MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(MSBTE)

2024-25
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
TRIMURTI POLYTECHNIC, JALGAON
(1173)
Branch Name : Civil Engineering.
Subject Name and Code : WRE(22501)
Academic year : 2024-2025
Semester : Fifth
Project report on
A survey for Watershed management project in the Maharashtra State-Sangola

No. NAME OF THE STUDENT ENROLLMENT NO.

1 Vinay Nago Koli 23611840032

PROJECT GUIDE

Signature of Faculty.

1
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION.

CERTIFICATE

This is Certify that Mr. Vinay Nago Koli of Fifth Semester of Diploma in Civil
Engineering of institute of Trimurti Polytechnic Jalgaon has Completed the
Micro- Project Satisfactorily in subject in WRE (22501) for Academic year
2024-2025 as prescribed in the curriculum

Place : Jalgaon

Date :

Enrollment No : 23611840032.

Subject Teacher Head of Department

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 EVALUATION SHEET FOR THE MICRO PROJECT

Academic year : 2024-2025

Course code : 22501 Semester : 5th

Title of the project: A survey for Watershed management project in the Maharashtra
State - Sangola

Major learning outcomes achieved by students by doing the project

1. Practical outcome:
2. Unit outcomes in Cognitive domain:
3. Outcomes in Affective domain:

Marks out Marks out of

of6 for 4for
Roll Student Name performanc performance Total
. ein group inoral/ outof 10
No activity presentatio
. (D5 Col.8) n(D5
Col.9)
1 Vinay Nago Koli

(Sign of Faculty)

1
 WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT

SR.NO. WEEK ACTIVITY SIGN OF DATE

PERFORMED GUIDE

1 st Discussion and
1
finalizationof topic
2 2nd Preparation and
submissionof Abstract
3 3rd Literature Review

4 4th Collection of Data

5 5th Collection of Data

6 6th Discussion and outline

of Content
7 7th Formulation of Content

8 8th Editing and proof Reading

of Content
9 9th Compilation of Report
and Presentation
10 10th Seminar

11 11th Viva voce

12 12th Final submission of

microproject

Sign of the student Sign of the Faculty

2
 INDEX

SR.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. Introduction 04

2. Problem Identification 05

Objectives
3. 05

4. Methodology 06

5. Watershed Area Details 07-08

6. Watershed Area Details 09-15

7. Recommendations
16

8. Different Watershed Project in Maharashtra

17-21

9. Conclusion 22

10. Reference 23

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 INTRODUCTION

Watershed management is crucial for sustainable development, especially in a diverse state like
Maharashtra, where varying geographical and climatic conditions impact water resources. This
report outlines the methodology, findings, and recommendations from an online survey aimed at
assessing the current state of watershed management practices in Maharashtra.

Watershed development means the process of creating and implementing plans, programs and
projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human
communities within a watershed boundary. Watershed development is not so much about
managing natural resources, but about managing human activity as it affects these resources. The
drainage area of the river provides the natural boundary for managing and mitigating human and
environmental interactions. Because human activity includes actions by governments,
municipalities, industries, and landowners, watershed management must be a co-operative effort.
Effective watershed development can prevent community water shortages, poor water quality,
flooding and erosion. The expense of undertaking watershed management is far less than the cost
of future remediation.

For development of agriculture and drinking water resources the basic elements required are land
and water. Because of tremendous rise in population, urbanization, industrialization and
agriculture area, resulting in steep incline water demand line, Indian agriculture sector is lot more
dependent upon the monsoon. But from last 3-4 years, due to inadequate rainfall, people are
looking towards the underground water as alternative sources without regarding to its recharge
resulting in deepening of ground water table 100-200m below the ground surface.

Rainfall is the important element of Indian economy. Although the monsoons affect most part of
India, the amount of rainfall varies from heavy to scanty on different parts. There is great
regional and temporal variation in the distribution of rainfall. Over 80% of the annual rainfall is
received in the four rainy months - June to September. The average annual rainfall is about 125
cm, but it has great spatial variations.

Sangola is a small city in Solapur district of state of Maharashtra. It is facing acute water scarcity
problem due to insufficient rainfall every year. Watershed development techniques like rain
water harvesting, checkdam, vanarai bandhara, farm pond etc. are suggested to make the city self
sufficient in case of water demand.

