11th 

ESRI India User Conference 2010                                  

Ground Water Quality mapping in Gorakhpur District

Parul Singh M. Tech. Student
Dr. R.K. Shukla Assistant Professor
(Department of Civil Engineering)

M.M.M Engineering College Gorakhpur

Affiliated by U.P. technical university, U.P.

Abstract: About the Author:

The rivers and the water reservoirs are

supposed to be the life line of any civilization .
The ground water is most prime water which
has multipurpose uses ranging from drinking to
industrial and agricultural uses. The quality
requirement varies distinctly with respect to
the specific uses. For instance drinking water
must have specified quality, which is not at all
Name : Parul singh
essential for industrial uses. Though ground
water appears to be less prone to pollutant Designation : Student
mixing yet there are a number of potential Department : Civil Enginreeng
source of ground water pollution. Mail add: singhparu@gmail.com
The alarming increase in the level of pollution
of water is a serious threat. This needs to be Mob.: 09554532348
taken up with utmost priority. The city of Mailing Address : PARUL SINGH
Gorakhpur is also not untouched with this S.No. 31, Bichhiya Rly, Transit House
serious issue. The pollution level of the major
water sources in and around the city is going Charphatak N.E. Rly., Gorakhpur,
on increasing rapidly. The study area, Uttar Pradesh, India
Gorakhpur is a city in the eastern part of the Co-Author(s): Dr. R. K. Shukla
state of Uttar Pradesh in India, near the border Asstt.Prof in Civil Engineering Mob +91
with Nepal. 9839927409rkce@mmmec.net
The main objective of the present study has M.M.M Engineering College Gorakhpur
been to study the variation of ground water OR
quality in Gorakhpur district. By using 59 Dr.B.lal Scientist ‘SD’
samples of water from hand pumps and tube banwarirsac@gmail.com And
wells from 59 locations well distributed withing Dr. Arvind Mathur Scientist ‘SC’
Gorakhpur District were analysed for different arvindmathur.62@gmail.com Remote
parameters such as pH. Electric conductivity, Sensing Application Centre Lucknow U.P.
carbonates, Bicarbonates, chloride Total
hardness, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium,
Magnesium and SAR. Global Position System
Acknowledgements: The authors are
(GPS) was used to record the sample locations
thankful to the UP State Remote Sensing
and the quality parameters were mapped using
Application Centre, Lucknow and Madan
ARCMAP Geographical Information System
Mohan Malaviya Engineering College,
(GIS). This study is carried out with the
Gorakhpur for providing the instruments
objectives of assessment of water quality
and lab facilities to carry out this work.
status of Gorakhpur city region and
identification of contaminated or polluted zones
so that the appropropriate remidial measures
can be taken.

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11th ESRI India User Conference 2010                                  

Introduction

Water plays a vital role in the development of any activity in the area. Thus, the availability of surface and
ground water governs the process of planning & development. The surface water resources are inadequate to
fulfill the water demand. Productivity through groundwater is quite high as compared to surface water, but
groundwater resources have not yet been properly developed through exploration. Keeping this in view, the
present study attempts to select suitable locations for groundwater areas using an integrated approach of &
GIS.

These locations were entered into GIS as point coverage through digitization and transformed into
geographical coordinate systems. These points were used as input in interpolation process. Each point
location was assigned a unique code in their feature attribute table. The ground water as well soil and
corresponding chemical data (EC, pH, calcium and potassium for each point were entered as separate
database. These associated information were linked to the corresponding point data through a common field
(sampling code) for the approximation. Arc view (ver.9.2) GIS software with spatial extension module was
used for interpolation

Definition of Groundwater: Groundwater is defined as the water present in the saturated zone beneath the
water table. As noted above, the pore spaces between the particles of the porous medium are completely or
nearly completely filled with water, so that all water is in contact and the water pressure increases
proportionally with depth.
Sources of Groundwater Pollution: The major sources of groundwater pollution are principally the same as
those of soil pollution and include landfills (waste dumps), accidental spills, agriculture, septic tanks, and
atmospheric deposition. Dissolved pollutants move with the percolating soil water into groundwater, while
organic liquid pollutants may reach the groundwater autonomously. In addition, in areas where surface water
infiltrates to groundwater, surface water pollution is a potential source of groundwater contamination.

