J. Environ. Sci.

& Natural Resources, 10(1): 101-108, 2017 ISSN 1999-7361

Determination of Drinking Water Quality: A Case Study on Saline Prone South-West

Coastal Belt of Bangladesh
T. K. Das*, M. Choudhury and M. Sultana
Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Jessore Science & Technology University,
Jessore-7408, Bangladesh.
*Corresponding author: tkdas@just.edu.bd

Abstract
This research integrates quantitative data of underground and sub-surface sources of drinking water from two coastal union Gabura
and Munshiganj of Shyamnagur upazila of Satkhira district. Four drinking water sources have been selected and sampled during dry
season when the salinity rate is generally high. A total of 22 water samples have been collected of which 6 from protected pond, 6
from tube well, 6 from rainwater and 4 from pond sand filter (PSF). The average pH of tube well water, protected pond water, pond
sand filter water and rain water were 6.59 (±.05), 6.46 (±1.03), 6.60 (±.52), 5.95 (±.87), respectively. The average EC (μs cm-1)
range of tube well water, protected pond water, pond sand filter water and rain water were 2059.16 (±49.43), 1756 (±14), 769
(±94.27), 64.33(±59.91) while the TDS (ppm) range were 1319.97 (±31.69), 1125.64 (±913.46), 492.94 (±60.43) and 15.38
(±118.59) respectively. The maximum concentration of salinity was found in tube well water which was 1.37 (±53) ppt. Most of the
protected ponds were highly contaminated with sulphate and it ranges from 84.64 to 218.25 ppm. The average number of fecal
Coliform in protected ponds were 1650 100 m l-1 of water while in PSF source pond 2350 100ml-1 and collection point 1.5 100ml-1.
Key words: Climate change, Ground water, Rainwater, Surface water and Water quality
Introduction over 60% of these PSFs are out of order and the rural
people are very reluctant to use PSFs due to over
Water is precious natural resource for sustaining life
operation and maintenance problem (Ahmed, 2002).
and environment (Mishra, 2003). Man requires about
Rain water harvesting system provides salinity and
1.89 liters water daily for drinking but unsafe drinking
arsenic free water (Hussain and Ziauddin, 1989). Rain
water is the growing concern among the world
water harvesting was in practice in varying degrees
communities (Park, 2005). The southernmost part of
throughout Bangladesh and most of them use large
Bangladesh is bordered by about 710 km long coastal
earthenware pots (Motka) for storage. It is necessary to
belt (Abedin, 2010). In the coastal belt of Bangladesh,
mention that an average of 2500 mm rainfall occurs
excessive salinity in the water is making the lives of
annually in our country. So, the heavy seasonal rainfall
people miserable (Ghosh et al., 2000). Climate change
makes rainwater harvesting a viable option of drinking
induced sea level rise and extreme weather events poses
water (Rahman, 2001). In most part of the country,
a grave threat of inundation of coastal region with
people normally can have access to rainwater for about
saline water and consequent salinity intrusion in surface
6-8 months (Ahmed, 1999). Due to contaminated water
and ground water create acute drinking water problem
coastal people suffer from different types of diseases,
(Rana, 2011). Therefore different alternative sources of
mostly water bone disease. So, this research was
safe drinking are being explored e.g. RWHS, PSF,
targeted to determine the water quality of surface and
DTW (Ahmed, 1993). Groundwater is one of the major
ground water sources. This research will help policy
natural resource of the country for safe drinking water
makers to find out suitable drinking water source for the
supply. But the presence of arsenic in shallow aquifer
coastal people.
has completely changed this situation. About 50% of
the ground water using area is unsuitable for use by Materials and Methods
hand tube wells due to arsenic contamination (Rahman
Twenty two water samples were collected from Gabura
et al., 2001). The salinity in the coastal area of
and Munshiganj union of Shyamnagur upazila of
Bangladesh has also imposed a serious threat to the
Satkhira district which is in the marginal line of coastal
underground sources of safe drinking water (Uttran,
zone. The drinking water sources in the two unions are
2003). Surface water is generally free from arsenic in
not so available like others. Six samples were collected
Bangladesh (Ahmed et al., 2005). During dry season
from each of protected pond, tube well, rain water and
the main source of drinking water were ponds which
four sample from PSF. The water sample were collected
were specially conserved for drinking purposes
in December 2012. The water samples were collected in
(Ahmed, 2002). The main problems of ponds are
one liter plastic pot which was previously washed and
excessive algal growth in dry season and fecal coli form
rinsed three times with sample water. Only for fecal coli
range from 500 to several thousand per 100 ml
form the water sample were collected in 250 ml pot
(Rahman et al., 2001). The PSF is an alternative
which was preserved in ice box. The P H was measured
technique to purify pond water (Ahmed and Rahaman,
at the sampling site by Microprocessor pH meter model
2000). The Department of Public Health Engineering,
no. HANNA instrument, pH 211. EC, Salinity and TDS
Bangladesh and United Nation International Children’s
were also measured at the sampling site by
Emergency Fund jointly stated that, it is capable of
Conductivity meter model-HI 8033. The measurement
producing potable water from pond water by removing
of sodium and potassium were done by flame
harmful organisms, impurities and Turbidity (DPHE
photometric method model- Flame photometer - PEP7.
and UNICEF, 1989). In coastal zone of Bangladesh
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J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(1): 101-108, 2017 ISSN 1999-7361

Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium and Bi-carbonate during storage in tanks (Gobel et al., 2007; Meera and
were analyzed by titration colorimetric method and Ahammed, 2006). However the average investigated
chloride by titration value were 5.95 (±.87) (Table 1) but one of our results
indicates higher pH value, in the range of 6.54 and 8.25
those results were found in Greece (Melidis et al.,
2007). The similar results also found in another coastal
district Barguna, which was 6.23 (Saha et al., 2006).
The pH of harvested rainwater show a positive
correlation with salinity, EC, TDS, Na, K, Ca, PO4,
NO3, Cl and HCO3 and all of the cases this correlation
is highly significant (Table 5). According to World
Health Organization (WHO) the pH of drinking water
range from 6.5-9.2 and Bangladesh Standard and
Testing Institute (BSTI) 6.4-7.4.
Pure water has a very low electrical conductance, less
than tenth of a micro Siemens at 25oC (Sikder et al.,
2009). The electrical conductivity of Tube wells water
range from 1975 μs cm-1 to 2110 μs cm-1 with a mean of
2059.16 (±49.43) μs cm-1 (Table 1), where a highly
Fig. 1. Map of Gabura and Munshigonj Union of significant correlation was found between EC and TDS
Shyamnagur Upazila, Bangladesh. (Source: (Table 2). The predicted EC value of harvested
Banglapedia and google earth.) rainwater ranges from 24 μs cm-1 to 185 μs cm-1 with a
Argenometric method. Nitrate, Phosphate and Sulphate mean of 64.33 (±59.91) μs cm-1, which was lower than
were measured by Turbidimetric method with those found in Ghana (2.03 to 102 μs cm-1) (Cobbina et
Spectrophotometer model- Thermospectronic, UV- al., 2013). From the Pearson correlation it was found
visible spectrophotometers, helios 9499230 45811. that EC has a significant positive correlation with
Fecal coliform was count by pore plate culture method Salinity, TDS, Na, K, Ca, Cl and HCO3 (Table 5). The
(Ramesh and Anbu, 1996). Data were analyzed by electrical conductivity of four protected pond range
Excel 2007 software. SPSS 20 software was used for between 772 to 1235 μs cm-1 but two have exceptional
statistical analysis, such as Pearson Correlation. Pearson results 2150 and 4480 μs cm-1 respectively. Those two
Correlation establish relationship between parameters protected pond are constructed in newly developed
of water quality i.e. whether a parameter increase or sandy land along the river.
decrease with the increase and decrease of other The EC value increased with increasing the
parameters. concentration of dissolve matter (Deletic, 1998). In
Results and Discussion case of pond sand filters the mean conductivity were
769 ( ± 94.27) μs cm-1 (Table 1), which have a
Quality assessment significant positive correlation with TDS, Na and NO3
Descriptive statistics including minimum, maximum and negative correlation with SO4 (Table 4). Richards
and mean concentration of water quality variables for (1968), categorized water salinity in three sections on
all water sources are presented in Table 1. The salinity the basis of electrical conductivity. Category one
in two rain water samples were below detection limit, EC<250 μs cm-1 represents low salinity, category two
which was considered as 0 ppm for further statistical EC=251-750 μs cm-1 represents medium salinity and
analysis. category three EC>751 μs cm-1 represents high salinity.
pH, Salinity, EC and TDS From the result it was found that except harvested
The observed pH value of protected pond water ranges rainwater, all the water sources are within high salinity
from 4.48-7.28 (Table 1). The surface water of the range (Table 1). The similar results was found in
coastal area is sulphate-chloride dominated (Rahman et another coastal district Bagherhat, where surface (pond)
al., 2000). The black soil of coastal area contains water contain 1.28 to 2.25 ppt and ground (tube-well)
sodium sulphate. Sulphate in surface water mainly water contain 2.05 to 2.67 ppt of salt in dry season
arises from runoff through black soil and acid rain. The (Haque et al., 2010). Salinity has a positive correlation
average pH of tube wells water 6.59 (±0.05) (Table 1). with EC, TDS, Na, K, Ca, Cl and HCO3 but for all the
EC and TDS in Tube well water sample show a water sources negative correlation was found with SO4.
negative correlation with pH where r = -.89 and -.89
respectively (Table 2). The pH of ground water was
varied from 7.1 to 7.25 (Sikder et al., 2009) which is
slightly higher than obtained value. The pH of Pond
Sand Filter were mainly influenced by connected pond
water and its average value was 6.46 (±1.03).
Generally, the pH of rainwater ranges from4.5 to 6.5
but increases slightly after falling on the roof and
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 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(1): 101-108, 2017 ISSN 1999-7361

