MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, JALGAON

(0018)

Program Name and Code: Electrical Engineering (EE2I)

Course Name and Code : Basic Mechanical Engineering (22214)

Academic Year : 2022-2023

Semester : second
A MICRO PROJECT
on
THERMAL POWER PLANT

Submitted In 2023 by the group of 8 students

Sr Roll Name Enrollment Seat no.
No. no. No.
1. 9. BODADE JAY ARJUN
2. 10. CHABUKSWAAR AADITYA
NAGNATH
3. 11. CHOPADE VRUSHABH
UMAKANT
4. 12. DAUD BHARAT BHIMRAV
5. 13. DHANGAR PANKAJ CHHOTU
6. 14. DHOLE ROSHAN DEVIDAS
7. 15. FEGADE ATHARV RAJESH
8. 16. HARSHRAJ NITIN ASMAR

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate

This Is to Certify That Master BJA,CAN,CVU,DBB,DPC,DRD,FAR,HNA

Roll No 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16 As the Students Of 2nd Semester of Electrical
Engineering of Institute, Government Polytechnic, Jalgaon (Code:0018) Have
Completed the Micro project Satisfactorily in The Subject Basic Mechanical
Engineering for The Academic Year 2022-2023 As Prescribed in The
Curriculum.

Place: Jalgaon Enrollment No: 2200180582 to 2200180589

Date: Exam Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Institution

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 GOVTERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
JALGAON

-SUBMISSION-

This Project is submitted by BJA,CAN,CVU,DBB,DPC,DRD,FAR,HNA Roll no

9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16 as the students of 2nd Sem/Year of the Program
Electrical Engineering (EE) humbly submit that we have completed from time
to time the Microproject work as described in this report by our own skills and
study as per instructions/guidance of Prof R.S. Badgujar.
And that following students were associated with me for this work; however,
quantum of our contribution has been approved by the Lecturer.

And that we have not copied the report on its any appreciable part from any other
literature in contravention of the academic ethics.

Date Signature of Student

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 Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project

Academic Year: 2022-2023 Name of the Faculty: R.S. Badgujar

Course: BME Course code: 22214 Semester: II
Title of the project:
COs addressed by Micro Project:
A.
B..
C..

Major learning outcomes achieved by students by doing the project

(a) Practical outcome:
(b) Unit outcomes in Cognitive domain:
(c) Outcomes in Affective domain:
Comments/suggestions about team work /leadership/inter-personal
communication (if any)
…………………………………………………………………………………

Marks out of Marks out of

6 for 4for
Roll Student Name performance performance Total out
No in group in oral/ of 10
activity presentation
(D5 Col.8) (D5 Col.9)
9. BODADE JAY ARJUN
10. CHABUKSWAAR AADITYA
NAGNATH
11. CHOPADE VRUSHABH UMAKANT
12. DAUD BHARAT BHIMRAV
13. DHANGAR PANKAJ CHHOTU
14. DHOLE ROSHAN DEVIDAS
15. FEGADE ATHARV RAJESH
16. HARSHRAJ NITIN ASMAR

(Signature of Faculty)

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 WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT

SR.NO. WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED SIGN OF GUIDE DATE

1 Discussion and finalization of
topic

2 Preparation and submission of

Abstract
3 Literature Review

4 First Collection of Data

Week
5 Collection of Data

6 Discussion and outline of

Content

7 Formulation of Content

8 Second Editing and proof Reading of

Week Content
9 Compilation of Report And
Presentation
10 Seminar

11 Viva voce

12 Final submission of Micro

Third Project
Week

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The development of this Micro project might not have been possible without
considerable guidance and support. So, we would like to acknowledge to all
those who have enable us to complete this project.

Firstly, we would like to thank our project guide Mr. R.S. Badgujar and Head
of Department for providing the guideline with continuous advice and
feedback throughout the duration of designing this project. We also thank to the
Dr. Parag Patil (principal of Government Polytechnic Jalgaon) for providing us
this golden opportunity to embark on this project.

Secondly, we would also like to thank all other staff members of EE department
that we may have called upon for assistance since the genesis of this project,
their opinion and suggestion have helped us in drafting this project.

Last but not the least, we would like to thank all our friends for their valuable
opinions’ and sharing ideas during the development of this project.

Finally, we would like to thank our families for their understanding,

encouragement and support towards the completion of project.

Thank you

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 ABSTRACT

In this report, we will study thermal power plant in detail. Basically, Thermal
Power Plant is a major source of electricity production by coal.
We will understand the overview of Thermal Power Plant i.e., its parts such
as boiler, turbine etc. Overview of Thermal Power Plant is very important for
its better functioning and for its maintenance.
The satisfactory design consists of selection of Boiler, Turbine, Electrical
Generator, Cooling System. The Transportation of electrical energy is more
economical to the transportation of coal. So, we have to put greater efforts
on thermal power plant as it is very economical for us.
The basic mechanism is that:
1. Produce heat energy by any means fossil fuels, geothermal or solar and
nuclear power.
2. Use heat energy to boil water, producing steams.
3. The steam turbine spins and then drives the electric the electric
generator and produce electricity.
4. Condense the steam into water from reusing.
5. Repeat the cycle.

