MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, GADCHIROLI

Micro Project: “Prepare report on hydrological cycle and its significants.”

“Diploma in Civil Engineering”

2024-2025
WRE
(22501)
CE-5I

ROLL NO. ENROLLMENT NO. NAME OF STUDENT

10(oto) 23310230081 Pranav V Bhude

GUIDENCE BY
Mr. R. L. Rohanker
(Lecturer in Civil Engg. Dept.)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC GADCHIROLI
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD Of TECHNICAL EDUCATION
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, GADCHIROLI.

SUBMISSION

We are the students of second year of the course Diploma Civil Engineering humbly submitted that we
have completed project work " Prepare report on hydrological cycle and its significants as
describes in this report by our own skills and study between the period 2024-2025 as per the guidance of
Mr. R. L. ROHANKAER and that the following students were associated this work.

SUBMITED BY

Roll NO. ENROLLMENT NO. NAME OF STUDENT SIGNATURE

10(oto) 23310230081 Pranav V Bhude
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Microproject No.10(oto) Roll of Fifth semester Diploma in CIVIL
Engineering has completed the micro Project satisfactorily in “Water resource engineering”
(22501) for the academic year 2024-2025 As prescribed in the MSBTE curriculum.

ROLL NO. ENROLLMENT NO. NAME OF STUDENT

10(oto) 23310230081 Pranav V Bhude

Mr. R.L. Rohankar Mr. V.A. Dahikar Dr. A. B. Borade

(LEC. IN CIVIL ENGINEERING) (HOD) (PRINCIPAL)
 Annexure –I

Part – A Micro-Project Proposal

TITLE OF MICRO-PROJECT

“Prepare report on hydrological cycle and its significants”

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro Project

Prepare report on hydrological cycle and its significants.

Benefits:

• It enables the availability of water for all living organisms and regulates weather patterns on our
planet.
• As water undergoes infiltration, the ground purifies it of pollutants and contaminants.
• The water cycle continually feeds freshwater to all life on the planet

1.2 Course Outcomes Addressed:

• 1.Draw theoretical and practical profile of given dam section.

• 2.Suggest preventive measure for the given type of dam failure with justification.
• 3.Draw a labeled sketch of given type of dam.

3.0 Proposed Methodology :

• Take guideline from subject teacher about project.

• Collect information about topic of micro project.
• Submit the Proposal of Project to the subject teacher.
4.0. ACTION PLAN:

Sr. No. Details Planned Planned Name of

of start date finish Responsible
activity date team member
1 Selecting Pranav Bhude
topic
2 Discussion Pranav Bhude
on project
3 Collecting Pranav Bhude
Data
4 Working on Pranav Bhude
project
5 Working on Pranav Bhude
draft

5.0 Resources Required

Sr. No Name of resources Specification Qty Remarks

/materials
01 References books WATER RESOURCE 1
ENGINEERING

Name of Student with Roll. No.

ROLL NO. ENROLLMENT NO. NAME OF STUDENT

Oto 10 23310230081 Pranav V Bhude

 Annexure –II
Part – B Micro-Project Proposal

“Prepare report on hydrological cycle and its significants”

1.0 Rational:
The water cycle is often taught as a simple circular cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
Although this can be a useful model, the reality is much more complicated. The paths and influences of water
through Earth’s ecosystems are extremely complex and not completely understood. NOAA is striving to expand
understanding of the water cycle at global to local scales to improve our ability to forecast weather, climate,
water resources, and ecosystem health.

1.2 Aims/Benefits of the Micro Project :

Aims: “Prepare report on hydrological cycle and its significants dams.”

Benefits:
• It enables the availability of water for all living organisms and regulates weather patterns on our
planet.
• As water undergoes infiltration, the ground purifies it of pollutants and contaminants.
• The water cycle continually feeds freshwater to all life on the planet

1.4 Course Outcomes Addressed

• 1.Draw theoretical and practical profile of given dam section.

• 2.Suggest preventive measure for the given type of dam failure with justification.
• 3.Draw a labeled sketch of given type of dam.
Literature Review.

