IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)

e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 10, Issue 2 Ver. I (Feb. 2016), PP 24-33
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Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability for

Drinking and Agriculture Use in Dodda-Halla Sub-Basin,
Belgaum and Bagalkot District, Karnataka State.
Nadagoudar H. V1, Talwar S. K2, Chandan Kumar B3 , Nadagouda B. V4.
1, 2, 3&4

Department of Studies in Geology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India

Abstract : The problems of water quality have become more important than the quantity, as the environmental
problems are getting more serious in different parts of the world. A number of factors like Geology, soil,
effluents, sewage disposal and other environmental conditions in which the water happens to stay or move and
interact with ground and biological characteristics. These influence greatly on the groundwater quality of an
area. This study is made to evaluate the status of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and
agricultural purposes. For this study, 60 water samples of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons were
collected. The chemical parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS),
Total Hardness (TH) and the concentration of ions such as Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na),
Potassium (K), Bicarbonate (HCO3), Sulphate (SO4) and Chloride (Cl) were analysed in order to understand
the different geochemical processes. The chemical characteristics were determined as per the standard methods
for examination of water and waste water proposed by APHA (2002) and Trivedi & Goel (1984). All the results
were compared with the standard limits recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 1991) and the
World Health Organization (WHO,1993), which indicate that the majority of the groundwater samples are
within the limits prescribed. Besides, suitability of water for irrigation is evaluated based on SAR, RSC, Sodium
percent, Salinity hazard and USSL diagrams. The results reveal that, the water has moderate to high salinity
and low to medium alkalinity is suitable for irrigation.
Keywords: Dodda-Halla sub-basin, Drinking and Irrigation water quality, Ground water in hard rocks
I. Introduction
Groundwater is an important source of drinking water for many people around the world. The resource
in several places becomes contaminated from natural source or numerous human activities. Residential,
municipal, commercial, industrial and agricultural activities affect groundwater quality. Contamination of
groundwater results in poor drinking water quality, loss of water supply, high cleanup costs, high costs
alternative water supplies and potential health problems. This study is related to both water quality and quantity.
Exploitation of groundwater is a must and it is the main source for agricultural, industrial, drinking and domestic
purposes. Water quality data are utilized in the present study to analyse the groundwater chemistry for premonsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Hydrogeochemical data are used in the analysis, including Electrical
Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR).

II.

Study Area

The study area, Dodda-Halla sub-basin, is a typical hard rock terrain covering an area of approximately
365 sq. kms. and lies between the latitudes N 16 0 03 40 to 160 19 50 and longitudes E 750 05 10 to 750
16 45 in Belgaum and Bagalkot district of Karnataka. The region is one of the draught prone areas receiving
low rainfall and is classified as arid to semi arid region. Geologically, the area comprises of lime stones and
quartzites of Kaladgi series belonging to Bagalkot group of proterozoic age and Deccan traps of Cretaceous
tertiary age. The Deccan trap sequence consists of multiple layers of solidified lava flows of dark grey colour
with intertrappean beds. The groundwater occurs under water table conditions and is mainly controlled by the
extent of its secondary porosity i.e. thickness of weathered rocks and spacing of joints and fractures in both the
litho units. The highly weathered trap and underlying weathered, jointed and fractured massive trap and the lime
stones constitutes the main water yielding zones.

III.

Materials and methods

Survey of India (SOI) topo-sheets (1:50000 scale) were used for the preparation of the base map. GIS
software package ArcGIS 9.2 is used to map and analyze the data for the evaluation of groundwater quality. In
order to assess the ground water quality, a total of 60 representative samples were collected for pre and post
monsoon periods of 2013 covering the entire study area. Samples were stored in polythene bottles and analysed
for major and minor cations and anions using standard procedures. EC, pH and TDS were measured on spot by
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Evaluation Of Groundwater Quality And Its Suitability For Drinking And Agriculture Use In Dod
pH and conductivity meters. The chemical results are compared with standard limits recommended by the
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 1991) and the World Health Organization (WHO,1993).The chemical
characteristics were determined as per the standard methods for examination of water and waste water proposed
by APHA (2002) and Trivedi&Goel (1984).

IV.