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 “THERMAL POWER PLANT”

INDEX:

Sr. no topic Page

no.
1 Introduction to THERMAL POWER 8
PLANT
2 History 9
3 Working 10
4 Advantages & disadvantages 16
5 Applications 17
6 References 18

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 INTRODUCTION

❖ A thermal power plant is a power station in which heat energy is converted

to electric power.

❖ In most of the places in the world the turbine is steam-driven. Water is heated,
turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator.

❖ After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and
recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle.

❖ The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the
different heat sources; fossil fuel dominates here, although nuclear heat energy
and solar heat energy are also used.

❖ Some prefer to use the term energy centre because such facilities convert forms
of heat energy into electrical energy.

❖ Certain thermal power stations are also designed to produce heat energy for
industrial purposes, or district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to
generating electrical power.

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 HISTORY

❖ The initially developed reciprocating steam engine has been used to produce
mechanical power since the 18th Century, with notable improvements being
made by James Watt.

❖ When the first commercially developed central electrical power stations were
established in 1882 at Pearl Street Station in New York and Holborn Viaduct
power station in London, reciprocating steam engines were used.

❖ The development of the steam turbine in 1884 provided larger and more
efficient machine designs for central generating stations.

❖ By 1892 the turbine was considered a better alternative to reciprocating

engines; turbines offered higher speeds, more compact machinery, and stable
speed regulation allowing for parallel synchronous operation of generators on a
common bus.

❖ After about 1905, turbines entirely replaced reciprocating engines in large

central power stations.

❖ The largest reciprocating engine-generator sets ever built were completed in

1901 for the Manhattan Elevated Railway.

❖ Each of seventeen units weighed about 500 tons and was rated 6000 kilowatts; a
contemporary turbine set of similar rating would have weighed about 20% as
much.

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 WORKING

• A thermal power plant works on the principle of Rankine cycle

• The water is boiled and made into steam.

•
• The steam is kept on heating till it becomes superheated. (A steam can only
attain a particular temperature at a particular pressure.

• Heating it above that temperature but keeping the pressure constant is

called superheating the steam)

• The superheated steam has a lot of energy and it is allowed to pass through
the blades of a turbine

• The pressure exerted by the steam on the turbine rotates the turbine.

• This makes the steam lose its energy and expand as the pressure drops
rapidly and volume expands.

• The steam, after expanding is cooled down at a constant pressure to water

and then pumped back into the boiler for use again.

• The turbine which was rotating was coupled with the generator.

• The generator rotates along with the turbine.

• And thus, produces electricity by the principle of Lenz’s Law (the current
induced in a circuit

• Due to a change or a motion in a magnetic field is so directed as to oppose

the change in flux and to exert a mechanical force opposing the motion.)

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Coal:
• In a coal based thermal power plant, coal is transported from coal mines to the
generating station. Generally, bituminous coal or brown coal is used as fuel.

• The coal is stored in either 'dead storage' or in 'live storage'. Dead storage is
generally 40 days backup coal storage which is used when coal supply is
unavailable. Live storage is a raw coal bunker in boiler house.

• The coal is cleaned in a magnetic cleaner to filter out if any iron particles are
present which may cause wear and tear in the equipment. The coal from live
storage is first crushed in small particles and then taken into pulverize to make
it in powdered form.

• Fine powdered coal undergoes complete combustion, and thus pulverized coal
improves efficiency of the boiler.

• The ash produced after the combustion of coal is taken out of the boiler furnace
and then properly disposed. Periodic removal of ash from the boiler furnace is
necessary for the proper combustion.

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Boiler:
• The mixture of pulverized coal and air (usually preheated air) is taken into boiler
and then burnt in the combustion zone. On ignition of fuel a large fireball is
formed at the centre of the boiler and large amount of heat energy is radiated
from it.

• The heat energy is utilized to convert the water into steam at high temperature
and pressure. Steel tubes run along the boiler walls in which water is converted
in steam.

• The flue gases from the boiler make their way through super heater,
economizer, air preheater and finally get exhausted to the atmosphere from the
chimney.

Super heater:

• The super heater tubes are hanged at the hottest part of the boiler. The
saturated steam produced in the boiler tubes is superheated to about 540
°C in the super heater.

• The superheated high-pressure steam is then fed to the steam turbine.

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Economizer:

• An economizer is essentially a feed water heater which heats the water

before supplying to the boiler.

