules and thus providing cell shape. Lysosomes,
functions; Digesting complex biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, destroying the
organelles that are not functioning properly, and removing cellular waste products from the cell.

B. Animal tissues: Epithelial tissues form the protective covering and inner lining of the body and organs.
Connective tissues develop from the mesodermal cells of the embryo; they support and bind other tissues in
the body. Muscular tissue performs the following functions: It helps in movement and locomotion, it supports
the bones and other structure, and it is responsible for peristalsis and parturition. Nervous tissue makes up
the peripheral and the central nervous system, it develops from the ectoderm of the embryo, and it possesses
the ability to initiate and transmit the nerve impulse.

2. Connective tissues separate and cushion organs, protecting them from shifting or traumatic injuries.
Connective tissues also provide support and assist movement, store and transport energy molecules, protect
against infections, and contribute to temperature homeostasis. Many different cells contribute to the formation
of connective tissues.

3. Muscle cells need energy to do mechanical work and respond quickly. Thus a higher number of mitochondria
is present so that the cells requirement of energy to perform its specific function is fulfilled.

Create a model of an animal cell with common materials found at home. Get a plastic bag to
represent a membrane. Use other materials that you collected to represent the structure or function of the
cell organelles. Record your explanation through video and send it to my account in facebook. 4-5 minutes
will do! But if there is no signal in your place. You can take a photo of your work and print it together with
your explanations. Send it together with your module during retrieval.
Module 2

Lesson CELL THEORY

1

1. What are the components of the cell theory?

Ans: All living things are made up of cells, cells are the smallest units (or most basic building
blocks) of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells through the process of cell division.

2. Who are the three principal contributors to the cell theory? State their contributions to the
development of the theory?

Ans: The three scientists that contributed to the development of cell theory are Matthias
Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow. Matthias Schleiden and zoologist
Theodor Schwann were studying tissues and proposed the unified cell theory. The unified cell
theory states that: all living things are composed of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit
of life; and new cells arise from existing cells. Rudolf Virchow later made important
contributions to this theory. Schleiden and Schwann proposed spontaneous generation as
the method for cell origination, but spontaneous generation (also called abiogenesis) was
later disproven. Rudolf Virchow famously stated “Omnis cellula e cellula”… “All cells only
arise from pre-existing cells. “The parts of the theory that did not have to do with the origin of
cells, however, held up to scientific scrutiny and are widely agreed upon by the scientific
community today.

3. Explain each of the postulates of cell theory.

Ans: Postulates of the cellular theory

The cell theory mainly talks about three fundamental aspects of the cell:

1 - All living beings are made up of cells. Of a single cell - unicellular organisms - or of
several - paralellular.

2 - The cell is the smallest biological unit that exists. Vital functions revolve around cells.

3 - All cells come from other cells. Living things originate from cells.

4- Cells are a genetic unit with hereditary material that allows the transmission of genes from
generation to generation.

In this way, no matter the size of the living being studied, since, if a sample of tissue is taken
from it, it will be seen that it is also composed of millions of cells.

On the other hand, it can be observed that these cells are responsible for giving rise to other
cells, through a process of cell partitioning

4. What enabled cytologist to gain more knowledge and better understanding of the cell theory?
Which postulates of cell theory is most important? Explain your answer
Ans: Cellular theory is one of the most important and central postulates of the field of modern biology. It
states that absolutely all living beings are composed of cells. This includes all organisms on our planet.

