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Introduction To Compiler

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18 views

Introduction To Compiler

Uploaded by

nelatid766
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Compiler

By:
Trusha R. Patel
Asst. Prof.
CE Dept., CSPIT, CHARUSAT
Basic
• Software running on all computers was written in some
programming language

• Before a program can run, it first must be translated into a


form in which it can be executed by a computer

• This translation is done by compiler


Compiler
• Language processor

• It is a program reads a program written in source language


and translates it into an equivalent program in target language
Its main role is to report errors during translation process

• It target program is executable machine code then it take input


and gives output
Input

Source Target
program Compiler program

Output
Interpreter
• Language processor

• Not produce target program as result like translator

• Directly execute the operations specified in the source


program on input

Source
program
Interpreter Output
Input
Compiler vs. Interpreter
• Compiler

 Machine-language target program generated by a compiler is usually


much faster at mapping input to output

• Interpreter

 Interpreter usually give better error diagnostics


Java Language Processor
• Combines compilation and interpretation

Java source program

Translator

Intermediate program
(bytecode)

Interpreter Output
Input
Language Processors
• Source program may be divided into modules (stored in
different files)
• Task of collecting source program and expansion of shorthand
(macro) is done by Preprocessor

• Modified program is given to Compiler that produce an


assembly-language program as output

• Assembly-language program is processed by Assembler and


generate relocatable machine code
Language Processors
• Large programs are often compiled in pieces, so relocatable
machine code may have to be linked together which is done
by Linker
• It resolves external memory address

• Loader puts all of executable object files into memory for


execution
Language Processors
Source program

Preprocessor
Library files
Relocatable object files
Modified
Compiler
source program

Target
Assembler
assembly program

Relocatable
Loader/Linker
Machine code

Target machine code


Structure of Compiler

Compiler

Analysis Synthesis
Structure of Compiler

Compiler

Analysis Synthesis

• Break source program into pieces


• Check grammatical structure
• Give error ( if any )
• Store information in symbol table
• Generate intermediate representation (IR)
Structure of Compiler

Compiler

Analysis Synthesis

• Construct target program from IR and information in Symbol table


Structure of Compiler

Compiler

IR
Source program Analysis Synthesis Target program

Error
Structure of Compiler

Compiler

IR
Source program Front end Back end Target program

Error
Structure of Compiler
• Phase

• Compiler operates as a sequence of individual logical unit called phase,


each of which translates one representation of the source program to
another.
Phases of Compiler
Translation of Assignment Statement
Phase-1 : Lexical Analysis
• Lexical analysis is also called scanning

• Reads the stream of characters and group the characters into


meaningful sequence called lexemes and for each lexeme
produce token in given form

< token-name , attribute-value>


pointer to an entry in symbol table for token
abstract symbol that is used during syntax analysis
Phase-2 : Syntax Analysis
• Syntax analysis is also called parsing

• Creates tree-like intermediate representation that determines


the grammatical structure of the token

• Typical representation is syntax tree in which interior node


represents an operation and the children of the nodes
represents the arguments of the operation
Phase-3 : Semantic Analysis
• Uses syntax tree and information in symbol table

• Check the source program for semantic consistency

• Important part of semantic analysis is type checking

• Some language may support coercion


(e.g. internal type casting in C)
Phase-4 : Intermediate Code Generation
• After syntax and semantic analysis many compiler generate an
explicit low-level or machine-like intermediate representation
(IR)

• Two important properties of IR


 Should be easy to produce
 Should be easy to translate into target machine code
Phase-5 : Code Optimization
• It attempts to improve the intermediate code so that better
target code will result

• Generate shorter IR, which can convert faster in target code


Phase-6 : Code Generation
• Takes IR as input and maps it into the target language
Grouping of Phases
• Phases deals with the logical organization of a compiler

• Phases may be grouped together into a pass that reads an


input file and generate an output file

• Front-end phases (lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic


analysis, intermediate code generator) might be grouped
together into one pass
Back-end phases (code optimizer, code generator) are
grouped into second pass
Grouping of Phases
• Front-end phases : independent of machine
dependent on language

• Back-end phases : dependent on machine

• Intermediate representation (IR) provides interface between


front-end and back-end

• Which this collection it is possible to produce compiler for


different source language for one target machine
Grouping of Phases
Source language Source language Source language
1 2 3

Front-end phases Front-end phases Front-end phases

IR IR IR

Back-end phases

Machine code
Grouping of Phases
Source language

Front-end phases

IR

Back-end phases Back-end phases Back-end phases

Machine code - 1 Machine code - 2 Machine code - 3


Compiler Construction Tools
1. Parser generators
• Automatically produce syntax analyzers from grammatical description

2. Scanner generators
• Produce lexical analyzers from regular expression description

3. Syntax-directed translation engines


• Produce collections of routines from parse tree and generate
intermediate code
Compiler Construction Tools
4. Code-generator generators
• Produce code generator from collection of rules for translating each
operation of intermediate language into machine language for target
machine

5. Data-flow analysis engines


• Gather information about how data values are transmitted from on part
of the program to other part

6. Compiler-construction toolkits
• Provide integrated set of routines for constructing various phases of
compiler
END

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