GENERAL ANATOMY SYNOPSIS 353

ofskull Structures
Foramen
Foramen
8. Transmits supraorbital
nerve (which arisefrom the ophthalmic division of Trigeminal nerve)
and vessels
orbital
Supra Infraorbitalnervesand vessels
orbital Mental nerve and vessels
/Infra
foramen
Mental Emissary vein connectingsigmoid sinus with posterior
auricular
vein

foramen Meningealbranch of occipital

artery
Mastoid
Terminal parts of greaterpalatine
vessels
foramen
Incisive Terminal part of nasopalatine
nerve
sSCapa)
(Foramen Greaterpalatinevessels
palatine Anteriorpalatinenerve (orgreaterpalatinenerve)
Greater
Middle ánd posterior
palatinenerve
Lesserpalatine
Pharyngeal branch of pterygo palatineganglion.

Palato vaginal canal Pharyngeal branch of maxillary artery

Branches of pharyngeal nerves and vessels

canal
Vomero vaginal
Mandibular nerve

Accessorymeningeal artery
Forámen ovale Lesser petrosalnerve
veins.
cavernoussinus with pterygoid plexus of
Emissary vein connecting

Foramen rotundum Maxillary nerve (PGI JUNE-11)

Opticnerve and ophthalmicartery

Opticcanal
Middle meningeal artery
nerve (nervus spinosus)
Foramen spinosum Meningeal branch of mandibular
trunk of middle meningeal vein
Posterior

Through anteriorpart

• Apical ligamentof
dens

tectoria
Membrana

Through subarachnoidspace
Spinal accessorynerve
Foramen magnum arteries
Vertebral
spinalarteries
Anteriorand posterior

Through posteriorpart
Lower partof medulla
Tonsils of cerebellum

Meninges
artery
Meningeal branch of pharyngeal
Foramen
lacerum the artery
sympathetic plexus around
Carotidcanal carotid artery along with the venous and
Internal
Hypoglossal nerve
hypoglossalnerve
Hypoglossal or anterior Meningeal branchof
Condylar
canal Meningeal branch
ofascending pharyngealartery
vein
sigmoid sinus with juqular
Emissary vein connecting
Posterior sigmoid sinus with
sub occipitalvenous plexus.
condylar canal Emissary vein connecting
 Presentin transverseprocess of cervicalvertebrae
Vertebral
artery
Foramen transversarium
Vertebral
veins
10.
Inferior
cervicalganglion

Foramen caecum Seen in ethmoid bone (Alsoatthejunction anterior 2/3rd and

of
posterior 1/3rds
sof
Foramen monro This is a inter ventricular
foramen through which lateral
ventricles tonqyue
opens into 3rd
Foramen ofmagendie Medial opening in the roofof the 4h ventricleof hindbrain. ventice

Foramen of luschka
Opening oflateral
recess of 4th ventricle.

Lateralpart
Lacrimal nerve

Frontalnerve

Trochlear nerve

Lacrimal and middle meningeal artery

Middle part
Superiororbital
fissure
Occulomotornerve

Nasociliarynerve
Abducent nerve
Medial part

Inferior
ophthalmicvein
Symphathetic plexus around the internal
carotidartery

Maxillarynerve

Zygomatic nerve
Inferiororbitalfissure Orbitalbranchesof pterygo-palatine
ganglion
Inferior
ophthalmicvein
Infraorbital
vessels

Internalacoustic Transmits the 7th and gth cranial

nervesand the labyrinthine
vessels.
meatus

Anteriorpart
• Inferiorpetrosal sinus

Meningeal branchofascending
pharyngealartery
Sigmoid sinus

Jugular foramen Middle part

• 9,10,11hnerve (COMEDK-2013) 11.
Posteriorpart
• IJV

Meningeal branch ofoccipital

artery

9. Structurespassingthrough foramen magnum

Lower partofmedulla
Anteriorand posteriorspinalarteries
Tonsilsofcerebellum } Descending structures

Vertebralartery
Apical ligament
Spinal
and membrana tectoria

accessory nerve
} Ascending structures
 GENERAL ANATOMY
SYNOPSIS 355

-parts. attachmentsand relations

40. Mandible
foramen Present belowthe
Mental interval
between the
premolar teeth.
ridge/line Extends obliquely
Mylohyoid from below the third
on inner surface of body) tubercles molar to median area below the genmal
(present

groove Extends on tothe body

Mylohyoid below the
on ramus) posteriorend of
(present mylohyoid line

Note:
Ta cubmandibular fossa is
presentbelow the mylohyoid
lineor ridgeand it
The lingualfossa is lodges submandibular
presentabove the mylohyoid ridge and gland.
Tfoction from itlodges sublingual gland.
mandibular 2d and 3o molars
spreadto submandibular space
mylohyoid line. as their rootapices lie
below the
Tnfertion from mandibular
premolarsand 1 molar involve the
linqual space as their root
mylohyoid line. apices lie above the
The mandibular torusis
commonly presentabove the
mylohyoid line.