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 Problem Identification

o Average annual rainfall of Sangola is very less i.e. 460 mm.

o The rainfall fluctuation is very high i.e. .in the year 2003 rainfall is 377 mm and in the

year 2009, it is 683 mm.

o Silting of existing water resources like Lake, Wells.

o Rainwater harvesting structure, scarce rainfall and less awareness has caused the drought

conditions at the project place - Sangola.

Objectives

o To analyze sources of water resources available, in Sangola.

o To analyze the socio-economic condition of people, in Sangola.

o To compute the water demand and analyze the supply.

o Results & interpretation.

o Guideline for watershed developmen

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 Methodology

The proposed work is planned in following phases.

Phase I-
Literature survey.
In this phase, literature survey of watershed development techniques will be carried out by
internet browsing & referring journals like ASCE, NICMAR journal of construction and
management, Journal of civil engineering and construction review, Common guidelines
for watershed development given by Government of Maharashtra etc.

Phase II –
General survey.  Water resources and requirement.  Socio- economic survey.  To know
the population, number and types of animal.

Phase-III –
Watershed development measures:  Calculation for design and approximate cost required
for watershed development measures.

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 Watershed Area Details
Location
Sangola is a town with a municipal council in solapur district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.
It is situated near the borders of Satara, Sangli District and Solapur District It is located at the
intersection of state highway SH-161, SG-3, and SH-71. It lies between North latitude 17°26‟16”
and East longitude 75° 11‟38”. The characterized by average rainfall ranging is 460mm.

Location of Sangola in Solapur district of Maharashtra

Rainfall
Rainfall in the country is typically monsoonal in nature. In Sangola city it varies from 160mm
to700mm with average yearly rainfall 460mm. Rainfall data is very important data in planning
the watershed development for study area. It is a meteorological parameter to decide a
quantitative approach for arriving at water availability in a watershed. Climate is a determining
factor for the management of all aspects of watershed. Amount of rainfall, duration have a
profound influence on watershed as to runoff, infiltration, land management etc. Rainfall data for
10 years is collected from meteorological department. Topmost layer of the land is covered with
black cotton soil in flat areas. Soft murum exists in steep-slop areas. Depth of soil cover ranges
from 0 to 3m. Below this soil amygdaloidal basalt, vesicular basalt & fractured basalt is
available.

Availability of Source Water

The sources for water are Pandharpur lift irrigation scheme, dug wells and bore wells.

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These are also very important structures in utilizing rainwater for recharging groundwater. They
are also useful for soil conservation. Rainfall in watershed is not sufficient but runoff goes waste
due to insufficient no. of rainwater harvesting structures. The watershed area is flat area.

Basic Details of Sangola

In order to understand the present position of Sangola in regard to various human social and
Infrastructural aspects, a baseline survey based on questionnaire is carried out. This exercise
was done with the objective of collecting information on developments/ changes that have
taken place in Sangola over a period of more than last fifty years and covered aspects like
population growth, improvement in means of communication major occupation of people,
sources of drinking water, sources of water for irrigation purpose, type of farming, crops grown
in different seasons etc. The exercise helped to understand the main features such as housing,
agriculture pattern, various types of source of income available, display of information on other
items like animal & human status, land holding pattern, economic status and many other items
of interest about which information is required for the purpose of planning.

Watershed Area Details

8
The water shortage in Sangola has led to various socioeconomic problems related to their daily
lives. In this section an attempt is made to recognize and understand these issues, in the form of
an alternative technology for development. What are the consequences of water scarcity? Which
groups suffer more from this problem? How are the social, economic, health related problems
likely to be resolved with the check dam project? Interviews and focused group discussions
helped us to understand the following issues with reference to water scarcity in Sangola.

i. The lack of water availability in the region post – monsoon, has resulted in the shortage of
drinking water in Sangola.
ii. The lack of clean drinking water also resulted in the spread of various waterborne diseases
among the people like jaundice, dehydration etc.
iii. The lack of water availability has also resulted in low agriculture production due to non
availability of water for irrigation purposes.
iv. Water scarcity in Sangola has also resulted in the lack of fodder production and even the
common pasture land in the nearby areas of Sangola dried up in the summer season due to
low water level. This has severely affected the livestock in Sangola.
v. Water scarcity over a long period has led to an increase in migration of people to the urban
areas. The people generally migrate to other areas in the summer season for working
cutting of sugar cane etc.
vi. Due to shortage of drinking water in summer season, supply of water through tankers
becomes essential.
vii. Demand for water is also increasing day by day for various purposes.