Hydrological cycle
Water is one of the world’s most valuable resources that has to be retained for an inclusive future. Water
is absolutely important to life on earth. Water contributes to the major part of the earth and earth’s
climatic balance.
The three states of water are:
Solid - Ice or snow, such as ice bergs and glaciers
Liquid - Water
Gas - Water vapor or steam
The Hydrological cycle explains the multi-step journey of water that transports from the surface of the
earth, to the atmosphere and falls again to the earth’s surface.
The movement of water to and fro of the earth’s surface drives global weather pattern. There is an
exchange of energy where water releases energy to warm the environment to condense and takes energy
from the environment to evaporate, influencing climate change.
Hydrological cycle commonly known as water cycle illustrates the continuous movement of water on
earth and above and below the surface of the earth. Throughout the course, water changes its state from
one form to another by undergoing a variety of process such as:

1. Evaporation
2. Sublimation
3. Evapotranspiration
4. Condensation
5. Precipitation
6. Infiltration
7. Runof

Water Cycle

1.Evaporation
Water is found in various forms on the earth’s surface such as oceans, lakes, swamps, and soil, as well
as in all living creatures and plants. Sun is the source of energy which drives the process of
evaporation. Evaporation happens when heat is applied from sun the water molecules change its state
of energy, it loses density and rise in the air in vapor form called evaporation. And thus, forming
clouds.
Evaporation takes place when water reaches the boiling point. In areas were the humidity and air
pressure are less, because the lower pressure cannot hold water molecules together, less heat energy
is required for evaporation to occur.

2. Sublimation
There falls a doubt, if ice and snow could evaporate? Yes, Ice and snow can turn into water vapor
directly without changing into liquid state. This happens when there is a low temperature, low air
pressure, strong sunlight, strong wind, low humidity and dry winds. Less energy is needed to sublimate
the ice into water vapor. Generally, this happens at the peak of the mountains such as Mount Everest.
This is called sublimation.
3. Evapotranspiration
Water evaporates from leaves of the plants and trees is called evapotranspiration. Hence the earth is
covered by a large area of vegetation. Due to this process a huge amount of water is produced in the
atmosphere.
Lakes, ocean, and streams contributes ninety percentage of water vapor, the plant life contributes to
the remaining ten percentage.

4. Condensation
The water vapor in the atmosphere cools down considerably. The water vapor comes in contact with
the low temperature that is cooler air found up in the sky forming tiny droplets. Thus, forming clouds
by the moving air currents and winds.

5. Precipitation
The water vapor condenses on tiny particles of dust, which rose while evaporation process. The water
vapor attaches to the surface of the dust particles forming tiny droplets. The tiny droplets merge to
produce a larger droplet in the clouds. This falls from the clouds to the ground surface as rainfall called
precipitation.

5. Infiltration
The process of absorption of rain water into the soil to the ground is known as infiltration. Soil is a
porous material that absorbs more water than rocks can hold. The rain water seeps into the soil to
nearby streams or seeps deeper to ground water table forming aquifers.