Materials And Methods

Study area : Gorakhpur (Hindi: xksj[kiqj, Urdu: ‫ )ﮔﻮرﮐﻬﭙﻮر‬is a city in the eastern part of the state of Uttar

Pradesh in India, near the border with Nepal. It is the administrative headquarters of Gorakhpur District and
Gorakhpur Division and of Gorakhpur in one of the most important cities of eastern Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) and
the principal town in the transghagar plain. The name of the city has been assigned after the name of saint
Guru Gorakhpur of 12th century. It is situated at 26º45’ north latitude and 83º22’east longitude, in Taral
belt and located in the middle of district Gorakhpur at the confluence of river Rapti and Rohni. The location of

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11th ESRI India User Conference 2010                                  

the city is very important strategic being located quite near to Indo-Nepal Border and very well connected by
Railway. Roads and Airways from other part of the country.
Collection of Water (ground water)Samples and their Analysis
For the study of the water quality in the area under consideration the samples of water were collected in the
sterilised plastic containers of 2 liter capacity from the hand pump, well as well as tube wells water The
collected samples of the ground water were analyzed, for their physical and chemical characteristics, in the
laboratory using the standard methodology

Results And Discussion

A total overview of the water quality status of any city can only be understood by a comprehensive and
critical study of all the components of the aquatic and soil ecosystem and their interrelationship. However, it
is rather a difficult task to be undertaken by the author alone for project work consequently the author has
selected physiochemical parameter of water for detail investigations on the water quality status in Gorakhpur
city region.
In the following text the analytical values obtained for various parameters are represented with reference
permissible and desirable limit (IS:10500) which are demarcated with green and red lines. The quality of
water for drinking purpose is discussed with IS:10500 standard norms. Brief detail of the parameters are
given below :
pH
pH is the major of the intensity of acidity or alkalinity and measures the concentration of hydrogen ion in the
water. However, it does not major total acidity or alkalinity pH is generally measured on a log scale an equal
to negative logarithmic of hydrogen ion concentration. The pH of water sample in the entire investigation
ranges from 6.95 at location no. 26 to 8.16 at location no. 14 including all sampling locations i.e. handpump,
tubewell and well water. As per IS:10500 standard for drinking purpose the allowable limit of pH is 6.5 to 8.5
and the study indicates all the water samples are in safe limit and do not shows any health hazard.
EC (Electrical Conductivity)
Electrical Conductivity represent the salt content of water. By analyzing electrical conductivity pollution status
can be ascertained. Electrical conductivity fluctuate from 230 µs/cm at location Jatepur to 7670 µs/cm at
location Golghar in the handpump while the tubewell depicted the EC in the range of 583 µs/ms at location
Vansampati to 1560 at location khajini and well water shows the EC value from 332µs/ms at location
Divyanager to 1440 at location Nasur, the highest EC value was observed at Jatepur i.e. 7670, which is a
very high value as per standard except sampling location Jatepur, all the other water sample are found to be
in the safe limit.

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11th ESRI India User Conference 2010                                  

Potassium
Concentration in natural water is usually less than 10 mg/l. measured with. Potassium is an essential
constituent and no limit has been set by any agency for potable water. In most of the water sample
potassium concentration is found below 10mg/l the concetraion of potassium at differntet sources viz.
handpump ,Tubewell and Well water observed between 6.002 meq/ ( Markarla ) to 0.013 meq/ [Golghar

(Kali Mandir)] respectvily. Potassium was found to be in safe limit at all locations.

Chloride
There is no evidence that chloride constitute any human health hazards for this reason, chloride are generally
limited 250mg/l in supply intended for public used in many area of the world The permissible limit of chloride
is set 250mg/l/7.4 meq/l) as per IS standard Chloride concentration in Gorakhpur city region varied from 21.2
meq/ at location khajini to 0.52 meq/ at location Shastri Chowk. including all the sampling source like
handpump, tubewell and well. except sampling location khajini all the water sample are found to be in the
safe limit

Fig:1 – Title of the Figure

(Name of the figure should be given just below the figure)

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11th ESRI India User Conference 2010                                  

