International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)

Volume: 08 Issue: 04 | April - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930

Extraction Of Oil From Orange Peel By Steam Distillation

Dr. R M Abhang1, Srushti Bakal2, Drushti Bakal3, Komal Garje4

1 Assistant Professor, Department of chemical engineering, Sir Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
2,3,4 , Department of chemical engineering, Sir Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract : provides a sustainable solution for managing agricultural
waste but also presents an opportunity to obtain value-
This project focuses on the sustainable extraction of added products with numerous potential applications. By
essential oil from orange peel utilizing steam distillation. optimizing the steam distillation process parameters such
Orange peel, a byproduct of the citrus industry, contains as temperature, pressure, and extraction time, it is possible
valuable essential oils known for their aromatic and to enhance the yield and quality of the extracted orange
functional properties. Steam distillation, a widely peel oil. Furthermore, the extracted orange peel oil holds
employed technique in essential oil extraction, offers an promise for diverse industrial applications. Its aromatic
environmentally friendly and efficient method for profile makes it a desirable ingredient in the formulation
obtaining these oils. This study aims to optimize the steam of perfumes, cosmetics, and household cleaners.
distillation process parameters such as temperature, Additionally, the oil's antimicrobial and antioxidant
pressure, and extraction time to enhance the yield and properties render it suitable for use in food preservation
quality of the extracted oil. Additionally, the project and flavoring. Moreover, the therapeutic benefits of
explores the potential applications of the extracted orange orange peel oil, including its mood-enhancing and stress-
peel oil in industries such as food, cosmetics, and relieving properties, make it a popular choice in
aromatherapy, highlighting its economic and aromatherapy products. Through this project, we aim to
environmental significance. Through experimental contribute to the advancement of sustainable practices in
investigation and analysis, this research contributes to the both agriculture and industry. By exploring the extraction
development of sustainable practices in the utilization of of oil from orange peel using steam distillation, we seek to
agricultural byproducts and the extraction of value-added harness the potential of agricultural byproducts while
products. promoting eco-friendly methods for obtaining valuable
essential oils. This research endeavors to bridge the gap
Key Words: essential oil orange peel, steam Distillation, between agriculture and industry by offering a viable
Extraction. solution for waste management while generating value
1.INTRODUCTION from underutilized resources.

The extraction of essential oils from natural sources has 2. ESSENTIAL OILS
garnered significant attention in recent years due to their
diverse applications in various industries such as food, 1. Aromatic Qualities: The oil possesses a refreshing,
cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and aromatherapy. Among tangy aroma that is both invigorating and uplifting. Its
these natural sources, citrus fruits, including oranges, bright citrus fragrance is often used in aromatherapy to
stand out for their rich content of essential oils found promote a positive mood, reduce stress, and create an
primarily in their peels. Orange peel, a byproduct of the energizing atmosphere.
citrus industry, is abundant and possesses valuable 2. Therapeutic Benefits: Rich in compounds such as
aromatic compounds that contribute to its distinct limonene and citral, orange peel oil offers a wide range
fragrance and therapeutic properties. One of the most of therapeutic benefits. It is known for its antimicrobial
common methods employed for the extraction of essential properties, which can help inhibit the growth of bacteria,
oils from plant materials is steam distillation. This viruses, and fungi, making it useful in natural cleaning
technique involves the use of steam to rupture the oil and disinfecting applications.
glands within the plant material, releasing the essential 3. Digestive Support: Orange peel oil has long been used
oils, which are then carried along with the steam and to support digestive health. It may aid in relieving
subsequently condensed into a liquid form. Steam symptoms of indigestion, bloating, and nausea by
distillation offers several advantages, including high promoting healthy digestion and soothing the
extraction efficiency, minimal degradation of heat- gastrointestinal tract.
sensitive compounds, and environmental friendliness, 4. Skin Care: In skincare, orange peel oil is valued for its
making it a preferred method for obtaining essential oils astringent and antioxidant properties. It can help tone
from botanical sources. In this project, the focus lies on the and rejuvenate the skin, reduce the appearance of acne
extraction of oil from orange peel using steam distillation. and blemishes, and improve overall skin texture and
The utilization of orange peel for oil extraction not only appearance.