6. Runoff
While the snow melts or if rain does not reach aquifers, the water follows gravity and falls down to
steeps or mountains and joins or forms rivers. This is called runoff . Water comes to lakes and return
to ocean.
Importance of Hydrological Cycle Processes
List down are few reasons why the water cycle is important:
• Hydrological cycle plays a role in maintaining the balance of aquatic ecosystems. The water
cycle is one of the major biogeochemical cycles of the earth, to maintain life on earth.
• The water cycle plays a major role to ensure availability of water to all the living organisms
such as humans, animals, plants and other living species.
• The hydrologic cycle is the natural process that plays a important role in the continuous
transformation of water above and below and on the surface of the Earth. Also recycles
minerals, nutrients, pathogens, and elements along with the water in the ecosystem.
• Human life is totally dependent upon the fresh water. Water makes 70 percent of all living
organisms, and humans rely on water. The water cycle is an extremely essential process that
enables the availability of water for all living organisms and regulates global weather patterns.
• A natural depot of freshwater sources for both humans and other organisms are: Glaciers, ice,
and snow. There is a need for the aquatic life, to maintained pH levels of salt water and saline
ranges to sustain in the sea or ocean. So, water has to be purified even for aquatic ecosystem
and for the benefit of human life, animal life and plant life.
• According to researchers, only three percent of water is freshwater accounts for all the water
on Earth. On the wholesome of these three percentages, the majority two percentage of water
is in the form of glaciers and ice bergs or stored below ground. The remaining one percent is to
be found in rivers, wetlands and lakes or in the form of water vapor, clouds and precipitation.
• Just imagine if the water cycle doesn’t take place, i.e. recycling of water does not happen to
distribute freshwater all over the surface of the earth, we human and other living species
would run out of clean water, which is essential to live.
• Effects of hydrological cycle on climate. Eighty-six percentage of the evaporation in the global
level occurs from the oceans. Sun is the major power source that drives water cycle. Without
the cooling effect temperature on earth would rise drastically
• The greenhouse effect would lead to a rise in surface temperature of sixty seven degree Celsius
(one fifty three degree Fahrenheit) and a warmer earth.
• Evaporation and infiltration help purification of water by natural process, when evaporation
takes place the dust or the sediments are left behind. Whereas while the water undergoes
infiltration, when the water seeps into the soil, soil is a porous material which can naturally
filter contaminants and pollutants from the water.
• The water cycle process supports life and creates a biological community of interacting
organisms and their physical environment around us. Some organisms are sensitive to changes
that take place in the water cycle. An extended drought can end the existence of a population
of plants or a certain species may require a point of saturated soil in order to avoid the removal
of moisture content for them.
• The water cycle operates and controls Biogeochemical Cycle. The water cycle and rainfall
pattern influences Earth’s ecosystems. Rainfall and surface runoff plays major role in the
cycling of various elements.
• Surface runoff helps in the movement of elements from terrestrial, land-based, to aquatic
ecosystems. In ecology and Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle is cycling of substances is a
pathway by which chemical substance also moves through biosphere, lithosphere,
atmosphere, and hydrosphere of Earth. This includes chemical elements such as carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, mercury, phosphorus, calcium, selenium, and sulphur etc.
• Rainwater plays a key role in climatic changes. Rainwater harvesting is a process done to collect
rainwater and store it for human use. Global problem needs a speedy solution. One such
methos is rain water harvesting, which would be a great solution during water scarcity.
5.0 Actual Resources Used

Reference Book- Water resource Engineering.

By-Nishant A. Upadhye

6.0 Outputs of the Micro-Projects

• Identify the main idea.

• Identify the specific details.
• Distinguish main idea from details.
• Distinguish from opinions.

7.0 Skill Developed / Learning outcome of this micro-Project

• We can understand the importance of self prepare a work.

• We have to learn about how to do presentation.
• We can learn how to develop micro Project.
• Increase communication skills.
8.0Applications of this micro-Project

The application of the micro project is used in a daily work with student and to make micro project
presentation and pouring the benefit of micro project what is profitable make micro project presentation
and following the benefit of micro project what is profitable as well as Micro-Project using.

9.0 CONCLUSION:

The main conclusion is the stability of the earth dam increases when the soil strength parameters
(cohesion, angle of internal friction) increase and unit weight of the soil decrease with increasing the
water level in the reservoir and the earth dam may be exposed to the collapse in the case of the rapid
drawdown of Gravity dams are typically used in locations where the foundation is strong enough to
support the massive weight of the structure. They are highly efficient in terms of stability and require
less complex engineering compared to other types of dams. The dam's weight effectively counteracts
the hydrostatic pressure of the water, making it a reliable and safe choice for water retention and flood
control.

In conclusion, the gravity dam is a crucial structure in civil engineering, providing vital infrastructure
for water storage, power generation, and flood prevention, while maintaining a robust balance between
simplicity, safety, and effectiveness. Proper design, material selection, and site analysis are essential to
ensure the dam’s long-term stability and functionality.

10.0 References:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/gravity-dam