PLANT TISSUES

Differences between plant and

animal tissues :-
 Plant tissues :-  Animal tissues :-
 Plants do not move from place to place.  Animals move from place to place and need
 Tissues consists of dead cells because they more energy than plants.
provide mechanical support and strength to the  Cells and tissues in animals are living cells.
plant.
 The growth of animals is more uniform.
 The growth of plants takes place only in some
 They do not have separate dividing and non
regions.
dividing cells.
 Have tissues called meristematic tissues which
 similar Cells come together to form tissues
divide and help in growth.
which in turn form organs which perform
 Have permanent tissues which do not divide. specific functions.
Look at this picture carefully. What is the picture about??
Meristematic Tissues
 Meristematic tissues are found in the growing regions of the
plant like the tips of root, stem and branches. They divide
continuously and help in the growth of the plant
 Characteristics of Cells in Meristematic tissue:
A. Cells actively divide- adds new cells to plant- helps in
growth.
B. Cells are small , cuboid.
C. Thin cell wall.
D. Large nuclei ,vacuoles almost absent.
E. No intercellular space.
F. Once matured these cells don’t divide.
G. Transforms into Permanent tissues.
 MERISTEMATIC TISSUE :-
 They are of three types.

 i) Apical meristematic tissues :- are present in the tips of

stems and roots. They help in the growth of stems and roots.

 ii) Lateral meristematic tissues :- are present in in the sides of

stems and roots. They help to increase the girth of the stems
and roots.

 iii) Intercalary meristematic tissues :- are present at the base

of leaves and internodes and help in the growth of those
parts.
Identify the tissues in the tomato plant
 Permanent Tissues
 Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissues. They do not divide
and have permanent shape and size. They differentiate into different types
of permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are of two main types. They are
Simple permanent tissues and Complex permanent tissues.
 Characteristics
 Cells that have lost the ability to divide.
 Perform some specific function-
 differentiation: Process of taking up permanent
shape, size and function .
 May be living or non-living.
 Divided as:
*Simple permanent tissues
-Protective
-Supportive
*Complex permanent tissues
-Conducting/Vascular
Simple permanent tissues:
 They are made up of one type of cells.
 Supportive permanent tissue: They are of three types called Parenchyma, Collenchyma and
Sclerenchyma.
 Protective permanent tissue: They help in covering and protection.
 Supporting Tissues
1.Paranchyma
Features
 consists of loosely packed
 thin walled cells- oval, circular or polygonal
 Single large vacuole.
 having more intercellular spaces.
 Some parenchyma cells in leaves contain chloroplast and prepares food by
photosynthesis. - Chlorenchyma
 Some parenchyma cells have large air cavities which help the plant to float on
water. Aerenchyma
 Provides support.
 Some parenchyma cells of roots and stem store water and minerals
 Stores food in potatoes.
Location:
→ Soft parts of plants
-cortex and pith.
 2.Collenchyma
Features
❑ Elongated cells
❑ Having less intercellular spaces and
❑ Cell wall thickened at the corners.
❑ Provides support: They give flexibility and allows
easy bending of different parts like stem, leaf,
tendrills etc. They also give mechanical support to
the plant.
❑ Have deposits of Cellulose and pectin
❑ Location:
❑ -Leaf stalks
❑ -Below the epidermis of stems.
 3.Sclerenchyma
Features
 Consists of long, narrow cells
 Dead/ Non- living
 Very thick walled cells: The cell walls contain
lignin a chemical substance which act like
cement and hardens them.
 It gives strength and hardness to the plant
parts .
 Location:
-Stems and veins of leaves.
 Simple permanent tissues

Protective Tissue
Features
 Thick cell wall.
 Found on the surface of roots , stems and
leaves.
Location:
 Epidermis of leaves with waxy coating called
cuticle(water resisitant).
 Single layer, elongated flat without
intercellular spaces. Contains stomatas
 Cork cells in the barks of trees.
➢ External protective dead tissue with no
intercellular spaces, walls have suberin.
Protection to mature roots and
Identify the tissues:
Complex permanent tissues
❖ These are made up of more than one type of cells.
❖ There are two types of complex tissues. They are Xylem and Phloem.
❖ They are called vascular or conducting tissues.
❖ Functions: transports water minerals and
❖ food
Complex Permanent Tissues
(Conducting /Vascular tissues)
1.Xylem
 Elongated and thick walled cells.
 Tubular passages-structure.
 Conducts water and dissolved materials absorbed
by roots to upper parts.
 Older xylem cells forms wood - no conduction.
 Forms annual rings - age of a tree.
Xylem tissue consists of:
 Tracheids
*Elongated tube like dead cells-large empty cavity - lined end
to end. Conducts water through pits.
*Highly lignified cell walls-gives mechanical support .
 Xylem Vessels/Tracheae
*Elongated cells-forms long tubes for conduction of water and
minerals.
*Cell walls are hard , thick and lignified.
 Xylem Parenchyma
*Living parenchyma cells.
*Support and storage .
 Xylem Fibres
*Sclerenchyma cells- support
*Lignified wall dead cells
 Complex Permanent Tissues
(Conducting /Vascular tissues)