© 2024, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: | Page 1

 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 08 Issue: 04 | April - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930

3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OIL 4. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF

ESSENTIAL OIL
1. Color: Essential oils come in a wide range of colors,
from clear to pale yellow, green, or even deep blue or 1. Monoterpenes: These are simple hydrocarbons with
amber, depending on the specific oil. For example, the molecular formula C10H16. Examples include
lavender essential oil is typically colorless to pale compounds like limonene (found in citrus oils), pinene
yellow, while peppermint oil is often pale yellow with (found in pine and fir oils), and myrcene (found in hops
a slight green tint. and lemongrass oils).
2. Sesquiterpenes: These are larger terpenes with the
2. Viscosity: Essential oils generally have a low molecular formula C15H24. They often have more
viscosity, meaning they are thin and flow easily. complex structures and can exhibit a wide range of
However, some oils may be slightly more viscous than biological activities. Examples include compounds like
others due to differences in their chemical composition. β-caryophyllene (found in black pepper and clove oils)
For example, patchouli essential oil is thicker and more and farnesene (found in chamomile and ylang-ylang
viscous than oils like lemon or tea tree. oils).
3. Oxygenated Monoterpenes: These are monoterpenes
that have undergone oxidation reactions, resulting in
3. Odor: The aroma of essential oils is one of their most the addition of oxygen atoms to the molecule.
distinctive characteristics. Each oil has its own unique Examples include alcohols like linalool (found in
scent profile, ranging from floral and fruity to spicy, lavender and coriander oils), aldehydes like citral
woody, or herbaceous. The intensity of the aroma can (found in lemon and lemongrass oils), and ketones like
vary, with some oils being very potent and others more camphor (found in rosemary and eucalyptus oils).
subtle. 4. Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes: Similar to oxygenated
monoterpenes, these are sesquiterpenes that have
4. Volatility: Essential oils are highly volatile, meaning undergone oxidation reactions. Examples include
they evaporate readily at room temperature. This compounds like nerolidol (found in neroli and ginger
volatility contributes to their aromatic properties and oils) and farnesol (found in rose and jasmine oils).
makes them easily dispersible in the air when diffused 5. Phenols: These are aromatic compounds that contain a
or applied topically. hydroxyl group (OH) attached to an aromatic ring.
Examples include compounds like thymol (found in
5. Solubility: Essential oils are not soluble in water but thyme and oregano oils) and eugenol (found in clove
are soluble in other oils, alcohols, and solvents. This and cinnamon oils). Phenols often exhibit strong
property makes them ideal for use in carrier oils, antimicrobial properties.
lotions, and other oil-based formulations. However, 6. Esters: These are compounds formed by the reaction
essential oils should be properly diluted before direct of an alcohol with an organic acid. Examples include
application to the skin to prevent irritation or compounds like linalyl acetate (found in lavender and
sensitization. bergamot oils) and geranyl acetate (found in rose and
geranium oils). Esters contribute to the fruity and floral
notes of many essential oils.
6. Density: The density of essential oils can vary, but 7. Alcohols: These are organic compounds containing a
most are less dense than water. This means that they hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a saturated carbon
will float on the surface of water if added undiluted, atom. Examples include compounds like geraniol
though they can be dispersed in water using emulsifiers (found in rose and geranium oils) and terpineol (found
or solvents. in pine and cajuput oils). Alcohols often have pleasant,
floral aromas and can exhibit antimicrobial properties.
7. Refractive Index: Essential oils have a refractive 8. Ketones: These are compounds containing a carbonyl
index, which is a measure of how much light is bent, or group (C=O) attached to two alkyl groups. Examples
refracted, as it passes through the oil. This property can be include compounds like camphor (found in rosemary
and eucalyptus oils) and menthone (found in
used to identify and authenticate essential oils, as different
peppermint and spearmint oils). Ketones can have
oils have distinct refractive indices. cooling, minty aromas and may exhibit analgesic
properties.

