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Enlargeable, detailed map of

San Marino

Climate data for San Marino (2006–2023)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 18.9 17.6 21.0 24.5 31.9 35.5 35.1 36.1 30.5 24.9 20.4 19.2 36.1
°C (°F) (66.0) (63.7) (69.8) (76.1) (89.4) (95.9) (95.2) (97.0) (86.9) (76.8) (68.7) (66.6) (97.0)

Mean daily
6.4 7.0 10.2 15.0 19.6 25.0 27.4 26.1 20.6 15.6 10.8 7.4 15.9
maximum
(43.5) (44.6) (50.4) (59.0) (67.3) (77.0) (81.3) (79.0) (69.1) (60.1) (51.4) (45.3) (60.7)
°C (°F)

Daily mean 4.2 4.7 7.3 11.6 15.7 20.8 23.5 22.5 17.5 13.0 8.6 5.2 12.9
°C (°F) (39.6) (40.5) (45.1) (52.9) (60.3) (69.4) (74.3) (72.5) (63.5) (55.4) (47.5) (41.4) (55.2)

Mean daily
2.1 2.5 4.8 8.5 12.4 17.3 19.7 19.2 14.9 10.9 6.7 3.2 10.2
minimum °C
(35.8) (36.5) (40.6) (47.3) (54.3) (63.1) (67.5) (66.6) (58.8) (51.6) (44.1) (37.8) (50.3)
(°F)

Record low −6.5 −10.2 −5.9 −2.3 1.3 8.8 10.0 10.8 5.8 0.9 −2.8 −7.5 −10.2
°C (°F) (20.3) (13.6) (21.4) (27.9) (34.3) (47.8) (50.0) (51.4) (42.4) (33.6) (27.0) (18.5) (13.6)

Average
50.2 63.9 64.5 59.4 70.3 54.3 40.4 40.7 75.3 70.2 99.0 61.4 749.5
precipitation
(1.98) (2.52) (2.54) (2.34) (2.77) (2.14) (1.59) (1.60) (2.96) (2.76) (3.90) (2.42) (29.51)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation
7.2 8.4 8.3 7.9 8.6 4.8 4.3 4.5 6.8 7.1 10.2 8.3 86.3
days
(≥ 1.0 mm)

Source: Arpae Emilia-Romagna[47]

Government
San Marino has the political framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic: the captains
regent are heads of state,[48] and there is a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the
government. Although there is no formal head of government, the secretary for foreign and political affairs is
in many ways equal to the prime minister in other countries.[49] Legislative power is vested in both the
government and the Grand and General Council. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the
legislature.

San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect, as the Statutes of
1600 are still at the core of its constitutional framework.[50]

San Marino was originally led by the Arengo, initially formed from the heads of each family. In the 13th
century, power was given to the Grand and General Council. In 1243, the first two captains regent were
nominated by the council. Still today, Captains Regent are elected every six months by the council.

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The legislature of the republic is the Grand and General Council

(Consiglio grande e generale). The council is a unicameral legislature
with 60 members. There are elections every five years by proportional
representation in all nine administrative districts. These districts
(townships) correspond to the old parishes of the republic. All citizens 18
years or older are eligible to vote.

Besides general legislation, the Grand and General Council approves the
budget and elects the captains regent, the State Congress (composed of
ten secretaries with executive power), the Council of Twelve (which forms
the judicial branch during the period of legislature of the council), the
Advising Commissions, and the Government Unions. The council also has
the power to ratify treaties with other countries. The council is divided
into five different Advising Commissions consisting of fifteen councilors
who examine, propose, and discuss the implementation of new laws that
The Palazzo Pubblico, seat of the
are on their way to being presented on the floor of the council. government of San Marino

Every six months, the council elects two captains regent to be the heads
of state. The captains are chosen from opposing parties so that there is a
balance of power. They serve a six-month term. The investiture of the
captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October in every year. Once
this term is over, citizens have three days in which to file complaints
about the captains' activities. If they warrant it, judicial proceedings
against the ex-head(s) of state can be initiated.

The practice of having two heads of state chosen in frequent elections is

derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic. The council is
equivalent to the Roman Senate; the captains regent, to the consuls of
ancient Rome. It is thought the inhabitants of the area came together as
Roman rule collapsed to form a rudimentary government for their own Four former captains regent: from
protection from foreign rule. left to right, Mirko Tomassoni,
Alessandro Rossi, Alessandro
San Marino is a multi-party democratic republic. A new election law in Mancini, and Alberto Selva
2008 raised the threshold for small parties entering Parliament, causing
political parties to organise themselves into two alliances: the right-wing
Pact for San Marino, led by the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party; and the left-wing Reforms and
Freedom, led by the Party of Socialists and Democrats, a merger of the Socialist Party of San Marino and the
former communist Party of Democrats. The 2008 general election was won by the Pact for San Marino with
35 seats in the Grand and General Council against Reforms and Freedom's 25.

On 1 October 2007, Mirko Tomassoni was elected as captain regent, making him the first disabled person
elected to that office.[51]

San Marino has had more female heads of state than any other country: 15 as of October 2014, including
three who served twice.