Genial Tubercles 4 small elevationsnear symphysis menti. The

upper genialtubercles
genioglossus and the lower give originto
tubercletothe geniohyoid.
Fossa
Digastric The anterior
bellyof digastricarisesfrom
digastricfossa.
Note:The posteriorbellyof digastricarises
from mastoid notch.

Mandibular Or Sigmoid Notch Massetencnerveand vesselspass throughthe

mandibular notch.

Lingula
Tongue shaped projection
near anteriormargin of mandibular foramen
• Gives attachmenttosphenomandibular
ligament.

IncisiveFossa
Givesorigin to mentalis.

Mental Foramen
Mental foramen transmits the mental nerve and vessels.

Mandibular Foramen
Inferioralveolarnerve and vessels entersthe mandibular canal through
the
mandibular foramen

PterygoidFovea A depressionin the anterior

surface of neck ofcondylar process. Itgives attachment
to a lateral
pterygoidmuscle.

1.Mandible
development: 12. Age changes in mandible:
Ihe
mandible isthe
the 2nd bone (next to clavicle)toossifyin i) Ininfantsand childrenbelow 5 years of age,
body. Itdevelops as intramembranous bone lateral the mental foramen is near the lower border and
to
meckel's
cartilage. opens below the socketsfor deciduous molars. This

single is so because; the bone is made up of only alveolar

ossification centrefor each half of mandible part.The mandibular canal runs about0.5cm below
arises inthe
the area of future
meental foramen, lateral to the occlusal plane due to underdeveloped ramus
meckel's
bifurcates
cartilage where the inferioralveolar nerve of mandible. So the needle is inserted below the
into mental
and incisivebranches. occlusal plane during inferioralveolar technique.
(Note:- The angle of mandible is obtuse(140°or more)
maxilla has 3
ossification ossification centres one primary
two ccentreis for
cenntres are maxilla proper and the remaining ii) Inchildrenof about the age group of 6 years,
for the foramen is atthe levelofthe occlusalplane. So
pre-maxilla).
the needle is inserted atthe levelof occlusalplane.
maxilla palatinebone
fossa
incisive

palatineprocess transversepalatinesuture
median palatinesuture

zygomatic bone
nasalaperture

vomer

sphenoidbone bone
frontal
pterygoidprocess

greaterwing temporal bone

zygomaticprocess
foramen ovale
mandibular fossa
foramen spinosum externalacoustic
meatus

mastoid process

styloidprocess
foramen lacerum
carotidcanal

petroustemporal
bone

jugularfossa
bone
parietal (tojugularforamen)
mastoid foramen

bone
occipital
hypoglossalcanal
occipital
condyle
foramen magnum

crest
externaloccipital

protuberance
externaloccipital
O Encyclopædia Britannica,Inc.
Frontalcrest
Foramen cecum
Anterior
ethmoidal
foramen -Cristagalli

Orbitalpart offrontal Cribriformplate

bone (orbitalplate)
Posterior
ethmoidal
foramen
Lesserwing of sphenoid

Tuberculum sellae*
Sphenoidalcrest
-Prechiasmatic
sulcus
Superiororbital
fissure
-Opticcanal
Greaterwing of
sphenoid Anterior
clinoidprocess

Foramen rotundum Hypophysial fossa

Foramen ovale Posterior

clinoid
process
Groove formiddle
Foramen spinosum
meningeal artery
Foramen lacerum
Dorsum sellae*
Internalacousticmeatus

Petrousridge Clivus

Groove for

sigmoid sinus

Bones:
Cerebellar
fossa
Frontal
Internal occipital Sphenoid
crest Ethmoid
Groove for Parietal
transversesinus
Temporal
"Components ofsellaturcica Occipital