Air pre-heater:
• The primary air fan takes air from the atmosphere and it is then warmed in
the air pre-heater. Pre-heated air is injected with coal in the boiler.

• The advantage of pre-heating the air is that it improves the coal

combustion.

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Steam turbine:
• High pressure super-heated steam is fed to the steam turbine which causes
turbine blades to rotate.

• Energy in the steam is converted into mechanical energy in the steam

turbine which acts as the prime mover.

• The pressure and temperature of the steam falls to a lower value and it
expands in volume as it passes through the turbine.

• The expanded low-pressure steam is exhausted in the condenser

Condenser:

• The exhausted steam is condensed in the condenser by means of cold-

water circulation. Here, the steam loses its pressure as well as temperature
and it is converted back into water

• Condensing is essential because, compressing a fluid which is in gaseous

state requires a huge amount of energy with respect to the energy required
in compressing liquid. Thus, condensing increases efficiency of the cycle.

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Feed water pump:
• The condensed water is again fed to the boiler by a feed water pump.
• Some water may be lost during the cycle, which is suitably supplied from
an external water so basic working principle of a thermal station and its
typical components.
• A practical thermal plant possesses more complicated design and multiple
stages of turbine such as High-Pressure Turbine (HPT), Intermediate
Pressure Turbine (IPT).

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Advantages
• Less initial cost as compared to other generating stations.

• It requires less land as compared to hydro power plant.

• The fuel (i.e. coal) is cheaper.

• The cost of generation is lesser than that of diesel power plants.

• Coal thermal power plant provide the cheapest electricity worldwide.

• They form the backbone of grid as they profound stable output and
are more reliable than renewable sources that tend to fluctuate.

• Coal/lignite/peat is readily available all over the world.

• The technology for thermal power plant is easily accessible and well
established not like other sources like nuclear, solar thermal,
Geothermal etc.

• Requires less land per megawatt with respect to Hydro, Solar, Wind
etc.

• Easy and simple to maintain and operate.

Disadvantages
• It pollutes the atmosphere due to the production of large amount of smoke. This is
one of the causes of global warming.

• The overall efficiency of a thermal power station is low (less than 30%).

• Needs large amount of coal and water so has to be placed a large water
sources and coal mine. Else the logistics cost will be too high. A Power
plant of 3000MW typically requires 35,000 to 45,000 tonnes of coal.

• It is the prime contributor to co2 emissions all over the world. With the
Climate change a restriction is now placed on all countries in this regard.

• Nearly 20% to 30% of coal is rejected as Ash, which is a waste and needs
to be dumped.

• Apart from CO2, other harmful gases like NOx and SOx are also
generated lead to Acid Rain. Though with advanced combustion and
other techniques these are lowered and also captured

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• Some liquid effluents are also discharged as the by-product of water /
chemical treatment and runoff of various oil / chemicals.

• Thermal power plant take a lot of time to start up ( generally 4–8 hrs) and
don’t do well in cycling that is large up and down in power generation and
mostly designed for constant load . Therefore, any fluctuation is power
demand can be detrimental to it life cycle.

• A large quantity of ash is released from the chimney and the coal dust
that led to a high particulate matter in the surrounding areas.

Applications

• The thermal power plant produces electricity to put on the electrical grid.
Following are other uses of the thermal power plants.

• producing power only for a private client.

• Using extraction steam from a steam turbine for process heat at a plant
nearby, such as a paper manufacturer.

• Producing power using waste heat that occurs in processing, such as a

chemical plant that produces heat from a reaction. Waste heat is sent to a
waste heat boiler, producing steam that is used in a turbine generator set.

• Producing electrical power from geothermal energy either using hot water
injection or using a chemical that turns to a gas which is then used to turn
a turbine generator set.

• As a quick start back up to solar energy and or wind energy (combustion

turbines) where it is the secondary means of power production.

• Thermal plants can burn many different sources and types of fuel.
Whatever is cheapest or plentiful. Even burning trash instead of burying
trash, then producing power from the heat generated.

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 REFERENCES

o https://www.linquip.com/blog/thermal-power-plant-diagram/

o https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322568980_Energy_Anal
ysis_of_Thermal_Power_Plant

o https://www.ijrte.org/wp-
content/uploads/papers/v8i6/F7688038620.pdf

o https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-
sciences/thermal-power-plant

o https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/t/thermal+power+plants.ht
ml

o http://www.ijarse.com/images/fullpdf/132.pdf

o https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/thermal-power-plants-in-india-for-
prelims-
exam/#:~:text=As%20the%20name%20suggests%2C%20thermal,
Coal%2DFired

o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_station

o https://www.thermodyneboilers.com/components-working-thermal-
power-plant/

o https://www.tatapower.com/businesses/conventional-
generation/thermal.aspx

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