On 1 April 2022, 58-year-old Paolo Rondelli was elected as one of the two captains regent. He had previously
been the Ambassador to the United States and is the world's first openly gay head of state.[52]

Administrative divisions
San Marino is geographically divided into nine castelli (lit. 'castles', equivalent to a municipality),[53] each of
which contains a capital (capoluogo), with other population centres sorted into curazie (equivalent to Italian
frazioni). Each castello is led by a Castle Captain (Italian: Capitano di Castello) and a Castle Council (Giunta
di Castello), elected every five years.[54]

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The nine castelli are the City of San Marino, which is San Marino's capital
city, Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano,
Fiorentino, Montegiardino, and Serravalle.[53]

San Marino's 44 curazie are Cà Berlone, Cà Chiavello, Cà Giannino, Cà

Melone, Cà Ragni, Cà Rigo, Cailungo (di Sopra and di Sotto), Caladino,
Calligaria, Canepa, Capanne, Casole, Castellaro, Cerbaiola, Cinque Vie,
Confine, Corianino, Crociale, Dogana, Falciano, Fiorina, Galavotto,
Gualdicciolo, La Serra, Lesignano, Molarini, Montalbo, Monte Pulito,
Murata, Pianacci, Piandivello, Poggio Casalino, Poggio Chiesanuova,
Ponte Mellini, Rovereta, San Giovanni sotto le Penne, Santa Mustiola,
Spaccio Giannoni, Teglio, Torraccia, Valdragone (di Sopra and di Sotto),
Valgiurata, and Ventoso.[53]
Castelli of San Marino

Military
San Marino's military forces are among the smallest in the world. National defence is, by arrangement, the
responsibility of Italy's armed forces. Different branches have varied functions, including performing
ceremonial duties, patrolling borders, mounting guard at government buildings, and assisting police in major
criminal cases. The police are not included in the military of San Marino.

Crossbow Corps
Once at the heart of San Marino's army, the Crossbow Corps is now a ceremonial force of approximately 80
volunteers. Since 1295, the Crossbow Corps has provided demonstrations of crossbow shooting at festivals.
Its uniform design is medieval. While still a statutory military unit, the Crossbow Corps has no military
function today.

Guard of the Rock

The Guard of the Rock is a front-line military unit in the San Marino
armed forces, a state border patrol, with responsibility for patrolling
borders and defending them.[55] In their role as Fortress Guards they are
responsible for guarding the Palazzo Pubblico in San Marino City, the
seat of national government.

In this role they are the forces most visible to tourists and are known for
their colourful ceremony of Changing the Guard.[55] Under the 1987
statute the Guard of the Rock are all enrolled as "Criminal Police
Officers" (in addition to their military role) and assist the police in
investigating major crime. The uniform of the Guard of the Rock is a
distinctive red and green.[55]

Guard of the Grand and General Council

The Guard of the Grand and General Council commonly known as The Guards of the Rock

Guard of the council or locally as the "Guard of Nobles", formed in

1741,[55] is a volunteer unit with ceremonial duties. Due to its striking blue, white, and gold uniform, it is
perhaps the best-known part of the Sammarinese military, and appears on countless postcard views of the
republic. The functions of the Guard of the council are to protect the captains regent, and to defend the
Grand and General Council during its formal sessions. They also act as ceremonial bodyguards to
government officials at both state and church festivals.

Company of Uniformed Militia

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In former times, all families with two or more adult male members were required to enroll half of them in the
Company of Uniformed Militia. This unit remains the basic fighting force of the armed forces of San Marino,
but is largely ceremonial. It is a matter of civic pride for many Sammarinese to belong to the force, and all
citizens with at least six years' residence in the republic are entitled to enroll.

The uniform is dark blue, with a kepi bearing a blue and white plume. The ceremonial form of the uniform
includes a white cross-strap, and white and blue sash, white epaulets, and white decorated cuffs.

Military Ensemble
Formally this is part of the Army Militia,[55] and is the ceremonial military band of San Marino. It consists of
approximately 60 musicians.[56] The uniform is similar to that of the Army Militia. Military Ensemble music
accompanies most state occasions in the republic.

Gendarmerie
Established in 1842, the Gendarmerie of San Marino is a militarised law enforcement agency.[55] Its
members are full-time and have responsibility for the protection of citizens and property, and the
preservation of law and order.

The entire military corps of San Marino depends upon the co-operation of full-time forces and their retained
(volunteer) colleagues, known as the Corpi Militari Volontari, or Voluntary Military Force.

Economy
San Marino is a developed country,[57] and although it is not a
European Union member it is allowed to use the euro as its currency
by arrangement with the Council of the European Union; it is also
granted the right to use its own designs on the national side of the
euro coins. Before the euro, the Sammarinese lira was pegged to, and
exchangeable with, the Italian lira. The small number of
Sammarinese euro coins, as was the case with the lira before it, are
primarily of interest to coin collectors.

San Marino's per capita GDP and standard of living are comparable
Tourism and banking are the country's
to that of Italy. Key industries include banking, electronics, and
main sources of revenue.
ceramics. The main agricultural products are wine and cheese. San
Marino imports mainly staple goods from Italy.

San Marino's postage stamps, which are valid for mail posted in the country, are mostly sold to philatelists
and are a significant source of income.[58] San Marino is no longer a member of the Small European Postal
Administration Cooperation.[59]

It has the world's third highest rate of car ownership, being one of only a handful of countries with more
vehicles than people.[60] As of October 2023, Gibraltar had the highest rate of car ownership per capita, and
Guernsey was in the number two spot.[61]

Taxation
The corporate profits tax rate in San Marino is 8.5%. Capital gains are also subject to an 8.5% tax, and
interest from bank deposits is subject to an 11% tax.[62] Several benefits apply to new businesses, which can
strongly reduce the amount of taxes to be paid.

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