Quiz (Choose the best letter that corresponds the best answer.)
1.  Which of the following was not a major event in the history of the development of cell theory?

a) Hooke viewing the remains of cells in a slice of cork under a microscope

b) Schleiden concluding that all plants are comprised of cells
c) Van Leeuwenhoek viewing living cells from algae and protists under his microscope
d) Schwann identifying that bacteria and viruses were single-celled organisms
e) Virchow determining that all cells are produced by preexisting cells

2. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for the development of cell theory?

a) Manufacturing and using simple microscopes  → determining that all living organisms are
comprised of cells → determining that plants are comprised of cells  → understanding that
new cells are produced by preexisting cells
b) Manufacturing and using simple microscopes → determining that plants are comprised of
cells → determining that all living organisms are comprised of cells → understanding that new cells
are produced by preexisting cells
c) Determining that plants are comprised of cells → determining that all living organisms are comprised
of cells → manufacturing and using simple microscopes → understanding that new cells are
produced by preexisting cells
d) Manufacturing and using simple microscopes → understanding that new cells are produced by
preexisting cells → determining that plants are comprised of cells → determining that all living
organisms are comprised of cells

3. How did Robert Hooke contribute to the development of cell theory?

a) Hooke studied plant tissues and determined that plants are composed of cells.
b) Hooke stated that the new cells in an organism are produced by preexisting cells.
c) Hooke used lenses to make simple microscopes that could view living organisms under
greater than 200x magnification.
d) Hooke determined that all living organisms are composed of cells.
e) Hooke used a microscope to view a piece of cork that he determined was made up of
small compartments he called “cells.”

4. How did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek contribute to the development of cell theory?

a) Van Leeuwenhoek stated that the new cells in an organism are produced by preexisting cells.
b) Van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope to view a piece of cork that he determined was made
up of small compartments he called “cells.”
c) Van Leeuwenhoek used lenses to make simple microscopes that could view living
organisms under greater than 200x magnification.
d) Van Leeuwenhoek determined that all living organisms are composed of cells.
e) Van Leeuwenhoek studied plant tissues and determined that plants are composed of cells.

5. How did Matthias Schleiden contribute to the development of cell theory?

a) Schleiden determined that all living organisms are composed of cells.

b) Schleiden studied plant tissues and determined that plants are composed of cells.
 c) Schleiden used lenses to make simple microscopes that could view living organisms under
greater than 200x magnification.
d) Schleiden used a microscope to view a piece of cork that he determined was made up of
small compartments he called “cells.”
e) Schleiden stated that the new cells in an organism are produced by preexisting cells.

6. Which two scientists, involved in the development of cell theory, determined that living organisms
are made up of cells?

a) Virchow and Schwann

b) Virchow and Hooke
c) Schleiden and Schwann
d) Hooke and Van Leeuwenhoek
7. Which of the following best defines cell theory?

a) It is the scientific theory that states that cells will divide, replicate, and mutate throughout their
lifetime.
b) It is the scientific theory that states that all cells are genetically and structurally identical
across all living organisms.
c) It is the scientific theory that states that all living animals are made up of groups of differently
specialized cells.
d) It is the scientific theory that states that cells are the basic unit of life and make up all
living organisms.

8. How did Rudolf Virchow contribute to the development of cell theory?

a) Virchow used lenses to make simple microscopes that could view living organisms under
greater than 200x magnification.
b) Virchow stated that the new cells in an organism are produced by preexisting cells.
c) Virchow studied plant tissues and determined that plants are composed of cells.
d) Virchow used a microscope to view a piece of cork that he determined was made up of small
compartments he called “cells.”
e) Virchow determined that all living organisms are composed of cells.

9. Which of the following is not a principle that cell theory is based on?
a) Cells are the smallest structures found within an organism.
b) All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
c) All cells are made from preexisting cells.
d) The basic functional unit of all living organisms is the cell.

10. How did Theodor Schwann contribute to the development of cell theory?
a) Schwann used a microscope to view a piece of cork that he determined was made up of
small compartments he called “cells.”
b) Schwann determined that all living organisms are composed of cells .
c) Schwann studied plant tissues and determined that plants are composed of cells.
d) Schwann used lenses to make simple microscopes that could view living organisms under
magnification greater than 200x.
e) Schwann stated that the new cells in an organism are produced by preexisting cells.