Table 1. Physico-chemical properties of collected water samples

Tube well water Pond Sand Filter water Protected Pond water Rain water
Parameter Units Min Max Mean± S. D. Min Max Mean± S. D. Min Max Mean± S. D. Min Max Mean± S.D.
pH 6.53 6.66 6.5950±.05 6.25 7.38 6.60±.52 4.48 7.28 6.46±1.03 5.48 7.73 5.955±.87
Salinity ppt 0.99 2.1 1.375±.53 0.33 0.43 .377±.04 0.38 2.23 .881±.711 0 0.08 .0183±.03
-1
EC μs cm 1975 2110 2059.166±49.43 687 872 769±94.27 772 4480 1756±1425 24 185 64.33±59.91
TDS ppm 1266.03 1352.56 1319.97±31.69 440.38 558.97 492.94±60.43 494.87 2871.79 1125.64±913.46 15.38 118.59 41.23±38.40
+
Na ppm 126 587.76 311.36±207.73 6.84 56.76 30.24±21.84 13.08 662.64 262.78±232.48 0.58 6.89 2.325±2.39
+
K ppm 1.01 1.42 1.195±.13 10.2 11.74 11.09±.77 8.42 89.24 17.69±15.56 0.6 3.89 1.42±1.26
TH ppm 188.02 338.41 239.10±68.03 50.79 72.39 60.55±9.99 57.08 216.12 113.57±61.32 3.43 8.22 5.85±1.75
+2
Ca ppm 132.25 248.48 178.34±51.8 24.06 48.09 38.07±12.01 36.07 92.17 60.11±25.72 1 7.01 4.338±2.34
Mg2+ ppm 43.74 89.93 60.76±17.32 17.01 26.73 22.47±4.15 17.01 123.95 53.46±38.64 0.6 3.03 1.615±.99
-2
SO4 ppm 0.91 9.57 5.88±3.04 84.64 218.25 150.90±57.81 51.35 498.22 190.30±161.38 5.13 14.69 11.02±3.65
PO4-3 ppm 0.03 0.2 .106±.0628 0.03 0.07 .045±.01 0.01 0.07 .0383±.02 0.01 0.21 .083±.072
NO3-2 ppm 1.22 1.64 1.398±.160 0.82 2.27 1.44±.718 1.21 2.04 1.675±.31 1.13 3.32 2.24±.87
-
Cl ppm 673.55 1737.05 1045.77±523.29 70.9 230.42 155.09±87.28 212.7 2038.37 667.63±693.37 3.54 14.18 7.68±3.48
-
HCO3 ppm 273.74 375.7 321.05±34.26 30.37 138.73 99.69±48.51 6.08 137.81 87.53±54.45 2.34 108.83 24.29±41.69