Results And Discussion

A. Groundwater Quality Assessment :

Groundwater quality assessment was carried to determine its suitability in terms of drinking and
Agricultural purposes. The hydro chemical analysis of groundwater samples of both the seasons are presented
in Table 1 and 2 and the statistical analysis of chemical parameters of the Pre and post monsoon water samples
are presented in Table 3 and 4 (a&b). The hydrochemical parameters of groundwater are compared with the
limits prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS,1991), and the World Health Organization
(WHO,1993). The pH of a water sample measures its hydrogen ion concentration and indicates whether the
water is acidic, neutral or basic. The pH value of absolute pure water is 7. If the pH value is less than 7, the
water is said to be acidic in nature and if it is more than 7, the water is called an alkaline. The pH values of
ground water ranged from 7 to 8 showing that, the groundwater of the study area is mostly alkaline in nature.
B. Statistical Analysis for Post and pre monsoon water chemistry :
The statistical analyses of the chemical data of the groundwater samples of Post&Pre- monsoon have
been undertaken. Important Statistical parameters such as maximum, minimum, mean, Standared deviation
have been calculated and presented in table-.3 .Correlation matrix of 13 hydrochemical parameters reveals the
good correlations of both monsoons and is given in table 4(a) & 4(b). The results points out that, the mean
values of all the chemical quality characteristics are within permissible limits for drinking as well as irrigation
purpose. Pre and Post Monsoon Chemical analysis results are compared with the ISI standards table-5.
C. Electrical Conductivity (EC) :
Electrical Conductivity is the measure of capacity of a substance to conduct the electric current. It
depends upon the presence of various ionic species in the water. The measurement of electrical conductivity is
directly related to the concentration of ionized substance in water and may also be related to problems of
excessive hardness and other mineral contamination (Jain et. al,2009). The value of EC varied between 7730
mhos to 530 mhos during the pre-monsoon period and was observed to be maximum in Hosur (7730
mhos/cm) and minimum in Timmapur (530 mhos/cm). In post-monsoon period, higher concentration was
observed in Hosur (7880 mhos/cm) and lower in Kunnal (170 mhos/cm).During the pre-monsoon period,
results show that 45% of the samples fall under permissible category, 40% under doubtful category while the
remaining 15% under good category. The results of post-monsoon period show that 33% of the samples fall
under permissible category, 45% under doubtful category, 15% under good category and 7% of samples under
excellent category (Table 6).
D. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) :
The determination of total dissolved solids is a measure of all salts in solution. Since EC of water is a
function of the concentration of dissolved constituents, an estimate of total dissolved solids in ppm, in a fresh
water sample can be made using the relationship, specific conductance of micro mhos at 25 0 C x A = dissolved
solids in ppm. A has a value between 0.55 and 0.75, if the value is higher than this value, indicates that the
water is a saline one. If the value is lower than the value indicating that the water will be in acid condition. For
irrigation and most other natural waters, milli mhos are customarily taken as equal to 640 mg. per liter of water
and can be classified according to its TDS content (Hem, 1970). But Davis and De Wiest (1996) classified the
water with TDS content of 1,000 to 10,000 mg/l as brackish, 10,000 to 100,000 mg/l as salty and more than
100,000 mg/l as brine (Table 7).
During pre-monsoon period, the TDS was observed to be maximum in Hosur, minimum in Timmapur
and in post-monsoon period higher concentration was observed in Hosur and lower in Kunnal. The results show
that 45% and 38% of the samples fall under fresh water category, 50% and 54% under slightly saline category
while the remaining 5% and 8% fall under moderately saline category, for pre and post monsoon seasons
respectively.
E. Total Hardness (TH) :
Hardness of water refers to the soap neutralizing power of water. Since soap is precipitated primarily
by calcium and magnesium ions, hardness is defined as the sum of concentration of these ions expressed as mg/l
of CaCO3. Generally water with a hardness of less than 50 ppm is rated as a soft water. The hardness below 500