(D)Superiorview,internalsurfaceof cranialbase
 Frontal

Anteriorcranial
Ethmoid
fossae

Sphenoid

Sphenoid

Middlecranial
Temporal
fossae

Parietal

Sphenoid

Parietal
Posterior
cranial
fossae
Temporal

Occipital

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 Outersurface

Temporalis

Buccinator

Masseter
-Mentali

Platysma

Innersurtace

Lateralpterygoid

Temporalis

Geniohyoid

Medial
pterygoid
Mylotyoid
Digastric
(anterior
belly)
 MaxillaeAnatomy

Infraorbital
margin

Zygomatic Infraorbital
foramen Frontalprocess
process
Maxillary sinus

ygomatico
crest

Maxillary Palatine
Nasal
tuberosity process

Alveolar Anterior Alveolar

process nasal spine
process

Alveolar. Body
yokes Alveolar
Canine yokes
fossa

Rightmaxilla Right maxilla

(Lateralview) (Medial view)
TheSkeletatSystem
 Frontalis

Temporalis

Orbicularis
oculi Procerus

Nasalis
Zygomaticus

Masseter Levatorlabii
superioris
Buccinator

Risorius Orbicularis
oris

Platysma
Depressorlabiiinferioris

Depressorangulioris
OCrystal
ToLet
 mandble
digastric
(arterior
bely)
brousrng lor
intermediatetendon

mylotyold
intermediatetendon
digastric of digasoic

(poeterior
belly)
tyoidtore
sternotyoid
tyohyoidmenibrane
omotryoid
letcommon carotid
artery
sternocleidomastoid
levatorofscaputa

night common carotid

artery
let inzerna jugularvein

thyrold
cartilage scalenus

trapezus middle tyrohyoid

scalenus anterior
leftinternal
jugularvein
sternocleidomastod
omohyid

cricotyroids sternum

clavicle
thyroidgland Iracha
Hyoid bone Sternohyoidmusde

Internal
jugulorvain - Thyroidcantilage

Common corotidartery Cricothyroid

membrone

Cricoidcortiloge
Sternodeidomcostoid
musde

Thyroid gland isthmus

Sternathyroid
musde

Interior
thyroid vein
Monubrium
 Occipital
triangle

Spleniuscapitis

Sternocleidomastoid
Levatorscapulae
Anteriorscalene
Middle scalene
Omohyoid
Posterior
scalene
Trapezius
-Omoclaviculartriangle
 Greatauricular
Accessory nerve

nerve (XI) Nerve pointof

the neck
Posterior
Triangle of
the Neck Cutaneous cervicalnerve

Oteachmeanatomy
theg1 Aoed Anataty Stcn
mae the Wet
Sternocleido
mastoid m.

-Digastric
m
Carotid-
triangle -Submental
triangle
Posterior
cervical
triangle Submandibular
triangle
Trapeziusm -
-Muscular

triangle

Clavicle
Omohyoid m.

Figure7.3.Boundariesofthe cervical
triangles.
 Parietal

Frontal

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

Nasal.

Temporal

Lacrimal

Maxila
Occipital

Zygomatik
Mandble
 soaINT
TIs
CIDASrA
SS3304
 Frontalbones

Anterior
fontanelle
Metopicsuture

Coronalsuture Coronalsuture

suture
-Sagittal

bones
Parietal

Lambdoid suture
Posterior
fontanell

Occipital
bone
 Craniallandmarks

Vertex Larnbda Bregma

BregmO Baslon

Pterlon
Obelion

Naslon

Opisthion

Porlon

-Lombda

Asterion

Lateral
view Superior
view Inferiorview

Anotomy.app
 PHARYNGEAL ARCHES & DERIVATIVES
www.OPENMED.CO.IN

ARCH NERVE MUSCLE BONES & LIGAMENTS

Mandibular& Maxillary Mylohyoid,Temporalis,Masseter, Lateral&

1 Malleus,Incus,Spheno -
divisionof Trigeminal AnteriorBellyofDlgastric,
Medial Pterygoid,
Nerve MandibularLigament
Tensor Palantine& Tensor Tympani

Stapes,
StyloidProcess,
Stapedius, Posterior
Stylohyoid, Bellyof
2 FacialNerve Stylohyoid
Ligament,Lesser
Auricularis,
Digastric, Buccinator,Frontalis,
Cornu & SuperiorPart of
Platysma, Oris& Oculi
Orbicularis
Body of Hyoid.

GreaterCornu of hyoid.
3 GlossopharyngealNerve Stylopharyngeus
Lower Part ofBody ofHyoid.

SuperiorLaryngeal ofPharynx, Cricothyroid,

Constrictors Lesser Laryngeal,Thyroid &
4
Nerve (Branch of CN X) Palatine Epiglottic
Cartilages

RecurrentLaryngeal Muscles ofLarynx,

Intrinsic
6
Nerve (Branch ofCN X) Except Cricothyroid. www.oPENMED.co.IN