Table 1
Water Quality Analysis (Handpump, tubewell and well) at the various locations
Sl.No.
Locations Description pH EC Ca Mg Na K CO3 HCO3 Cl CaCO3
meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l
µs/cm meq/l
2.59
1 Mohaddipur Chauraha Handpump 7.68 860 2.08 3.54 0.09 NIL 9.01 5.01 3.01
2.72 NIL
2 MMM Engg. College Handpump 7.33 987 3.01 6.41 0.02 9.01 6.09 4.55
0.45 NIL
3 Kurnaghat Handpump 8.14 327 1.01 0.06 0.03 6.05 5.04 4.55
1.85 NIL
4 Sardar Nagar Sugar Mill Handpump 7.54 395 5.06 1.95 0.02 11.5 1.08 7.55
0.63 NIL
5 Sariya Disllary Handpump 7.33 387 1.09 5.06 0.02 6.05 3.02 7.05
1.50 NIL
6 Suba Bazaar Handpump 7.58 362 3.03 0.22 0.03 8.01 6.05 3.25
1.43 NIL
7 Ranidia Handpump 7.16 582 3.01 0.89 0.01 8.05 7.01 3.09
0.29 NIL
8 Singharia Handpump 7.45 640 0.65 0.03 0.03 4.05 2.09 0.95
0.17 NIL
9 Nanda Nagar Handpump 7.89 570 2.05 1.02 2.04 1.09 1.82 3.25
0.45 NIL
10 ITM (GIDA) Handpump 7.47 351 2.09 1.46 0.01 9.05 19.1 3.55
3.63 NIL
11 Transport Nagar (Mahewa) Handpump 7.02 1270 2.09 2.11 0.00 0.65 10.4 4.02
2.55 NIL
12 Gita Vatika Handpump 8.01 470 5.65 1.00 0.13 0.06 6.01 2.65
1.40 NIL
13 Sahapur Handpump 7.81 691 1.05 1.65 0.10 0.65 4.05 3.15
1.44 NIL
14 Fatima Road (Bypass Road) Handpump 8.16 398 1.65 1.01 0.29 0.35 4.04 2.75
1.26 NIL
15 Kanchanpur (Saria Bazaar) Handpump 7.04 830 2.02 3.03 0.08 0.45 6.09 5.05
2.19 NIL
16 Raptinagar (Medical Road) Handpump 7.44 754 1.51 1.64 0.06 0.65 4.05 3.15
1.91 NIL
17 Asuran Chauraha Handpump 7.44 754 2.35 0.02 0.04 0.75 5.08 2.55
2.00 0.03 NIL
18 Jatepur Handpump 7.38 230 3.01 0.89 0.09 2.02 3.09
1.12 NIL
19 Fertilizer Road Handpump 7.02 1160 3.09 1.91 0.03 0.05 5.05 5.01
2.91 NIL
20 Gorakhnath Mandir Handpump 7.63 754 1.05 0.07 0.02 0.75 4.01 2.02
2.35 NIL
21 Suraj Kund Handpump 7.24 300 4.01 1.29 0.01 0.85 17.4 5.03
0.08 NIL
22 Railway Station Handpump 7.26 1330 4.55 1.09 4.04 0.75 6.01 6.45
3.45 NIL
23 Golghar (Kali Mandir) Handpump 7.04 7670 2.55 3.95 0.07 0.95 8.03 6.05
1.44 NIL
24 Bakshipur Chauraha Handpump 7.17 990 3.75 4.01 0.07 0.85 14.9 3.05
2.40 NIL
25 Shastri Chowk Handpump 6.95 1010 1.01 1.05 0.01 0.08 0.52 2.15
2.93 NIL
26 Betihata Handpump 7.51 1120 1.65 1.01 0.16 0.06 5.07 2.65
3.04 NIL
27 Charuchandra puri (Kasya Road) Handpump 7.75 997 3.07 1.75 0.03 0.65 15.1 5.45
2.84 NIL
28 Padleganj Handpump 7.01 916 1.15 0.95 0.08 0.04 2.09 2.01
1.57 NIL
29 Charphatak (Mohaddipur) Handpump 7.67 584 2.02 0.85 0.08 6.01 8.06 3.05
NIL
30 Daudpur Handpump 7.01 1070 2.45 1.33 2.45 0.06 0.52 2.87 3.78
NIL
31 Humaunpur Handpump 7.45 650 1.52 0.98 2.47 0.04 0.05 2.45 2.05
NIL
47 Mainbhager Handpump 6.01 312 1.03 2.01 2.01 0.08 6.95 9.05 3.04
NIL
49 Sherpur Chamraha Handpump 7.79 667 2.01 2.01 2.32 0.04 4.09 16.01 4.02

NIL
Maximum 8.16 7670 5.65 6.41 3.63 4.04 11.5 19.1 7.55

NIL
Minimum 6.01 47 0.65 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.04 0.52 0.95

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11th ESRI India User Conference 2010                                  