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Evaluation Of Groundwater Quality And Its Suitability For Drinking And Agriculture Use In Dod
ppm is recommended for drinking purpose. But for agricultural purpose, more than 1000 ppm of hardness is also
accepted (Rao, 1975).
During pre-monsoon period, the TH was observed to be maximum in Hosur, minimum in Timmapur
and in post-monsoon period higher concentration was observed in Hosur and lower in Kunnal. During both the
seasons, result shows 43% and 60% of samples fall under very very hard category, 43% and 30% of samples
fall under very hard category while the remaining 14% and 7% of samples fall under slightly hard category and
the 3% of post-monsoon samples fall under the soft category (Table 8).
F. Residual Sodium Carbonate :
The result revels that 97% and 27% Samples fall in good category of both the monsoons respectively,
3% and 25% of pre and post monsoon samples fall in the medium category and the remaining 48% of the postmonsoon samples fall under the bad category (Table 9).
G. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) :
During pre-monsoon period, the SAR was observed to be maximum in Hosur and minimum in
Timmapur. In post-monsoon period, higher concentration was observed in Hosur and lower in Kunnal. During
pre-monsoon period, results show that 95% of the samples fall under excellent category and 5% under good
category. The results of post-monsoon period show that 97% of the samples fall under the excellent category
and 3% under good category (Table 10). The sodium or alkali hazard in the use of water for irrigation is
expressed by determining the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR). The Sodium Adsorption Ratio of the samples
from the study area ranges between 1.63 to 11.64 and 0.52 to 12.26 in pre monsoon and post monsoon
respectively. There is no much variation in SAR concentrations, the value being less than 10 in most of the
samples except a few.
The plot of the data on the US Salinity diagram (1954) (Fig.2) in which the EC is taken as salinity
hazard and SAR as sodium (alkali) hazard shows that 48% and 33% of the samples of both the seasons in the
study area falls in C3S1; 23% and 22% of the samples of pre and post monsoon fall in C4S2; 12% and 22% of
the pre and post monsoon samples fall in C4S1 ; 12% and 10% of the samples of both the season fall in C2S1;
5% and 3% of the samples of pre and post monsoon fall in C5S3 ;3% of the samples fall in C1S1 and C5S2 of
post monsoon and 2% of the post monsoon fall in the C3S2 and C5S1, indicating Moderate to High salinity and
low to medium alkalinity water suitable for irrigation. (Table11).
H. Mechanisms controlling water chemistry:
Gibbs diagram that represent the ratios of Na+: (Na++Ca2+) and Cl-: (Cl-+HCO3-) as a function of
TDS are widely employed to understand the functional sources of dissolved chemical constituents such as
precipitation-dominance, rock dominance and evaporation dominance (Gibbs, 1970), Viswanathaiah et al.
(1978) emphasized the mechanism of controlling the chemistry of groundwater of Karnataka. The chemical data
of the water samples are plotted on the Gibbs diagram (Fig.3). The majority of the samples from both pre- and
post-monsoon fall in the rock dominance area indicating the interaction between the rock and water in the sub
surface and few samples fall in the Evaporation dominance.

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Evaluation Of Groundwater Quality And Its Suitability For Drinking And Agriculture Use In Dod

Figure 1: Location and Geological Map of Dodda-halla Sub-Basin

Figure 2: USSL Classification of Irrigation Water

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Evaluation Of Groundwater Quality And Its Suitability For Drinking And Agriculture Use In Dod

Figure3: Gibbs Classification diagram

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Evaluation Of Groundwater Quality And Its Suitability For Drinking And Agriculture Use In Dod
Table 1: Chemical parameters of the Pre-monsoon water samples
Sample ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

Sample type
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW

Location
Murkatnal
Murkatnal
Murkatnal
Chikkoppa.k.s
Chikkoppa.k.s
Chikkoppa.k.s
Hirekoppa.k.s
Hirekoppa.k.s
Hirekoppa.k.s
Bagojikoppa
Bagojikoppa
Bagojikoppa
Hulkund
Hulkund
Hulkund
Kunnal
Kunnal
Kunnal
Chippalakatti
Chippalakatti
Chippalakatti
Bichaguppi
Bichaguppi
Bichaguppi
Kullur
Kullur
Kullur
Tondikatti
Tondikatti
Tondikatti
Timmapur
Timmapur
Timmapur
Hosur
Hosur
Hosur
Yadwad
Yadwad
Yadwad
Yadwad-Koppadatti
Yadwad-Koppadatti
Yadwad-Koppadatti
Vantagodi
Vantagodi
Vantagodi
Manami
Manami
Manami
Gulganjikoppa
Gulganjikoppa
Gulganjikoppa
Chennal
Chennal
Chennal
Hirekoppa
Hirekoppa
Hirekoppa
Hulkund1
Hulkund1
Hulkund1

Easting
16.076
16.076
16.076
16.117
16.117
16.117
16.114
16.114
16.114
16.125
16.125
16.125
16.143
16.143
16.143
16.166
16.166
16.166
16.138
16.138
16.138
16.113
16.113
16.113
16.107
16.107
16.107
16.141
16.141
16.141
16.109
16.109
16.109
16.103
16.103
16.103
16.235
16.235
16.235
16.234
16.234
16.234
16.304
16.304
16.304
16.191
16.191
16.191
16.261
16.261
16.261
16.303
16.303
16.303
16.114
16.114
16.114
16.143
16.143
16.143