Now, let us remember the contributions of the following Biologists in developing cell theory.
(You may write your answers on the space, below the names of each biologist.) 2 points each

ROBERT HOOKE (1665)

While observing cork through his microscope, Hooke saw tiny boxlike cavities, which he
illustrated and described as cells. He had discovered plant cells! Hooke’s discovery led
to the understanding of cells as the smallest units of life—the foundation of cell theory.
ANTOINE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1673)

Leeuwenhoek contributed to the cell theory unicellular bacteria in 1674. His

contribution to cell theory was the word “cell” and his discovery of cells in a peice of
cork.
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN (1804-1881)

In 1838 Matthias Schleiden had stated that plant tissues were composed of cells
THEODOR SCHAWNN (1810-1882)

Schwann concluded that all tissues are made up of cells: this laid the foundations for
the cell theory. Schwann also worked on fermentation and discovered the enzyme
pepsin.
RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1821- 1902)

Virchow used the theory that all cells arise from pre-existing cells to lay the
groundwork for cellular pathology, or the study of disease at the cellular level. His work
made it more clear that diseases occur at the cellular level.
Module 3

Lesson The cell Structure and

1 Organization

Activity 1:1
For the chart below, place a check in the box if it’s the cell has that component

Organelle Plant Animal Bacteria

Vacuole / /
Chloroplast /
Ribosome / / /
Mitochondria / /
DNA / / /
Endoplasmic Reticulum /
Cell wall / /
Golgi apparatus / /

Activity 1:2

Tell me what you know. (1 point for each correct answer, plus 4 = 10 points)

Answer the following briefly.

Identify the part of the cell that best suits the descriptions given below.

a. The “electric power plant” of the cell. Mitochondria

b. The “CPU (central processing unit)” of the cell. Nucleus
c. The “jeepneys” of the cell. Vesicles
d. The “janitors” of the cell. Lysosomes
e. The refrigerators” of the cell. Vacuoles
f. The “quality control unit” of the cell. Ribosomes

The activities/functions of the different cell organelles are responsible for the occurrence of many natural
processes. Explain the role of:
a. Lysosome in the disintegration of tails in tadpoles.

Ans: Disintegration of tadpole tail requires digestion of tail tissue, which is achieved by very
high lysosomal enzymatic activity. Lysosomes are single membrane bound small vacuole shaped
organelles. These are formed from Golgi bodies. Lysosome stores a lot of digestive and hydrolysing
enzymes. Lysosomal enzymes help macrophagic cells to digest cell debris that they remove. The
enzymes could also be released inside the cell to achieve cell lysis.

b. Mitochondria in leg muscle cells of a runner.

Ans: Mitochondria is the cellular structure that uses oxygen to produce cellular fuel called ATP
(adenosine triphosphate for you science geeks out there). ATP is used in muscle contraction.
Because slow twitch fibers can provide their own energy or fuel, they can sustain force for a longer
period of time (think marathon) but lack the ability to sustain force (think sprint).

c. Vacuoles in the growth of plant cells.

Ans: Vacuoles are membrane bounded sacs present in the cytoplasm of the cell. The function of a
vacuole is to provide structural support in mature plants, as well as providing storage of food temporarily. A
vacuole also serves functions of waste disposal, protection, cell growth etc.
Choose the letter that corresponds to the word or phrase that best completes the
Sentence.
1. Which choices below is the function of mitochondria?
a. Transport of molecules
b. Cell replication
c. Protein synthesis
d. Energy production
2. Among the choices below, which statement describes the function of centrioles?
a. Found in the nucleus
b. Make macrovilli
c. Are found in chromosomes
d. Form spindle fibers during cell division
3. Where does protein synthesis happen in the cytoplasm?
a. Lysosomes
b. Mitochondria
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
4. Which of the following is not a function smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
a. Metabolism of drugs and toxins in the liver
b. Synthesis of proteins
c. Conduction of impulses in muscle
d. Synthesis of steroids
5. Describe the possible scenario using two to three sentences when:
(2 points each)
a. The membrane surrounding the lysosomes break
b. The cell membrane is completely permeable
c. Plant cells have no cell wall
d. A cell has no mitochondria
e. A ribosome is defective
f. Animal cells have a cell wall

1. Identify the parts of the cell indicated by the arrows in the diagrams below. 1 point each
2. Describe the structure and function of the major and subcellular organelles of plant and animal cells
indicated in the diagrams.