 2.Phloem
 Elongated and thick walled
cells.
 Tubular passages-structure.
 Conducts upwards and
downwards the food
manufactured in the leaves.
 Phloem tissue consists of:
 Sieve tubes
*Elongated cells- forms tubes-has transverse walls
perforated- Sieve plates. Thin walled cells.
*Transports food to storage organs
 Companion cells
*Living parenchyma cells-helps sieve tubes.
 Phloem Parenchyma
*Parenchymatous tissue -helps phloem in
storage of starch , fat and other organic
material.
 Phloem Fibres
*Sclerenchyma cells- dead thick walled cells
for support.
Comparison:
Vascular bundles in a cross section of stem
Comparison:
Comparison
Comparison
Comparison
1) A group of cells, that are similar in structure and work together to achieve a particular
function, forms a ________________

2) Meristematic tissues are rapidly dividing tissues.

true False
3)
meristem is present at the apical or growing tips of stems and roots.
4) ______________ meristem is present in the radial portion of the stem or root.

5) Old meristematic cells lose the capacity to divide and transform into __________________
6) Types of permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.

true false
7) Parenchyma containing chloroplasts are called _____________________
8) Parenchyma containing large air cavities are called ________________________
9) A) Xylem parenchyma cells are living and they store food.
B) Xylem fibres are elongated dead cells with lignin that provide mechanical support.
• A is true and B is false
• A is false and B is true
• A and B is false
• A and B is true
Watch the video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NCvTNcS2lU
RECAP
MCQ

Q. Find out incorrect sentence.

(a) Parenchymatous tissues have intercellular spaces.

(b) Collenchymatous tissues are irregularly thickened at
corners.
(c) Apical and intercalary meristems are permanent
tissues.
(d) Meristematic tissues, in its early stage, lack
vacuoles.
ANIMAL TISSUES-1
 Epithelial Tissue
Characteristics
 Thin ,protective continuous sheet of cells.
 Flat , cuboidal or columnar in shape.
 No space between cells, regenerate and repair
quickly
 Avascular(Not serviced by blood vessels)
 Functions:
*Protection and Sensory perception (Skin)
*Absorption ,Secretion (Intestines)
*transportation- blood vessels, alveoli of
lungs
 Location:
*Covers the body so
*Lines the body cavities & internal organs
including blood vessels.
 Categories of Epithelial Tissue
Squamous Epithelium
 Thin ,flat cells with prominent nuclei.
 Protects the underlying parts from
mechanical injury ,germs, harmful
chemicals and drying up.
 Absorption and filtration.
 Location: Simple squamous epithelium
*Lining of the
-mouth
-blood vessel walls
-lymph vessels, lung alveoli
Cuboidal Epithelium
 It is a single layer thick and made of
cube-shaped cells.
 Helps secretion and transportation in
glands
 Found lining parts of the body such as
the kidney tubules and walls of the
respiratory bronchioles, glands(salivary,
pancreas), covers ovaries.
 Provide mechanical support
Columnar Epithelium
 Tall ,cylindrical cells arranged vertically.
 Pillar like with nuclei at the same level.
 Found in the inner lining of stomach
and intestines.
 Two types:
1.Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
*Has a thread like protoplasmic
projection—cilia at the free end.
* Cilia that keeps lashing and move the
materials through the organs.
*Inner lining of trachea, fallopian
tube.
 2.Glandular(non-ciliated)
Epithelium
*Large cells that secrete certain
chemicals.
-Lining of the stomach and
intestine.
*Sometimes these cells gets folded
inward to form compact, hollow or
tubular glands.
- Sweat glands
- Tear glands
- Liver
- Salivary gland
Stratified Epithelium

 Several layers of same

/different epithelial cells.
 Prevents wear and tear
 Found in skin, cornea, lining of
the mouth and oesophagus
MCQ

 Intestine absorbs the digested food materials. What type of epithelial

cells are responsible for that?
(a) Stratified squamous epithelium
(b) Columnar epithelium
(c) Spindle fibres
(d) Cuboidal epithelium

 Fats are stored in human body as

(a) Cuboidal epithelium
(b) Adipose tissue
(c) Bones
(d) Cartilage
 Connective Tissue
Characteristics:
 Binds one tissue to another.