Northing
75.109
75.109
75.109
75.108
75.108
75.108
75.1
75.1
75.1
75.107
75.107
75.107
75.125
75.125
75.125
75.169
75.169
75.169
75.175
75.175
75.175
75.2
75.2
75.2
75.238
75.238
75.238
75.238
75.238
75.238
75.23
75.23
75.23
75.165
75.165
75.165
75.179
75.179
75.179
75.185
75.185
75.185
75.168
75.168
75.168
75.18
75.18
75.18
75.165
75.165
75.165
75.186
75.186
75.186
75.1
75.1
75.1
75.125
75.125
75.125

Ca
94
106
112
61
64
54
62
67
69
72
70
64
90
83
82
168
147
149
230
184
187
85
90
80
43
48
45
163
168
160
32
38
37
323
336
328
203
192
214
43
48
46
160
168
154
194
182
168
134
138
131
108
114
112
42
40
43
104
99
104

Mg
46
52
55
30
30
26
30
33
32
35
32
32
43
40
40
85
72
72
110
90
98
43
44
40
19
22
21
80
90
86
15
18
17
160
170
160
90
100
110
20
24
24
78
83
80
90
90
87
60
72
65
50
60
58
18
17
19
50
50
55

Na
220
224
220
106
114
110
108
116
110
128
154
140
186
212
200
330
440
450
410
520
530
182
176
174
78
82
74
330
292
300
68
53
48
880
1050
910
456
530
470
78
90
88
382
400
430
440
420
428
260
234
254
220
226
218
70
60
71
180
220
200

K
2
5
2
0
0
2
1
4
2
3
2
4
4
2
2
12
12
12
10
12
14
1
6
2
0
1
1
5
5
4
0
0
0
30
34
24
18
14
10
0
1
0
12
8
10
16
10
6
10
6
4
6
3
2
0
0
0
2
3
4

Fe HCO3 Cl
F NO3 SO4 TDS EC TH pH
0.3 314 336 0.76 62 120 1084 1810 420 7.76
0 343 342 0.84 38 170 1160 1940 472 7.62
0 363 336 0.9 72 150 1183 1970 500 7.52
0 220 162 0.58 28 70 600 1010 272 7.92
0 201 174 0.72 32 92 636 1060 280 7.8
0 181 168 0.56 27 75 580 970 240 7.72
0 225 165 0.61 28 72 614 1030 276 7.88
0 235 176 0.68 28 92 670 1120 300 7.7
0 245 188 0.7 28 82 650 1090 300 7.82
0 245 196 0.61 38 94 725 1210 320 7.77
0 225 227 0.72 32 110 774 1290 304 7.66
0 216 213 0.73 32 84 720 1200 288 7.8
0.2 304 286 0.36 40 220 970 1620 396 7.68
0 245 325 0.4 40 138 1000 1670 368 7.58
0 260 308 0.48 36 124 960 1610 364 7.62
0 441 504 0.98 210 250 1846 3000 760 7.4
0 392 672 1.02 184 210 1992 3270 656 7.42
0 402 678 1 182 220 2024 3320 660 7.44
0.3 613 634 0.54 240 330 2362 3860 1016 7.32
0 451 784 0.82 220 310 2413 3950 820 7.23
0.3 470 798 0.78 230 330 2493 4080 860 7.34
0 284 280 0.28 40 120 936 1570 384 7.84
0 377 196 0.4 40 170 970 1590 400 7.78
0 260 266 0.38 35 124 890 1490 360 7.14
0 152 118 0.66 24 44 425 710 184 8.05
0 167 126 0.62 20 53 466 780 209 7.88
0 157 106 0.52 22 62 433 720 196 7.9
0.2 480 504 0.32 92 270 1760 2920 728 7.62
0.3 470 448 0.56 176 260 1744 2860 780 7.5
0.2 490 448 0.8 132 260 1709 2820 744 7.42
0 118 101 0.36 20 34 346 580 140 7.92
0 147 73 0.4 19 45 342 570 168 7.74
0 118 70 0.36 28 48 321 530 160 7.68
0.2 696 1344 1.74 340 650 4180 6830 1448 7.31
0.3 784 1624 1.68 342 630 4700 7730 1520 7.28
0.2 784 1400 1.72 330 580 4242 6970 1460 7.24
0 529 700 2.3 142 340 2206 3780 868 7.38
0 490 812 2.18 160 370 2497 4120 880 7.32
0 544 728 2.24 240 340 2466 4040 976 7.28
0 147 120 0.34 24 48 430 720 188 7.92
0 172 137 0.44 26 58 496 830 216 7.84
0 167 134 0.54 24 58 483 810 212 8
0.4 466 588 1.4 140 260 1890 3130 712 7.45
0.4 500 616 120 114 260 1974 3280 752 7.4
0.2 490 672 1.32 88 230 1982 3320 704 7.48
0 519 672 1.14 140 330 2220 3360 844 7.42
0 510 672 1.2 116 280 2102 3500 816 7.68
0 539 658 1.18 120 240 2058 3430 768 7.7
0 392 409 1.32 94 180 1402 2320 576 7.62
0 441 361 1.28 120 180 1398 2310 632 7.52
0 441 392 1.14 96 200 1429 2400 588 7.44
0.3 343 336 1.06 38 158 1135 1900 460 7.69
0 407 350 1.04 80 128 1225 2050 524 7.7
0.2 402 336 1.08 60 138 1185 1990 512 7.88
0 147 106 0.82 22 40 395 660 176 8.02
0 157 92 0.52 20 24 355 600 168 8
0 172 109 0.42 18 30 402 680 184 7.98
0 343 280 0.98 62 130 1030 1720 460 7.84
0 343 336 1
70 120 1121 1870 448 7.78
0 392 308 0.92 60 116 1102 1850 480 7.74