To solve the entire problem or to reduce intensity of problem water availability as well as water
management is very important. To overcome these problem watershed management techniques
such as roof top rainwater harvesting, check dam, vanrai bandhara and farm pond are essential.
These techniques improve water availability also increase the ground water table. Following
techniques are suggested for Watershed development in Sangola:

Roof top rainwater harvesting

Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is a sustainable water management practice that involves
collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops for later use. This method is particularly beneficial
in areas facing water scarcity and can help reduce reliance on conventional water sources.
Key Components

1. Collection System:
o Rooftop Surface: Any flat or sloped surface can be used to collect rainwater.
o Gutters and Downspouts: These channels direct rainwater from the roof to storage
tanks.

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 2. Storage:
o Rainwater Tanks: Typically made of plastic, concrete, or metal, these tanks store
harvested water. The size depends on the roof area and anticipated rainfall.
3. Filtration:
o First Flush Diverters: These devices ensure that the initial runoff, which may
contain debris and contaminants, is diverted away from the storage tank.
o Filters: Additional filtration systems can be installed to purify the water before use.

Benefits

 Water Conservation: Reduces dependency on municipal water supplies and groundwater.

 Cost-Effective: Lowers water bills and minimizes infrastructure strain during peak usage.
 Flood Mitigation: Reduces runoff and helps manage stormwater, decreasing the risk of
flooding.
 Sustainability: Promotes the use of a renewable resource, making it an eco-friendly
practice.

Vanrai bandhara

Design Details

a) Available land slope = 5-10(%)

b) Height of vanrai bandhara = 0.8-1.2 m
c) Length of the bandhara = 6 m up to 25 m.
d) Breadth of the bandhara = 2 m to 2.5 m.

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Farm Pond

a) Design Details.
i) Excavation details
(1) Top dimensions of pond = 15m x 15m
(2) Bottom dimensions of pond = 9m x 9m
(3) Depth of pond = 3m
(4) Side slope to excavation = 1:1

ii) Side earthen bund details

(1) Top width = 0.9m
(2) Height = 1.0m
(3) Side slope = 2:1

Check dams

Design details.
a) Available land slope = 0-15(%)
b) Horizontal interval (Spacing between two bunds) = depends on site conditions
c) Dimensions of the Check dams

a) Top Width = 1.0 m

b) Base width = 2.0m
c) Height =3.0m above ground
d) Depth of foundation = 1.0m
e) Length of check dam = depends on site conditions
f) Freeboard = 0.50m

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Inglis formula for calculating yield
Based on studies carried out for catchments in Western Ghat and plains of
Maharashtra, C.C. Inglis gave the following relation:

For Non Ghat (Hilly) area with Rainfall P less than 200cm. Yield = [P (P-
17.78)] /254 Where „P‟ is precipitation expressed in cm.

Runoff calculations

A verage yearly rainfall in Sangola = 46 cm.

A) Runoff by Inglis formula = [P (P-17.78)] /254 = [46 (46- 17.78)]/254 =

5.11cm

B) Total available water = Area of watershed (Sq.m) x Rainfall =684200 x

0.46 =314732cub.m.

a) Ground water recharge = Area of watershed (Sq.m) x Avg.fluctuation x

Specific yield = 684200 x 1.5 x 0.15 = 153945Cu.m.

b) Evapotranspiration = (30%) of Precipitation = 0.3 x 314732

=94419.6Cu.m.

C) Runoff by using basic formula Runoff = Precipitation - Basin recharge.

= (314732- 153945) Cu.m. = 16078Cu.m.

D) Water available for artificial recharge for watershed development =

Runoff – Evapotranspiration =160787Cu.m - 94419.6Cu.m. = 66367.4Cu.m.

E) If structures were constructed

a) There would have water recharge by farm pond = [(15x15) + (9x9)]/2 x 3

= 459.00Cu.m. (Assuming it is recharged 4 times) = 4 x 459.00Cu.m. =
1836.00Cu.m.

b) There would have water recharge by Vanrai bandhara, Check dams, =

66367.4 x 10% = 6636.74Cu.m. /bandhar

F) Artificial recharge due to roof top rain water harvestingPrecision oscillator.