 Connects various organs , keeping

them in proper position.
 Abundance of matrix.
 Cells are fewer in number.
 They are mostly fibres .
 Types:
-Connective tissue proper
-Supportive connective tissue
-Fluid connective tissue
 Categories of Connective Tissue
Connective tissue proper
 Helps in packing and binding organs.
 Types:
*Areolar tissue
-Widely spread , seen beneath the epidermis of
skin, between skin and muscles, around blood
vessels and nerves, in the bone marrow.
-It fills up the space inside organs, supports
internal organs and helps in repair of tissues,
-Elasticity of skin.
*Adipose tissue
-Specialized cells to store fat.
-Padding under the skin , kidney , eye ball,
internal organs
–Insulation and protection.
* Fibrous connective tissue
-Elongated cells- fibres-strong and bundled
together by areolar tissue.
-They form;
*Tendons—connects
Muscle to Bone, great strength and limited flexibility
*Ligaments—connects
Bone to Bone,
 Supportive connective tissue
 Cartilage
*Non porous tissue-thick matrix
*Semitransparent-no nerves & blood vessels.
* Found in the tips of the nose, pinna, trachea ,bronchial
tubes ; between vertebrae and end of long bones.
 Bone tissue
* Hard porous tissue-living cells—osteoblasts and rigid
mass of organic and inorganic matter- calcium
and phosphorous.
 *Good supply of blood vessels & nerves.
*Found in all bones.
 Framework of the body
 Supports important organs.
 Anchors muscles
 Fluid connective tissue
Blood
 Always moving throughout the body.
 Has 2 parts:
*Liquid part- Plasma- proteins, salts and
hormones
*Cellular part-
-Red Blood cells(Transportation)
-White blood cells (Immunity)
-Platelets (Blood clotting)
Lymph
 Fluid surrounding body cells.
 Contains blood plasma along white blood cells.
 Transportation and immunity
MCQ

 Bone matrix is rich in

(a) Fluoride and calcium
(b) Calcium and phosphorus
(c) Calcium and potassium
(d) Phosphorus and potassium

 Cartilage is not found in

(a) nose
(b) ear
(c) kidney
(d) larynx
ANIMAL TISSUES-2
 Muscle tissue
Characteristics
 Forms the muscles of the
body.
 Can contract and relax.
 Helps in body movement.
 They are of 3 types:
 Striated muscles
 Unstriated muscles
 Cardiac muscles
Categories of Muscle Tissue
Striated muscle (Voluntary/ skeletal muscles)

 Made up of long fibres –multi

nucleated and striated.
 Light and dark bands (stripes) run
across the fibres.
 Constitute 50% of the body
weight.
 Can move according to one’s will.
 Found in the arms , legs, face ,
neck , etc.
 Unstriated muscle(Involuntary)

 Made up of spindle
shaped/slender tapering
cells- uninucleated.
 Not under one’s control.
 Found in the walls of the
intestine, muscles of the
eye and skin ,lining of
blood vessels ,urinary
bladder, uterus ,etc.
Cardiac Muscle (Involuntary)

 Striated
,uninucleated and
branched fibers.
 Relatively short.
 Contracts and relaxes.
 Found only on the walls of the
heart.
Comparison:
Q1. The muscular tissue which functions throughout life continuously without
fatigue is
 (a) skeletal muscle
 (b) cardiac muscle.
 (c) smooth muscle
 (d) voluntary muscle