Note: EC=Electrical conductivity in micro mhos/cm, all other values except pH are in ppm,
TH= Total hardness, TDS= Total Dissolved Solids

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Evaluation Of Groundwater Quality And Its Suitability For Drinking And Agriculture Use In Dod
Table 2: Chemical parameters of the Post-monsoon water samples
Sample ID Sample type
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW
BW

Location
Hosur
Hosur
Hosur
Hosur
Kullur
Kullur
Kullur
Tondikatti
Tondikatti
Tondikatti
Tondikatti
Bichaguppi
Bichaguppi
Bichaguppi
Chippalakatti
Chippalakatti
Chippalakatti
Hulkund
Hulkund
Hulkund
Kunnal
Kunnal
Kunnal
Manami
Manami
Manami
Manami
Yadwad
Yadwad
Yadwad
Yadwad
Yadwad
Yadwad
Gulganginkop
Gulganginkop
Gulganginkop
Gulganginkop
Channal
Channal
Channal
Channal
Vantagodi
Vantagodi
Vantagodi
Vantagodi
Hirekoppa
Hirekoppa
Hirekoppa
Hirekoppa
Chikkoppa
Chikkoppa
Chikkoppa
Chikkoppa
Murkatnal
Murkatnal
Murkatnal
Bagojikoppa
Bagojikoppa
Thimmapur
Thimmapur

Easting
16.103
16.103
16.103
16.103
16.107
16.107
16.107
16.141
16.141
16.141
16.141
16.113
16.113
16.113
16.138
16.138
16.138
16.143
16.143
16.143
16.166
16.166
16.166
16.191
16.191
16.191
16.191
16.235
16.235
16.235
16.235
16.235
16.235
16.261
16.261
16.261
16.261
16.303
16.303
16.303
16.303
16.304
16.304
16.304
16.304
16.114
16.114
16.114
16.114
16.117
16.117
16.117
16.117
16.076
16.076
16.076
16.125
16.125
16.109
16.109

Northing
75.165
75.165
75.165
75.165
75.238
75.238
75.238
75.238
75.238
75.238
75.238
75.2
75.2
75.2
75.175
75.175
75.175
75.125
75.125
75.125
75.169
75.169
75.169
75.18
75.18
75.18
75.18
75.179
75.179
75.179
75.179
75.179
75.179
75.165
75.165
75.165
75.165
75.186
75.186
75.186
75.186
75.168
75.168
75.168
75.168
75.1
75.1
75.1
75.1
75.108
75.108
75.108
75.108
75.109
75.109
75.109
75.107
75.107
75.23
75.23

Ca Mg Na K Fe HCO3 Cl
323
245
392
352
48
48
50
112
144
146
131
66
72
280
78
208
187
104
107
61
11
11
128
224
202
227
178
176
181
40
48
77
75
227
221
123
125
144
142
150
150
187
176
178
121
74
40
38
74
46
66
69
51
112
147
118
85
78
112
131

162
125
205
190
20
22
24
58
70
70
65
32
36
150
38
100
88
49
55
30
5
5
65
105
102
106
90
88
90
20
22
36
38
120
110
63
59
73
68
80
73
88
83
84
80
38
18
18
36
23
32
33
24
57
62
64
42
37
58
65

690
660
950
980
80
74
70
272
330
330
254
124
120
120
128
400
360
182
200
78
17
19
236
400
410
410
330
360
336
54
53
128
132
510
480
234
254
270
320
290
310
360
400
340
360
100
44
48
110
58
96
82
56
210
190
190
144
168
272
254