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 Sr. Type of Home No. of Home Water to be
No. Stored(Cu.m.)
1 Shed 200 3974
2 Slab 400 14904
3 Flat roof soil 100 1987

Total water available in one monsoon= 20865cu.m. For Sangola

G) Total water requirement for domestic and animal

a) Domestic
Population= 35000
For drought area water requirement per capita= 70 liter
= 35000 x 70
= 2450000 liter /day
Annual water requirement for domestic = 2450000 x 365
= 894250000 liter
=894250Cu.m

b) Animal
Total no of cows= 900, Total no of buffaloes= 800, Total no of goat=1500,
Total no of sheep=1000
Water requirement per animal is, cows: 60 liter/day, buffalo: 65 lit/day, goats: 10 lit/day,
sheep: 7 lit/day. (Veterinary doctor data)
Total water requirement for animal= 46720000 liter/year = 46720cub.m
Total water requirement for domestic and animal= 894250 + 46720 = 940970cub m.

H) Relation of demand and supply:

For Sangola city water supply is from Pandharpur river scheme. Capacity of city reservoirs is not
sufficient and water demand is increasing day by day. Hence Sangola city depends upon
Pandharpur river scheme for water supply.
Demand= 940970cub.m
Supply = 912500cub.m.
Extra water requirement = 940970-912500 = 28470cub.m. Water available for artificial recharge
for watershed development = 66367.4Cu.m

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 Recommendations

 Social Aspects
The Awareness regarding usage of available water should be developed. As per
government rule maximum depth of bore well is 200 feet. If this rule is followed then
ground water level is maintained. For the kharif season crop is Maize, Bajra and rabbi
season crop is jawar. These crops are not cash crops. If the cash fruits like Pomegranate,
Grapes, etc. are cultivated, then economic condition of farmer is increased. Select the
crops/fruits which require minimum water. If drip irrigation and mulching film are used
for crops/fruits then 50% of water is saved.

 In watershed area different water conservation structures are suggested taking into
consideration average annual rainfall. Cost of each structure varies according to material
used, construction procedure and labour charges etc. Water conservation capacity of each
structure is different. Total water to be recharged depends on precipitation in the
watershed area. Recharging capacity of watershed is about 92.50% of water available for
recharge.

 Silt removal from lakes and wells

Due to excessive silting of lakes and wells, water storage capacity has depleted. There is 8
to 10 feet silt deposited. Removal of silt at proper interval is necessary to increase water
storage capacity of lakes, wells and reservoirs. It also increases ground water level
considerably. Solid waste and silt must be cleaned and wells should be protected against
such pollution so as to make use of available water.

 Rain water harvesting

Rain water harvesting can be implemented so as to conserve available rain water. It can be
utilized as and when necessary.

 Check dam
There are insufficient check dams across the stream, and they are not in condition. They
require regular maintenance.

 Vanrai bandhara
Vanrai bandhara is low cost structure .locally available soil or sand filled with cement bag.
If bandhara is constructed with local people‟s participation then the cost of bandhara is
very less. Vanrai bandhara is constructed at 100 feet interval.

 Forestation
Planting of trees in a methodical and planned manner and using them wisely, to minimize
the effect of reckless deforestation can be adopted as a tool here.

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 Issues for Future Watershed Evaluations
As the CGIAR and other international development organizations become more involved
in evaluating watershed projects (and other research and development activities), they
have much to gain by embracing mixed methods approaches. To date the CGIAR
institutes have favored quantitative analysis, and the quality of their work is high. There
is no reason for them to abandon this work; rather, the idea is to further strengthen it by
adding a qualitative research component to yield complementary information.

The IFPRI-NCAP watershed evaluation study demonstrates the advantages of employing

mixed methods as well as some of the practical constraints to achieving an ideal study. It
has lessons for future mixed-methods evaluations that function in the real world, where
data are inadequate and decision makers cannot wait years for results. Operating with a
lack of baseline data and lack of access to precise indicators of performance, the
investigators performed a best-case quantitative analysis and augmented it with insights
generated from qualitative work. However, the qualitative investigation was less
thorough than desired, because logistical challenges related to the quantitative data
collection limited the time that principal investigators could spend in the field focusing
on the qualitative components. This is a common problem with mixed-methods studies in
which one approach takes precedence over the other. It represents a lost opportunity in
terms of the synergies that might have been generated had findings from both the
quantitative and qualitative approaches been available to inform each other. This
experience helps demonstrate the tradeoff between the depth and scope of a
mixedmethods study: sharpening the focus of the quantitative component may have
enabled the principal investigators to spend more time engaged in the qualitative
investigation. Were the study to be conducted again under identical circumstances, this
would be the best way to proceed.

A second lesson is that future evaluations may benefit from focusing not simply on final
outcomes but also on the processes that lead to those outcomes. This is particularly
important in watershed development, where specific technical interventions will vary by
site but the processes of technology assessment and social organization might be similar.