Q2. Skeletal muscle is responsible for

1. Carries out most of the involuntary processes such as digestion as well as
pumping the blood through arteries.
2. Control of most of the involuntary movements
3. Voluntary movements of body.
4. None of the above.
Neural / Nervous tissue
Characteristics
 Single cell is known as Neuron / Nerve cells.
 Makes up the whole nervous system.
 Elongated cells- has 2 part:
- Cyton / Perikaryon /Cell body.
- Axon (Longest dendrite.)
 Contains hair like protoplasmic extentions-
Dendrites / Dendron.
 Axon covered by Myelin sheath-has gaps- the
Node of Ranvier.
 End points of axon –Axon terminals—they join
to the dendrite of the next neuron .
 Nervous conduction.
Questions and Answers -
 Question 1. What is a tissue?
Answer: A group of cells that are similar in structure and work together to do a particular
function is called tissue.
 Question 2. What is the utility of tissues in multicellular organisms?
Answer: Tissues provide structural strength, mechanical strength, show division of labour.
 Question 1. Name types of simple tissues.
Answer: The types of simple tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and
aerenchyma.
 Question 2. Where is apical meristem found?
Answer: Apical meristem is found at the tip of root or shoot of the plant.
 Question 3. Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut?
Answer: The husk of coconut is made of sclerenchymatous tissue.
 Question 4. What are the constituents of phloem?
Answer: Phloem is made up of four types of elements sieve tube, companion cells, phloem
fibres and phloem parenchyma.
 Question 5. Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body.
Answer. Muscular tissue, 2. Nervous tissue, combination of both the tissues
are responsible for movement in our body.
 Question 6. What does a neuron look like?
Answer: A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from
which long thin hair like parts arise. Each neuron has a single long part called
the axon, and many small, short branched parts called dendrite. An individual
nerve cell is called neuron, it may be up to a metre long.
 Question 7. Give three features of cardiac muscles.
Answer: Feature of cardiac muscles
(1) Heart muscles (cardiac muscles) are cylindrical, branched and uninucleated
(2) They are striated muscle fibres.
(3) They are involuntary muscles, cannot be controlled by us.
 Question 8. What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Answer: Areolar tissue are connective tissues found in animal. It is found between skin and muscles, around
blood vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow.
It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in the repair of tissues.

 Question 9. Define the term “tissue”.

Answer: Group of cells that are similar in structure and perform same function is called a tissue.
 Question 10. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Answer: The xylem is made up of vessels, trachieds, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.
 Question 11. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Answer: Simple tissues are made up of one type of cells which coordinate to perform a common function.
Complex tissues are made up of more than one type of cells. All these coordinate to perform a common
function.
 Question 12. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the
basis of their cell wall.
 Answer: Parenchyma: The cells have thin cell walls made up of cellulose. Collenchyma:
The cells have cell walls thickened at the comers due to pectin deposition.
Sclerenchyma: Their walls are thickened due to lignin deposition.
 Question 13. What are the functions of stomata?
Answer: The outermost layer of the cell is called epidermis and is very porous. These
pores are called stomata. These stomata help in transpiration and exchange of gases.
 Question 14. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle
fibres.
Answer: Striated muscles
(1) They are connected to bones (Skeletal muscles).
(2) They are voluntary muscles.
(3) The cells are long, cylindrical with many nucleus and are unbranched.
Smooth muscles
(1) They are found in alimentary canal and lungs.
(2) They are involuntary muscles.
(3) They are spindle in shape and have single nucleus.
Cardiac muscles
(1) They are found in heart.
(2) They are involuntary in action.
(3) They are branched and have one nucleus.
 Question 15. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?
Answer: (1) Cardiac muscles cells are cylindrical, branched and
uninucleated.
(2) They are involuntary muscles.
(3) They show rhythmically contraction and relaxation throughout life.
(4) Their rhythmic contraction and relaxation helps in pumping action of
heart.
 Question 16. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac
muscles on the basis of their structure and location in the body.
Answer:
 Question 10. Name the following:
(1) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(2) Tissue that connect muscle to bone in humans.
(3) Tissue that trar-carts food in plants.
(4) Tissue that siwea j’ut in our body.
(5) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(6) Tissue present in the brain.
Answer: (1) Squamous epithelium (2) Tendons
(3) Phloem (4) Areolar tissue
(5) Blood (6) Nervous tissue
 Question 11. Identify the type of tissue in the following: Skin, bark of tree, bone,
lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.
Answer: (a) Skin—Striated squamous epithelium
(b) Bark of tree—Cork, protective tissue
(c) Bone—Connective tissue
(d) Lining of kidney tubule—Cuboidal epithelium tisse
(e) Vascular bundle—Conducting tissue
 Question 12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
Answer: In the pith of the roots and stems. When it contains chlorophyll, it is called
chlorenchyma, found in green leaves. In aquatic plants, parenchyma contains large air
cavities and help them to float. Such type of parenchyma is called aerenchyma.
 Question 13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?
Answer: Cells of epidermis forms a continuous layer without intercellular
spaces. It protects all the parts of plants.
 Question 14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?
Answer: Cork acts as a protective tissue because its cells are dead and
compactly arranged without intercellular spaces. They have deposition of
suberin on the walls that make them impervious to gases and water.