28
20
42
24
0
0
0
8
12
16
4
0
2
22
4
20
14
2
2
0
0
0
8
20
8
20
7
14
6
0
0
2
3
24
10
4
3
7
4
12
4
14
12
10
5
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
4
4
2
2
2
8
4

0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0
0
0.2
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0
0.3
0.3
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.4
0
0
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.3
0
0
0.2
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.3
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.2

588
593
784
1029
196
167
191
343
392
451
441
240
245
686
304
519
539
363
382
230
69
39
441
583
613
588
539
466
539
167
186
304
265
608
564
387
412
436
441
490
480
539
539
519
539
284
147
157
274
176
245
260
206
402
343
392
294
260
343
441

1064
1008
1456
1512
123
112
106
420
504
504
392
190
185
868
196
616
560
280
308
118
25
28
361
616
630
624
510
560
518
84
81
196
204
784
728
358
392
420
490
448
493
560
622
518
560
154
70
70
168
90
146
126
87
319
336
291
224
252
420
392

F
1.68
1.34
1.48
1.38
0.68
0.72
0.52
0.54
0.44
0.52
0.6
0.34
0.86
1.02
0.6
0.82
0.9
0.82
0.94
0.32
0.32
0.16
0.8
1.18
1.04
1.16
1.1
2.32
220
0.42
0.54
0.82
0.78
1.08
1.2
0.78
0.8
1.02
1.1
1.12
1.18
1.44
1.38
1.38
1.36
0.64
0.52
0.4
0.38
0.56
0.62
0.5
0.42
0.94
0.84
0.88
0.4
0.5
0.54
0.6

NO3 SO4 TDS EC

280
220
330
240
20
28
24
74
122
120
96
34
41
210
33
220
120
60
60
22
4
9
90
230
140
240
110
160
120
18
22
24
40
250
218
80
92
108
110
110
110
120
120
114
118
26
18
24
34
20
22
32
24
62
70
72
36
40
74
96

770
480
940
626
23
51
47
180
240
204
200
70
92
580
80
340
290
115
130
70
6
11
160
340
310
350
280
290
280
30
38
73
94
380
380
186
140
210
186
220
172
290
240
280
210
86
35
27
78
46
78
66
38
140
220
178
110
110
180
200

3700
3143
4825
4593
442
444
445
1347
1677
1683
1429
672
707
3116
755
2242
1970
1028
1110
528
100
109
1335
2314
2200
2360
1855
1951
1881
355
385
734
760
2690
2514
1300
1332
1515
1607
1630
1625
1970
2003
1861
1855
665
320
328
678
398
600
577
415
1165
1252
1170
834
856
1347
1429

6020
5170
7880
7640
750
740
750
2240
2760
2780
2400
1130
1180
5120
1270
3650
3260
1720
1860
890
170
180
2220
3770
3650
3940
3080
3200
3120
600
650
1240
1270
4400
4120
2160
2220
2510
2670
2700
2710
3260
3330
3080
3090
1120
540
550
1140
670
1010
970
700
1950
2080
1950
1400
1430
2240
2400

TH

pH

1456
1112
1800
1640
200
208
220
512
640
644
588
292
324
1300
348
920
820
456
488
272
48
48
580
980
912
992
804
792
812
180
208
336
340
1048
992
560
548
652
628
696
668
820
772
780
748
336
172
168
328
208
292
304
224
508
616
552
380
344
512
588

7.44
7.34
7.33
7.28
7.81
7.9
7.94
7.74
7.68
7.72
7.62
7.71
7.62
7.34
7.66
7.44
7.54
7.7
7.58
8.03
8.04
7.98
7.64
7.35
7.4
7.62
7.54
7.26
7.18
8.06
7.84
7.66
7.7
7.28
7.4
7.77
7.68
7.38
7.52
7.32
7.4
7.44
7.38
7.42
7.58
7.62
7.89
7.92
7.7
7.06
7.78
7.88
7.98
7.66
7.47
7.68
7.58
7.7
7.74
7.62

Note: EC=Electrical conductivity in micro mhos/cm, all other values except pH are in ppm,
TH= Total hardness, TDS= Total Dissolved Solids
Table 3: Statistical analysis of Chemical parameters of the Pre-monsoon water samples
Chemical
Variables
Ca
Mg
Na
K
HCO3
SiO2
Cl
NO3
F
TDS
TH
EC
pH

Post monsoon
Min
Max
28
300
12
316
21
644
1
246
134
781
29
648
46
1383
1
129
0
2
368
3518
155
1900
550
6290
7
9