© 2024, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: | Page 2

 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 08 Issue: 04 | April - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930

5. DIFFERENT EXTRACTION METHODS FOR mass transfer and extraction efficiency. It's applicable
OF EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM ORANGE in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food,
PEEL and environmental analysis. Optimization of
parameters like frequency and power is essential for
maximizing extraction yield. Ultrasound extraction
1. Cold Pressing: Cold pressing, also known as
offers advantages like reduced extraction time,
expression or mechanical pressing, is a simple and
improved selectivity, and lower solvent consumption.
traditional method for extracting oil from citrus peels.
In this method, the orange peel is mechanically pressed
to release the oil, which is then collected. Cold pressing
preserves the natural aroma and flavor of the oil but 6. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT
may yield lower quantities compared to other EXTRACTION METHODS
extraction methods.

2. Steam Distillation: Steam distillation is a widely used From above comparison we found that distillation is
method for extracting essential oils from plant most suitable path
materials, including orange peel. In this method, steam
is passed through the orange peel, causing the oil 1. Efficient Process: Steam distillation is an efficient
glands to rupture and release the essential oil. The method as it can extract oils from the peels in a fast
steam and oil vapor are then condensed and collected, and effective way.
with the oil separating from the water. Steam 2. Less Harmful to Environment: Steam distillation is a
distillation allows for efficient extraction of oil while green method and not harmful to the environment
preserving its aromatic and therapeutic properties. compared to other methods that use chemical
solvents.
3. Produces High-Quality Oil: Steam distillation
3. Solvent Extraction: Solvent extraction involves using produces pure and high-quality orange peel oil by
a solvent, such as hexane or ethanol, to extract oil from separating the oil from water and impurities.
orange peel. The solvent dissolves the oil from the peel,
forming a solution that is then separated from the solid
plant material. The solvent is then evaporated to
recover the oil. Solvent extraction can yield high
quantities of oil but may require additional processing
to remove traces of solvent from the final product.

4. Microwave Assisted Extraction (SFE): Microwave-

assisted extraction (MAE) is a technique that uses
microwave radiation to speed up the extraction of
compounds from various materials, like plants or
foods. It's faster than traditional methods, enhances
extraction efficiency, and allows for selective
extraction. MAE finds applications in extracting
bioactive compounds, analyzing food and Research Methodology
environmental samples, and in pharmaceutical and
nutraceutical industries. Optimization of parameters
like microwave power and extraction time is crucial,
along with safety precautions due to exposure to high
temperatures and microwave radiation.

5. Ultrasound Extraction : Ultrasound extraction

utilizes high-frequency sound waves to enhance the
extraction of compounds from materials like plants or
foods. It's a rapid and efficient method, often used in
extracting bioactive compounds and essential oils.
Ultrasound creates cavitation bubbles in the solvent,
which implode near the sample surface, enhancing

© 2024, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: | Page 3

 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 08 Issue: 04 | April - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930

Plant Material: orange peel Step 3: Boiling Water - Water is first boiled in a large
boiler to generate steam.
Material And Instruments: Step 4: Steam Flow - The steam flows through the orange
peels in the extraction chamber, which releases the oil
Boiler or steam generator (to produce steam), Steam inlet from the peels.
tube (to direct steam into the distillation flask),Distillation Step 5: Condensation - The steam containing the oil
flask (where the orange peel and water are vapor is cooled and condensed in a separate chamber,
placed),Condenser (to condense the steam into which results in pure orange peel oil.
liquid),Receiver flask (to collect the condensed Step 6: Separation - The essential oil is separated from
liquid),Cooling water inlet and outlet (for circulating cold the distillate and collected for further processing.
water through the condenser),Vacuum pump (optional, for
reducing pressure in the system),Heat source (e.g., hot
plate or gas burner) for heating the distillation Calculation Of Oil Yield:
flask,Thermometer (to monitor the temperature of the
distillation process),Clamps and stands (for supporting The calculation of oil yield typically depends on several
and securing glassware), factors such as the type of oilseed, the extraction method
used, and the efficiency of the extraction process.
Collection And Identification Of Orange Peel: However, a general formula to calculate oil yield from
oilseeds can be expressed as:
Examine the orange peel visually. It should have a bright
orange color and a rough, dimpled texture. Look for small
Oil Yield (%) =
oil glands visible as tiny dots on the outer surface. Gently
crush or tear a small piece of the orange peel and smell it.
Orange peel typically has a strong, citrusy aroma, Here's a breakdown of the components:
characteristic of oranges. Feel the texture of the orange
peel. It should feel slightly rough and textured, with small 1. Weight of Oil Obtained: This refers to the weight of
oil glands releasing a slight oiliness when rubbed between oil extracted from the oilseed after the extraction
your fingers. Obtain fresh oranges from a reliable source. process. This can be measured using a scale that is
Ensure they are organic if possible, to avoid pesticide sensitive enough to measure small quantities
residue. Carefully separate the orange peels from the fruit. accurately.
Try to avoid including too much of the white pith beneath 2. Weight of Oilseed Used: This is the initial weight of
the peel, as it can affect the quality of the oil. the oilseed before the extraction process. Again, it can
be measured using a scale.
Orange peel sample
To calculate the oil yield:
Extraction Of Oil From Orange Peel By Steam 1. Measure the weight of the oil obtained after extraction.
2. Measure the weight of the oilseed used for extraction.
3. Plug these values into the formula above to find the oil
yield percentage.
It's important to note that oil yield can vary depending on
factors such as the quality of the oilseed, the extraction
method (solvent extraction, mechanical pressing, etc.),
and the efficiency of the extraction equipment