Sam.No. Locations Description pH EC Ca Mg Na K C03 HCO3 Cl CaCO3

µs/cm meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l

1. Vansapti Tubewell 7.16 583 1.07 2.93 0.42 0.07 0 6.01 4.09 4.01
2. Belwar Tubewell 7.74 682 1.08 1.92 1.39 0.03 0 9.01 8.01 3-Jan
3. Kusumi Jangal Tubewell 7.21 776 2.15 0.95 1.88 0.02 0 4.05 2.04 3.01
4. Khajini Tubewell 6.95 1560 4.02 0.93 3.65 0.12 0 6.01 21.2 4.95
5. Hardalganj Tubewell 7.02 605 1.95 0.04 1.01 0.02 0 0.05 2.07 2.35
6. Kushmiroad Tubewell 7.86 475 2.76 1.76 1.09 0.06 0 0.14 4.51 4.52
7. Mahla Tubewell 7.00 1456 2.01 0.34 2.17 0.12 0 7.01 19.01 2.34
8. Bargadwa Tubewell 7.02 1267 4.05 1.96 1.07 0.20 0 1 2.05 6.01
9. Lalganj Tubewell 6.95 734 1.02 4.02 1.90 0.05 0 1.04 6.09 5.04
10. Mainbhagar Tubewell 7.45 891 1.01 1.02 4.02 2.03 0 3.05 7.34 2.03
11. Sanjhai Tubewell 7.12 634 2.56 1.52 1.12 0.42 0 0.45 7.09 4.08
12. Atraulla Tubewell 7.82 793 3.89 1.23 4.01 1.89 0 7.02 6.12 5.12
13. Bilanpur Tubewell 6.99 973 2.88 1.02 5.67 2.78 0 4.87 3.01 4.08
14. Madhopur Tubewell 7.09 773 1.76 1.03 3.08 0.88 0 2.95 2.96 3.06

Maximum 7.86 1560 4.05 4.02 5.67 2.78 0 9.01 21.2 6.01

Minimum 6.95 475 1.01 0.04 0.42 0.07 0 0.05 2.005 2.03

Sam.No. Locations Description pH EC Ca Mg Na K C03 HCO3 Cl CaCO3

µs/cm meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l meq/l

1. Jharkhandi well 7.35 847 3.05 0.71 1.62 0.01 0 3.06 15.1 4.21
2. Divyanager well 7.68 332 1.25 0.89 0.30 0.02 0 1.09 9.01 2.14
3. Meshra well 7.28 471 1.05 2.07 0.38 0.06 0 3.01 8.05 3.12
4. Nausar well 7.78 1440 2.02 2.05 0.40 2.01 0 3.04 5.09 4.25
5. Lacchipur well 7.49 1230 2.01 1.01 3.33 0.06 0 0.09 7.01 3.01
6. Rashulpur well 7.77 431 0.75 0.25 4.60 0.13 0 1.03 14.1 1.25
7. Rustampur well 7.03 850 1.04 1.05 2.30 0.02 0 1.06 12.1 2.45
8. Chargawah well 7.02 1040 1.75 1.25 2.88 0.08 0 0.09 2.05 0.03
9. Markarla well 8.01 354 3.01 3.02 3.01 0.03 0 0.52 5.09 6.03
10. Kumrwa well 7.47 593 3.03 2.03 2.45 0.45 0 5.99 4.45 5.06
11. Kunrwa well 7.95 547 3.14 1.09 4.12 0.45 0 8.03 3.06 5.04
12. Markarla well 7.89 921 3.11 3.01 2.03 6.00 0 3.56 2.04 6.12

Maximum 8.01 1440 3.14 3.02 4.60 6.002 0 8.03 15.1 6.12

Minimum 7.02 332 0.75 0.25 0.30 0.018 0 0.09 2.04 0.03

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11th ESRI India User Conference 2010                                  

Conclusion:

On the basis of the present exercise is an endeavor to integrate the high technology of Satellite remote
sensing GIS with the conventional field methodologies and data collection procedures, adapted higher
to by numerous Govt. Agencies. The efforts has been to acquire data in respect to various natural
resources in Gorakhpur city region Chemical analysis ground soil and water quality was done for
specific period. Detailed results for different samples are incorporated in the report.
The analysis of water sample of the study reveal at all the analyzed parameters are within permissible
limit. As per IS standard with few exception for example Electrical Conductivity at Jatepur, Calcium and
Magnesium show the high value at few locations but such high values do not pose any health hazards
problems to users, the high value of Chloride at one location i.e., Khajini may produce a salty taste.
Over all water quality study area found to be good.

References:

• Burrough, P.A., R.A. McDonnell (1998), Principles of Geographical Information Systems, Oxford
University Press, 333 pp., Oxford,
• Dhameja Suresh Kumar 2005-06 (Second edition) Environmental Engineering and Management
S.K. Kataria & Sons Guru Nanak Market, Delhi.
• Fytianos, K. and C. Christophoridis (2004) Nitrate, Arsenic and Chloride Pollution of Drinking
Water in Northern Greece. Elaboration by Applying GIS’, Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 93:55-67.
• Kaushik, N.K, et al. 1963. A study of well waters in rural Delhi. Indian Jl. of Environ. Health,
5,128-138.
• Maps: Remote sensing application centre Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow – 226021
• Santra S.C. (2005) Environmental Science (Second edition) New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.
Kolkota.
• Remote Sensing for Resouce and Environment Surveys, A Progress review-1974 (National
Research Council, National Academy of Science Committee on Remote Sensing Programmes for
Earth Resource Surveys, U.S.)
• Toposheet no.: 63N/5, 63N/6, 63N/10, and 63N/11 North West part and east part

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