Distribution of Total Dissolve Solid among alternative water options is shown in Table Ca, Mg, Na, K and Total Hardness
1. The PSF water (mean 492.94±60.43 ppm) and rain water (mean 41.23±38.4 ppm) The mean concentration of calcium in protected pond water, tube well water and pond
were found within the acceptable limit of drinking water quality standards. The total sand filter water were 60.11 (±25.72) ppm, 178.34 (±51.8) pm and 38.07 (±12.01)
dissolved solids (TDS) in rainwater, originating from particulate matter suspended in ppm respectively (Table 1). The similar results was found in another coastal districts
the atmosphere usually range from 2 Ppm to 20 ppm (Hari and Krishna, 2005). This Bagerhat, where the calcium concentration in surface water range from 82.10-118.20
result is slightly lower than experimented value. In harvested rain water sample TDS ppm and underground water 46.5-122.15 ppm (Haque et al., 2010).
show a significant correlation with Na, K, Ca, Cl and HCO 3. The TDS concentration in
tube well water (mean 1319.97 ± 31.69 ppm) and protected pond water (mean
1125.64±913.46 ppm) were slightly higher than acceptable limit of drinking water
quality.
Water containing more than 500 ppm of TDS is not considered desirable for drinking
water supplies, though more highly mineralized water may be used where better
quality water is not available (Jain, 2002). But of unavoidable case 1500 ppm of TDS
is also allowed (Gopalkrushna, 2011). The TDS concentration of protected pond water
were higher than other sources, where a significant positive correlation was found with
Na, K, Mg and Cl.
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Fig. 1. Box plot diagram (a-n) of water quality parameter for each source. Abbreviations: TW= Tube Well; PP=
Protected Pond; PSF= Pond Sand Filter; RWHS= Rain Water Harvesting System
Increased amount of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in rain water may with anthropogenic emissions (Kulshrestha et al.,
be attributed to the influence of crustal aerosols coupled 1995). In rain water sample calcium show significant

