Experiment 1: Understanding the Concepts of PL/SQL Programming
Objective:Students will be able to implement thebasic concepts of PL/SQL.
1. Write a PL/SQL code to accept the value ofA, B & C and display which is greater.
DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE FindGreatest(IN A INT, IN B INT, IN C INT)
BEGIN
IF A > B AND A > C THEN
SELECT CONCAT('A is the greatest: ', A) AS Result;
ELSEIF B > A AND B > C THEN
SELECT CONCAT('B is the greatest: ', B) AS Result;
ELSE
SELECT CONCAT('C is the greatest: ', C) AS Result;
END IF;
END$$
DELIMITER ; CALL FindGreatest(10, 20, 15);
2. U sing PL/SQL Statements, create a simpleloop that displays the message “Welcome to PL/SQL Programming” 20 times.
DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE PrintMessage()
BEGIN
DECLARE counter INT DEFAULT 1;
WHILE counter <= 20 DO
SELECT 'Welcome to PL/SQL Programming' AS Message;
SET counter = counter + 1;
END WHILE;
END$$ DELIMITER ;
CALL PrintMessage();
\ 3. Write a PL/SQL code block to find the factorial of a number.
DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE FindFactorial(IN number INT)
BEGIN
DECLARE result INT DEFAULT 1;
DECLARE counter INT DEFAULT 1;
WHILE counter <= number DO
SET result = result * counter;
SET counter = counter + 1;
END WHILE;
SELECT result AS Factorial;
END$$
DELIMITER ;
CALL FindFactorial(5); 4. Write a PL/SQL program to generate the Fibonacci series.
DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE FibonacciSeries(IN n INT)
BEGIN
DECLARE a INT DEFAULT 0;
DECLARE b INT DEFAULT 1;
DECLARE temp INT;
DECLARE counter INT DEFAULT 1;
WHILE counter <= n DO
SELECT a AS Fibonacci;
SET temp = a + b;
SET a = b;
SET b = temp;
SET counter = counter + 1;
END WHILE;
END$$
DELIMITER ;
CALL FibonacciSeries(10); 5. Write a PL/SQL code to find the sum of the first N numbers.
DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE SumOfNumbers(IN n INT)
BEGIN
DECLARE sum INT DEFAULT 0;
DECLARE counter INT DEFAULT 1;
WHILE counter <= n DO
SET sum = sum + counter;
SET counter = counter + 1;
END WHILE;
SELECT sum AS TotalSum;
END$$
DELIMITER ;
CALL SumOfNumbers(10); ASSIGNMENT 2
xperiment 2: To understand concepts of function and procedure in
E PL/SQL. Objective: Students will be able to implement the Pl/SQL programs using function and procedure. 1. Implement the above experiments of PL/SQL using functions and procedures.
DELIMITER $$
REATE FUNCTION FindGreatestFunction(A INT, B INT, C INT)
C RETURNS VARCHAR(50) DETERMINISTIC BEGIN DECLARE result VARCHAR(50);
IF A > B AND A > C THEN
SET result = CONCAT('A is the greatest: ', A); ELSEIF B > A AND B > C THEN SET result = CONCAT('B is the greatest: ', B); ELSE SET result = CONCAT('C is the greatest: ', C); END IF;
ETURN result; R ND$$ E
DELIMITER ;
- - Example Call SELECT FindGreatestFunction(10, 20, 15); DELIMITER $$
REATE FUNCTION PrintMessageFunction()
C RETURNS VARCHAR(50) DETERMINISTIC BEGIN DECLARE counter INT DEFAULT 1; DECLARE message VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT '';
- - Example Call SELECT PrintMessageFunction();
DELIMITER $$
REATE FUNCTION FindFactorialFunction(number INT)
C RETURNS INT DETERMINISTIC BEGIN DECLARE result INT DEFAULT 1; DECLARE counter INT DEFAULT 1;
WHILE counter <= number DO
SET result = result * counter; SET counter = counter + 1; END WHILE;
ETURN result; R ND$$ E
DELIMITER ;
- - Example Call SELECT FindFactorialFunction(5);
DELIMITER $$
REATE FUNCTION FibonacciSeriesFunction(n INT)
C RETURNS VARCHAR(255) DETERMINISTIC BEGIN DECLARE a INT DEFAULT 0; DECLARE b INT DEFAULT 1; DECLARE temp INT; DECLARE counter INT DEFAULT 1; DECLARE series VARCHAR(255) DEFAULT '';
WHILE counter <= n DO
SET series = CONCAT(series, a, ', '); SET temp = a + b; SET a = b; SET b = temp; SET counter = counter + 1; END WHILE;
ETURN TRIM(TRAILING ', ' FROM series);
R ND$$ E
DELIMITER ; - - Example Call SELECT FibonacciSeriesFunction(10);
DELIMITER $$
REATE FUNCTION SumOfNumbersFunction(n INT)
C RETURNS INT DETERMINISTIC BEGIN DECLARE sum INT DEFAULT 0; DECLARE counter INT DEFAULT 1;
WHILE counter <= n DO
SET sum = sum + counter; SET counter = counter + 1; END WHILE;
ETURN sum; R ND$$ E
DELIMITER ;
- - Example Call SELECT SumOfNumbersFunction(10); ASSIGNMENT 3
Experiment 3: To understand the concepts of implicit and explicit cursor.