Cross-Section of a Plant Cell

Plant Cell Components and it’s Functions

 Cell Wall - The primary function of the cell wall is to protect and provide structural support to the cell. The plant
cell wall is also involved in protecting the cell against mechanical stress and to provide form and structure to the
cell. It also filters the molecules passing in and out of the cell.
 Cell membrane - The cell membrane plays an important role in regulating the entry and exit of specific
substances within the cell.
 Nucleus - stores DNA or hereditary information required for cell division, metabolism and growth.
 Nucleolus - It manufactures cell’s protein-producing structures and ribosomes.
 Chloroplasts - It is an elongated organelle enclosed by phospholipid membrane. The chloroplast is shaped like a
disc and the stroma is the fluid within the chloroplast that comprises a circular DNA. Each chloroplast contains a
green colored pigment called chlorophyll required for the process of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll absorbs
light energy from the sun and uses it to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
 Central Vacuole - The vital function of central vacuole apart from storage is to sustain turgid pressure against the
cell wall.
 Golgi Apparatus - They are found in all eukaryotic cells which are involved in distributing synthesized
macromolecules to various parts of the cell.
 Ribosomes - They are the smallest membrane-bound organelles which comprise RNA and protein. They are the sites
for protein synthesis, hence, also referred to as the protein factories of the cell.
 Mitochondria - They provide energy by breaking down carbohydrate and sugar molecules, hence they are also
referred to as the “Powerhouse of the cell.”
 Lysosome - They perform the function of cellular waste disposal by digesting worn-out organelles, food particles
and foreign bodies in the cell.

Cross-Section of Animal Cell

Animal Cell Components and it’s Functions

 Cell membrane - The cell membrane plays an important role in regulating the entry and exit of specific
substances within the cell.
 Nucleus - stores DNA or hereditary information required for cell division, metabolism and growth.
 Nucleolus - It manufactures cell’s protein-producing structures and ribosomes.
 Golgi Apparatus - They are found in all eukaryotic cells which are involved in distributing synthesized
macromolecules to various parts of the cell.
 Ribosomes - They are the smallest membrane-bound organelles which comprise RNA and protein. They are the sites
for protein synthesis, hence, also referred to as the protein factories of the cell.
 Mitochondria - They provide energy by breaking down carbohydrate and sugar molecules, hence they are also
referred to as the “Powerhouse of the cell.”
 Lysosome - They perform the function of cellular waste disposal by digesting worn-out organelles, food particles
and foreign bodies in the cell.
 Pinocytotic Vesicle - aids in transportation as a cell’s plasma membrane absorbs molecules from outside.
 Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) - The majority of the functions of rough ER is associated with protein
synthesis. Rough endoplasmic reticulum also plays a vital role in protein folding.
 Smooth ER - synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, the detoxification of harmful metabolic byproducts and the
storage and metabolism of calcium ions within the cell.
 Micro Tubules - forming the mitotic spindle, also called the spindle apparatus. This is a structure that is formed
during mitosis (cell division) in eukaryotic cells. The mitotic spindle organizes and separates chromosomes
during cell division so that the chromosomes can be partitioned into two separate daughter cells.
 Try this! Critical Thinking…
1. Compare each of the cell organelles to a structure inside your house. Give an explanation for each
comparison. (2 points for the explanation and 1 point for each structure.)
Ans: Vacuoles – Storage of food (Refrigirator)
Pinocytotic Vesicle - aids in transportation as a cell’s plasma membrane absorbs molecules from
outside (Vacuum, Door)

2. Compare the cell to a big city. 2 points each

 What are the requirements of the city in order for it to function?
1. Power Plant
2. Food and Water Sources and Storage
3. Huge Human Population
4. Main Waste Management Dumpsite
5. House, Shelters, and Infrastructure

 Relate these requirements to the functions of the different parts of a cell.