DOI: 10.9790/2402-10212433

Mean
79
72
217
16
375
147
313
20
1
1125
493
1887
8

std.Dev
45.964
56.602
142.267
37.622
149.469
115.564
263.04
24.04
4.44
669.865
325.914
1124
0.314

Premonsoon
Min
Max
18
240
24
199
5
621
2
196
238
946
7
394
25
1170
0
46
0
3
388
2686
145
1080
670
4210
7
9

www.iosrjournals.org

Mean
75
70
199
15
468
126
266
11
1
1033
477
1628
8

Std.Dev
47.14
36.01
115.039
31.161
143.778
77.687
211.091
10.331
0.732
485.261
217.088
743.094
0.278

30 | Page

Evaluation Of Groundwater Quality And Its Suitability For Drinking And Agriculture Use In Dod
Table 4(a): Correlation Matrix for Post-monsoon
Chemical
Variables
Ca
Mg
Na
K
HCO3
SiO2
Cl
NO3
F
TDS
TH
EC
pH

Ca
1
0.321
0.369
0.036
0.114
0.486
0.666
0.259
0.276
0.618
0.763
0.651
0.424

Mg

Na

HCO3

SiO2

Cl

NO3

TDS

TH

EC

pH

1
0.54
0.002
0.362
0.654
0.719
0.292
0.286
0.731
0.857
0.75
0.106

1
0.189
0.598
0.698
0.799
0.439
0.05
0.914
0.57
0.883
0.15

1
0.439
0.086
0.08
0.234
0.289
0.248
0.022
0.217
0.002

1
0.397
0.235
0.364
0.255
0.556
0.309
0.49
0.013

1
0.646
0.354
0.276
0.799
0.711
0.778
0.11

1
0.281
0.149
0.912
0.853
0.938
0.284

1
0.062
0.493
0.34
0.47
0.246

1
0.011
0.045
0.033
0.374

1
0.836
0.991
0.249

1
0.867
0.302

1
0.279

Table 4(b): Correlation Matrix for Pre-monsoon

Chemical
Variables
Ca
Mg
Na
K
HCO3
SiO2
Cl
NO3
F
TDS
TH
EC
pH

Ca
1
0.631
0.545
0.029
0.319
0.484
0.773
0.637
0.066
0.763
0.819
0.756
0.494

Mg

Na

HCO3

SiO2

Cl

NO3

TDS

TH

EC

pH

1
0.561
0.036
0.381
0.548
0.862
0.622
0.284
0.821
0.962
0.842
0.183

1
0.089
0.611
0.751
0.813
0.513
0.353
0.903
0.607
0.889
0.172

1
0.448
0.099
0.005
0.019
0.072
0.146
0.018
0.127
0.049

1
0.361
0.398
0.27
0.425
0.584
0.394
0.564
0.056

1
0.636
0.299
0.199
0.757
0.576
0.746
0.176

1
0.617
0.262
0.944
0.91
0.957
0.308

1
0.093
0.69
0.684
0.674
0.219

1
0.3
0.233
0.3
-0.03

1
0.876
0.996
0.268

1
0.889
-0.31

1
0.278

Table 5: Range in concentration of chemical parameters of the study area and Indian Standards for
drinking water
Sl.No

Parameters

pH

TDS

Range
in
Concentration
Pre
Post
Monsoon Monsoon
7.06
7.14-8.05 7.60
321
- 100
4700
4825

3
4
5
6
7
8

Ca
Mg
Na
Fe
HCO3
Cl

32 - 336
15 - 170
48 - 1050
0 -0.4
118 - 784
70 - 1624

11 - 392
5 - 205
17 - 980
0 - 0.4
39 - 1029
25 - 1512

75
30
..
0.3
..
250

200
100
..
1
..
1000

9
10

SO4
NO3

24 - 650
18 - 342

200
45

400
100

11

1.5

High fluoride may cause fluorosis

12

TH

0.28 - 2.3
140
1520

6 - 940
4 - 330
0.16
2.32

May Cause gastro-intenstinal irritation

Encrustation in water supply structure, adverse effects on
domestic use
..
..
Taste, appearance are affected, promotes Fe Bacteria
..
Taste,Corrosion and poratability are affected
Causes gastro-intestinal irritation when Mg or Na are
present
Methaemoglobinemia takes place

48 - 1800

300

600

Encrustation in the water supply structure

DOI: 10.9790/2402-10212433

Indian
Standard
(ISO 10500,1991)
Highest
Minimum
Desirable Permissible
No
6.5 - 8.5
relaxation