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positive correlation with pH, salinity, EC and potassium in other drinking water sources were within
potassium. The total hardness in protected pond water the acceptable limit of Bangladesh and WHO drinking
(mean 113.57 ± 61.32 ppm), tube well water (mean water quality standards. The detected quantities of
239.10 ± 68.03 ppm), pond sand filter water (mean sodium in PSF water (30.24±21.84 ppm) and rain water
60.55 ± 9.99 ppm) and rain water (mean 5.85 ± 1.75 (2.32±2.39 ppm) were within the drinking water quality
ppm) (Fig. 1, e) were much lower than BSTI drinking standards. According to world health organization
water quality standards which is 500 ppm (Ahmed, drinking water quality standard the maximum
2010). The detected quantities of sodium in PSF water concentration of sodium is 200 ppm (WHO, 2004). The
(30.24±21.84 ppm) and rain water (2.32±2.39 ppm) sodium concentration in tube well water
were within the drinking water quality standards. (311.36 ± 207.73 ppm) and protected pond water
According to WHO drinking water quality standard the (262.78±232.48 ppm) were higher than WHO drinking
maximum concentration of sodium is 200 ppm (WHO, water quality standards (Fig. 1, m). In all the water
2004). The sodium concentration in tube well water samples sodium shows significant positive correlation
(311.36 ± 207.73 ppm) and protected pond water with salinity. Sodium is commonly taken as the best as
(262.78±232.48 ppm) were higher than WHO drinking the reference element for marine source (Kulshrestha et
water quality standards (Fig. 1, m). In all the water al., 2003). The potassium concentration in protected
samples sodium shows significant positive correlation pond water (17.69±15.56 ppm) (Fig. 1, b) were higher
with salinity. Sodium is commonly taken as the best as than BSTI drinking water quality standards which is 12
the reference element for marine source (Kulshrestha et ppm (BBS, 2011). The potassium ion in protected pond
al., 2003). The potassium concentration in protected water sample show significant positive correlation with
pond water (17.69±15.56 ppm) (Fig. 1, b) were higher salinity, EC and TDS. The detected quantities of
than BSTI drinking water quality standards which is12 potassium in other drinking water sources were within
ppm (BBS, 2011). The potassium ion in protected pond the acceptable limit of Bangladesh and WHO drinking
water sample show significant positive correlation with water quality standards.
salinity, EC and TDS. The detected quantities of
Cl, HCO3, PO4, SO4 and NO3 The concentration of sulfate in tube well water
The chlorine concentration in tube well water samples (5.88±3.04 ppm), PSF water (150.90±57.81 ppm) and
(1045.77 ± 523.29 ppm) (Fig. 1, i) were two times rain water (11.02±3.65 ppm) are within the acceptable
higher than BSTI drinking water quality standards limit of BSTI and WHO drinking water quality
which is 600 ppm (Ahmed, 2010). Chloride has standards (Fig. 1, n). A study in Ghana found 0.04 to
significant positive correlation with salinity, sodium 8.2 ppm of Sulfate in rainwater which is similar to the
and calcium but negative correlation with phosphate. present research (Cobbina et al., 2013). The sulfate ion
The detected quantities of chlorine in protected pond shows negative correlation pH. Sulfate concentration in
water (667.63±693.37 ppm), PSF water (155.09±87.28 protected pond water sample ranged from 51.35 to
ppm) and rain water (7.68±3.48 ppm) were within the 498.22 ppm with an average of 190.30 (±161.38) ppm
limit of BSTI drinking water quality standards (Fig. 1, (Fig. 1, n). Sulfate occur in natural water at
i). The chlorine concentration in drinking water for concentration up to 50 ppm. Concentration of 1000 ppm
Bangladesh proposed by Asian Development Bank was can be found in water having contact with certain
150-600 ppm (ADB, 1994). The average concentration geological formations e. g. gypsum reserves, water from
of bi-carbonate in protected pond water, tube well pyrite quarries (Kotaiah and Swamy, 1994). The mean
water, PSF water and rain water were 87.53(±54.45) concentration of nitrate in protected pond water, PSF
ppm, 321.05(±34.268) ppm, 99.69(±48.51) ppm and water, tube well water and rain water were 1.67 (±.31)
24.29(±41.69) ppm respectively (Fig. 1, l). A study in ppm, 1.44 (±.7) ppm, 1.39 (±.16) ppm and 2.24 (±.87)
Ghana found 9.41(±7.6) ppm of bi-carbonates in ppm respectively which was negligible compared to
rainwater, which is slightly lower than current study WHO drinking water quality standards. Increased
(Gobel et al., 2007). Distribution of phosphate among concentrations of nitrate in rain water could be due to
water sources is shown in Fig. 1, c. All the water emission of N oxides from the combustion of fossil fuel
sources, protected pond water (0.03 ±.02 ppm), tube and biomass burning (Pandey et al., 1992; Ceron et al.,
well water (0.11±.06 ppm), PSF water (0.04±.01 ppm) 2008). The maximum permissible limit of nitrate in
and rain water (0.08±.07 ppm) contain small amount of drinking water recommended by World Health
phosphate compared to ADB proposed drinking water Organization (WHO) is 45 ppm (Dara, 2002).
quality standards. The potassium exhibits negative
Feical Coliform
correlation with sulfate. The concentration of phosphate The number of feical coliforms in protected pond range
in harvested rainwater was similar to those reported at from 700 to 2500 CFU 100 ml-1. PSF source pond have
some other locations of India (Das et al., 2005; Pandey high bacterial contamination 2700 and 2000 CFU 100
and Pandey, 2009).The maximum permissible limit of ml-1 but at collection point it is 0 and 3 CFU 100 ml-1.
phosphate in drinking water 6 ppm, ADB proposed PSF has high efficiency in bacteria removal from
water quality standard for Bangladesh (ADB, 1994). contaminated water.
The maximum permissible limit of phosphate for
irrigation water 20 ppm (Ayer and Westcot, 1985).