1. A cell needs energy to function so it has Mitochondria.
2. A cell needs source of energy so it has Micro Tubules to receive and Vacuoles to store energy resources.
3. A whole Human Population function of management is can be compared to a nucleus that controls all the
activities of the cell,
4. If a city needs waste management, a cell also needs one so it has Lysosome to do the job.
5. A cell needs to protect itself by sheltering so it has cell wall to do the job
 Sample responses:
1. The city will need power. What generates power for the city? Relate this to the function of the
mitochondria and the chloroplast.
2. The city generates waste. How does it minimize its waste? How does the city handle its garbage? Relate
this to the function of the lysosome.
3. The city requires raw materials to process into food, clothing, and housing materials. Where are these raw
materials processed? Relate this to the functions of the Golgi apparatus.

1. List all the major and subcellular organelles and describe the structure and function by filling in the table
below.
Major and subcellular Structure Function
organelles
Cell Membrane of two layers of phospholipids regulating the entry and exit
with proteins and carbohydrates of specific substances
scattered outside, within, and within the cell.
inside the bilipid layer like a
mosaic (fluid mosaic model)
Cytoplasm It is made up of fluid like acts as a buffer and
substance where membrane – protects the genetic
bound organelles (small material of the cell and also
structures inside the cell that the cellular organelles from
carry specific functions) damage caused due to
movement and collision
with other cells. The
cytoplasmic organelles are
specialized structures that
have their own functions
like cellular respiration,
protein synthesis, etc
Mitochondria small, double-membrane, production of energy
spherical or sausage- shaped
organelles
Plastids double – membrane organelles manufacture of food
(photosynthesis)
Ribosomes small granular structures made They are the smallest
up of RNA and proteins membrane-bound
organelles which comprise
RNA and protein. They are
the sites for protein
synthesis, hence, also
referred to as the protein
factories of the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum membranous structure forming a function is to produce
network of canals proteins for the rest of the
cell to function
Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex another membranous organelle modifies proteins produced
forming a structure of stack of in the ribosomes that
flattened sacs passed through the RER
Vesicles small structures within a cell, carry substances in and out
consisting of fluid enclosed by a of the cell
lipid bilayer
Vacuoles membrane bound structure found storage of food, enzymes,
in the cytoplasmic matrix of a cell and other materials needed
by the cell
Lysosomes membrane-bound cell organelle break bacteria, viruses,
complex food particles, and
damage cell components
that could be harmful and
interfere with the normal
activities of the cell. The
bilipid layer enclosing the
lysosomes prevents the
hydrolytic enzymes from
destroying the parts of the
cell.
Cytoskeleton Microtubules appear like small,  It provides shape
hollow, round tubes with a
diameter of about 24 nanometers. and support to the cell.
They are made up of a protein,  It helps in the
tubulin. Thirteen tubulins link to formation of vacuoles.
form a single tube
 It holds different
cell organelles in
 place.
 It assists in cell
signaling.
 It supports
intracellular
movements like the
migration of cell
organelles,
transportation of
vesicles in and out of
the cell, etc.

Nucleus Contains a nuclear membrane,  It contains the

chromosomes, nucleolus and cell’s hereditary
cytoplasm. It is a sphere-shaped information and
organelle found in eukaryotic controls the cell’s
cells. The nucleus is surrounded
growth and
by a nuclear envelope, or nuclear
membrane, which contains the reproduction.
nucleus, cytoplasm and  The nucleus has
chromosomes been clearly explained
as a membrane-bound
structure that
comprises the genetic
material of a cell.
 It is not just a
storage compartment
for DNA, but also
happens to be the
home of some
important cellular
processes.