Determination Of Density Of Oil

1. Measure Volume: Take a clean, dry graduated cylinder

or volumetric flask and measure a known volume of the
oil. Make sure the cylinder or flask is dry because water
can affect the density measurement.
2. Weigh the Oil: Carefully weigh the oil using a precise
balance. Make sure to use a container that accounts for
Distilation: We have taken 150gm of sample of orange the weight of the container itself.
peel 3. Calculate Density: Once you have the volume and
Step 1: Harvesting - Orange peels are carefully harvested weight of the oil, you can calculate the density using
from ripe oranges. the formula:
Step 2: Grinding - The peels are finely ground to increase
Density=
the surface area for effective extraction.

© 2024, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: | Page 4

 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 08 Issue: 04 | April - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930

RESULT AND DISCUSSION extraction time. Factors such as the ripeness, freshness,
and variety of oranges can influence the composition and
We have seen the effect of time by taking temperature yield of essential oil, thereby affecting extraction kinetics.
constant on orange peel oil. The estraction time depends the design and efficiency of the steam distillation
on the material, solvent, extraction temperature. Longer apparatus, including the size and shape of the extraction
the extraction efficiency may be improve. the positive vessel, the effectiveness of condensation, and the
relationship only holds to a certain limit of extraction insulation of the system, can affect extraction time
duration where further time prolongation does not increase
the extraction efficiency . On the other hand, longer CONCLUSION
extraction time also impairs the quality of essential oils In this study, steam distillation was employed to extract
and is more time- and energy- consuming. Temperature is essential oil from orange peel, and several factors affecting
one of the factors affecting the extraction process because the extraction process were investigated. The extraction
the amount of oil is obtaines different from amount of oil yield, chemical composition, and extraction time were
when it is at a different temperature. analyzed to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the
method.
Effect of Extraction time Factors affecting extraction time were investigated,
including the particle size of orange peel, temperature of
Several factors can influence the extraction time in the steam, pressure, water-to-orange peel ratio, duration of
steam distillation of essential oils from orange peel. distillation, plant material pre-treatment, agitation, orange
Understanding these factors is crucial for optimizing the peel quality and variety, equipment design, and operator
extraction process. Finely grinding or chopping the orange skill and experience. Optimizing these factors can lead to
peel increases the surface area available for extraction. faster extraction times and improved extraction efficiency.
Smaller particle sizes facilitate better contact between the Overall, steam distillation proved to be a reliable
orange peel and steam, leading to faster extraction. Higher method for extracting essential oil from orange peel, with
steam temperatures can accelerate the extraction process the potential for various industrial and therapeutic
by promoting the volatilization of essential oil components applications. Further research could focus on optimizing
from the orange peel. However, excessively high extraction parameters, exploring the biological activities
temperatures may also cause thermal degradation of heat- of the essential oil, and developing value-added products.
sensitive compounds. By understanding and controlling the factors influencing
extraction, the quality, purity, and yield of essential oils
can be enhanced, contributing to their commercial
Increasing the pressure in the steam distillation apparatus viability and utilization in diversion
can raise the boiling point of water, leading to more
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Volume: 08 Issue: 04 | April - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930

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