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Conclusion quality parameter of protected pond, tube well and pond

sand filter exceeds WHO and BSTI drinking water
From the observation it can be concluded that the
quality standards. As the coastal zone is situated in the
concentration of all water quality parameter in
transition zone of brackish water, the alternative
harvested rain water were within WHO and BSTI
drinking water sources is needed to ensure safe drinking
drinking water quality standards but other sources were
water supply and reduce health risks of coastal people.
not so suitable for drinking purpose. Most of the water
Table 2. Correlation matrix of major ions including pH, EC, TDS for Tube well water
pH Salinity EC TDS Na K Ca Mg2 So4 PO4 No3 Cl HCO3
Salinity .161 1
EC - .222 1
.894*
TDS - .222 1.00** 1
.894*
Na .223 .982** .139 .139 1
K .739 .649 -.394 -.394 .621 1
Ca .208 .988** .148 .148 .989** .614 1
Mg2 -.005 .936** .312 .312 .878* .525 .916* 1
So4 -.389 .301 .572 .572 .166 .006 .274 .396 1
PO4 -.171 -.820* -.130 -.130 -.865* -.376 -.882* -.674 -.338 1
No3 -.518 -.744 .215 .215 -.687 -.904* -.700 -.753 -.057 .340 1
Cl .154 .999** .231 .231 .979** .640 .989** .933** .335 -.837* -.729 1
HCO3 .219 -.636 -.385 -.385 -.557 -.134 -.665 -.781 -.747 .635 .350 -.658 1
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Cell Contains: Pearson correlation
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 3. Correlation matrix of major ions including pH, EC, TDS for Protected Pond water.
pH Salinity EC TDS Na K Ca Mg SO4 PO4 NO3 Cl HCO3
Salinity .662 1
EC .652 1.00** 1
**
TDS .652 1.00 1.000* 1
*

Na .729 .992** .989** .989** 1

K .470 .943** .950** .950** .903* 1
Ca .688 .872* .863* .863* .917* .713 1
Mg .600 .989** .987** .987** .977** .917* .879* 1
SO4 -.451 .209 .208 .208 .169 .249 .304 .317 1
PO4 .264 .372 .387 .387 .356 .520 .172 .255 -.341 1
NO3 -.414 .041 .053 .053 .013 .260 .071 .010 .467 .480 1
Cl .601 .987** .991** .991** .964** .976** .793 .967** .180 .464 .091 1
HCO3 .623 .707 .700 .700 .697 .577 .558 .738 .064 -.228 -.545 .665 1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Cell Contains: Pearson correlation
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table 4. Correlation matrix of major ions including pH, EC, TDS for Pond Sand Filter water.
pH Salinity EC TDS Na K Ca Mg SO4 PO4 NO3 Cl HCO3
Salinity .379 1
EC .358 .997** 1
TDS .358 .997** 1.000** 1
Na .235 .930 .955* .955* 1
K -.867 -.010 -.015 -.015 -.015 1
Ca -.741 -.902 -.889 -.889 -.778 .406 1
Mg .784 .362 .389 .389 .460 -.878 -.618 1
SO4 -.185 -.961* -.948 -.948 -.849 -.243 .786 -.089 1
PO4 -.266 .790 .798 .798 .797 .578 -.449 -.169 -.886 1
NO3 .297 .993** .998** .998** .962* .041 -.858 .348 -.955* .834 1
Cl .548 .973* .975* .975* .923 -.236 -.959* .565 -.872 .645 .960* 1
HCO3 .434 .737 .777 .777 .890 -.400 -.726 .788 -.544 .451 .769 .831 1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Cell Contains: Pearson correlation
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

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Table 5. Correlation matrix of major ions including pH, EC, TDS for Rainwater.
pH Salinity EC TDS Na K Ca Mg SO4 PO4 NO3 Cl HCO3
Salinity .995** 1
EC .994** .997** 1
TDS .994** .997** 1.000** 1
Na .968** .961** .954** .954** 1
K .981** .976** .968** .968** .997** 1
Ca .981** .976** .968** .968** .997** 1.000** 1
Mg -.183 -.173 -.177 -.177 -.301 -.277 -.277 1
SO4 -.359 -.336 -.393 -.393 -.312 -.303 -.303 .575 1
PO4 -.009 .021 -.025 -.025 .207 .173 .173 -.346 .448 1
NO3 -.015 .046 -.014 -.014 .104 .108 .108 -.158 .602 .853* 1
Cl .930** .941** .956** .956** .924** .924** .924** -.333 -.539 .047 -.019 1
HCO3 1.000** .996** .995** .995** .962** .977** .977** -.178 -.366 -.024 -.018 .932** 1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Cell Contains: Pearson correlation
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
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