Objective:Students will be able to implement theconcept of implicit and explicit c ursor. 1. Using an implicit cursor, update the salary by an increase of 10% for all the records in the EMPLOYEES table, and finally display how many records have been updated. If no records exist, display the message “No Change”.
BEGIN -- Update the salary of all employees by 10% UPDATE EMPLOYEES SET SALARY = SALARY * 1.10;
- - Check the number of records affected using the implicit cursor attribute SQL%ROWCOUNT IF SQL%ROWCOUNT > 0 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQL%ROWCOUNT || ' records have been updated.'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No Change'); END IF; END; /
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
DECLARE -- Declare variables to hold the fetched data v_emp_id EMPLOYEES.EMPLOYEE_ID%TYPE; v_emp_name EMPLOYEES.FIRST_NAME%TYPE; v_salary EMPLOYEES.SALARY%TYPE;
- - Declare an explicit cursor to select employee details
CURSOR emp_cursor IS SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES; BEGIN -- Open the cursor OPEN emp_cursor;
- - Fetch each row and print the details
LOOP ETCH emp_cursor INTO v_emp_id, v_emp_name, v_salary; F EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;
. Using an explicit cursor Insert the records from EMPLOYEES table for 3 the columns employee_id, Last_Name and salary for those records whose salary exceeds 2500 into a new table TEMP_EMP. CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEES ( EMPLOYEE_ID NUMBER(6), -- Employee ID FIRST_NAME VARCHAR2(50), LAST_NAME VARCHAR2(50), -- Employee last name SALARY NUMBER(8,2) -- Salary with two decimal places ); INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES (EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY) VALUES (1001, 'Harsh', 'Doe', 5500);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES (EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME,
SALARY) VALUES (1002, 'Jane', 'Smith', 1500); -- Won't be inserted since salary is less than 2500
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES (EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME,
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES (EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME,
SALARY) ALUES (1004, 'Bob', 'Brown', 2000); -- Won't be inserted since salary is less V than 2500
ELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES;
S DECLARE v_emp_id EMPLOYEES.EMPLOYEE_ID%TYPE; -- Variable for Employee ID v_last_name EMPLOYEES.LAST_NAME%TYPE; -- Variable for Last Name v_salary EMPLOYEES.SALARY%TYPE; -- Variable for Salary
- - Declare a cursor to select employee details with salary greater than 2500 CURSOR emp_cursor IS SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY > 2500;
BEGIN -- Open the cursor OPEN emp_cursor;
- - Loop through the result set
LOOP -- Fetch the cursor values into variables FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_emp_id, v_last_name, v_salary;
- - Exit the loop if there are no more rows
EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;
- - Insert the selected records into the TEMP_EMP table
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES (EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, SALARY) VALUES (v_emp_id, v_last_name, v_salary); ND LOOP; E
- - Close the cursor
CLOSE emp_cursor;
-- Commit the transaction to save the inserted records