Undesirable Effects
Out side Highest

500

2000

Water will affect the mucous membrane

www.iosrjournals.org

31 | Page

Evaluation Of Groundwater Quality And Its Suitability For Drinking And Agriculture Use In Dod
Table 6: Classification of Irrigation Water Based on Electrical Conductivity
Water
EC
Salinity Significance
PrePostClass
(micro
Monsoon Monsoon
mhos/cm
)
Excellent <250
Water of low salinity is generally 0
04
composed of higher proportions of
calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate
ions.
Good
250-750
Moderately saline water, having 9
09
varying ionic concentrations
Permissi 750-2250 High saline waters consist mostly of 27
20
ble
sodium and chloride ions
Doubtful

>2250

Water containing high concentration of

sodium, bicarbonate and carbonate ions
have high pH

24

27

Table 7: Condition of Water Quality with Reference to Concentration

Sl.No
1
2
3
4
5

Water Class
Fresh Water
Slightly Saline
Moderately Saline
Very Saline
Brine

Values in ppm
Less than, 1,000
1,000 to 3,000
3,000 to 10,000
10,000 to 35,000
More than 35,000

Pre-Monsoon
27
30
03
00
00

Post-Monsoon
23
32
5
00
00

Source: Davis and De Wiest, (1996)

Table 8: Recommended Range of Hardness

TH 2.497Ca 4.115Mg

Total Hardness by Ragunath, 1987

Classification
Soft
Slightly Hard
Moderately Hard
Very Hard
Very Very Hard

ppm value
Post Monsoon
2
0
4
18
36

Pre Monsoon
0
0
8
26
26

0-55
56-100
101-200
201-500
>500

Table 9: Classification of RSC

Residual Sodium Carbonate by Richards, 1954
Classification
Good
<1.25
Medium
1.25-2.50
Bad
>2.50

Pre Monsoon
58
02
00

RSC CO3 HCO3 Ca Mg

epm values
Post Monsoon

16
15
29

Table 10: Irrigation Water Classification based on Sodium Adsorption Ratio

Sodium Absorption Ratio

Water Class

Less than 10
10 to 18
18 to 26
More than 26

Excellent
Good
Permissible
Unsuitable

No. of Water Samples

Pre-monsoon
57
3
0
0

Post-monsoon
58
2
0
0

Table 11: USSL Classification of Irrigation Water

Classification by US Salinity diagram
Salinity
SAR
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
High
Low
Very-High

DOI: 10.9790/2402-10212433

C1 S1
C1 S2
C1 S3
C1 S4

Number of Samples
Pre Monsoon
0
0
0
0

www.iosrjournals.org

Post Monsoon
2
0
0
0

32 | Page

Evaluation Of Groundwater Quality And Its Suitability For Drinking And Agriculture Use In Dod
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Medium High

Low
Medium
High
Very-High
Low

C2 S1
C2 S2
C2 S3
C2 S4
C3 S1

7
0
0
0
29

6
0
0
0
20

Medium High
Medium High
Medium High
High
High
High
High

Medium
High
Very-High
Low
Medium
High
Very-High
Low
Medium
High
Very-High

C3 S2
C3 S3
C3 S4
C4 S1
C4 S2
C4 S3
C4 S4
C5 S1
C5 S2
C5 S3
C5 S4

0
0
0
7
14
0
0
0
0
3
0

1
0
0
13
13
0
0
1
2
2
0

Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High

V.

Conclusion

In general, the groundwater of the Dodda-halla sub-basin is hard and alkaline in nature, but in some
places, the water is relatively soft and falls within the safety limits as prescribed by the WHO and Indian
Standards. The values of total dissolved solids show that 45% and 38% of the samples fall under fresh water
category, 50% and 54% under slightly saline category while the remaining 5% and 8% fall under moderately
saline category, for pre and post monsoon seasons respectively. The Correlation matrix of the hydrochemical
parameters reveals the good correlations of the both monsoons. The values of TDS, SAR, EC and TH and the
concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, HCO3, SO4 and Cl of the samples do not exceed the safety limits for
drinking and for irrigation water and hence the water is fit for agricultural utility. Gibbs Classification reveals
rock dominance and evaporation dominance holds good for irrigation purpose.

VI.

Acknowledgements

I am thankful to Chemist, Department of Mines and Geology, Belgaum for analyzing the Water
samples. I extend my sincere thanks to the Chairman, Department of Geology Karnatak University, Dharwad
for all his help and co-operation.

References
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[3]
[4]
[5]
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33 | Page