Third, including the expected users of evaluations in the design process is another good
practice and a good reason to incorporate qualitative methods that may be relatively easy
to understand or that may provide specific examples to support important points. The
International Institute for Environmental and Development (IIED), for example, engaged
watershed development agencies in self-evaluation studies so that they would think
critically about their own work (Hinchcliffe et al. 1999). They claim it is likely that many
of them put their evaluation findings to work in their projects. Finally, participatory
evaluations that include project participants, not just the implementing agencies, have the
potential to generate greater understanding of project impacts and to provide local people
with greater influence over how projects operate (Cousins and Whitmore 199

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 Different Watershed Project in Maharashtra
Dharavi Water Management Project (Mumbai)

The Dharavi Water Management Project addresses critical water challenges in Dharavi,
one of Asia's largest informal settlements. This densely populated area faces significant
issues with water supply and sanitation. The project aims to improve water access,
quality, and sustainability through a multifaceted approach.

Key components include the implementation of rooftop rainwater harvesting systems to

capture and store rainwater for household use. This reduces dependence on municipal
supplies and empowers residents to manage their water resources. The project also
focuses on enhancing sewage management by installing proper drainage systems to
mitigate flooding and health risks associated with wastewater.

Community education is a cornerstone of the initiative. Workshops and training sessions

are organized to raise awareness about water conservation techniques, hygiene practices,
and the importance of maintaining infrastructure. Local leaders are engaged to foster
ownership and ensure community participation.

The project's anticipated outcomes include improved public health through better
sanitation, increased availability of water for daily needs, and reduced flooding during
monsoon seasons. By integrating local governance and community involvement, the
Dharavi Water Management Project not only addresses immediate water issues but also
promotes long-term sustainable practices. This initiative serves as a model for similar
urban areas facing water scarcity and sanitation challenges, showcasing the potential for
community-driven solutions in achieving sustainable water management.

2. Kandahar Watershed Development Project (Maharashtra)

The Kandahar Watershed Development Project is designed to address severe land

degradation and water scarcity in the drought-prone regions of Maharashtra. The project
focuses on restoring the ecological balance while enhancing the livelihoods of local
farmers through sustainable practices.

Central to the initiative is the construction of check dams and contour bunding, which
help to capture rainwater and reduce soil erosion. These structures promote groundwater
recharge, ensuring a stable water supply for irrigation and domestic use. Additionally, the
project emphasizes reforestation and afforestation efforts, which not only improve
biodiversity but also enhance soil quality and moisture retention.

Community involvement is key to the project's success. Farmers are actively.engaged in

18
training programs that educate them on sustainable agricultural practices, such as crop
rotation, organic farming, and efficient water management techniques. This
empowerment fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility toward resource
management.

The project has resulted in significant increases in agricultural productivity and improved
water availability, positively impacting the livelihoods of local communities. Farmers
report higher crop yields and reduced vulnerability to drought conditions. Moreover, the
ecological restoration efforts have led to increased biodiversity and healthier ecosystems.

Overall, the Kandahar Watershed Development Project serves as a model for integrated
watershed management, demonstrating how ecological restoration and community
participation can work hand in hand to create sustainable solutions for water scarcity and
agricultural resilience.

3. Jalna Watershed Management Program

The Jalna Watershed Management Program aims to combat the challenges of water
scarcity and land degradation in the Jalna district of Maharashtra. This program focuses
on integrated watershed management to enhance water retention, improve soil health,
and empower local communities.

One of the program’s primary strategies is the construction of check dams, bunds, and
percolation tanks to capture and store rainwater. These structures help recharge
groundwater aquifers and prevent soil erosion, thereby improving agricultural
productivity. Additionally, the initiative promotes the adoption of sustainable agricultural
practices, such as agroforestry and organic farming, which enhance soil fertility and
reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers.

Community participation is a cornerstone of the Jalna program. Local farmers and

community members are actively involved in decision-making processes and
implementation of the projects. Training workshops educate participants on modern
farming techniques, water conservation methods, and the importance of biodiversity.
This approach fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility among residents.

The program has led to notable improvements in water availability and agricultural
yields, contributing to enhanced food security in the region. Furthermore, it has increased
awareness of sustainable practices and environmental conservation among community
members.

Overall, the Jalna Watershed Management Program exemplifies a successful model of

participatory watershed management, combining ecological restoration with community
engagement to create sustainable solutions for water scarcity and agricultural resilience
in Maharashtra.

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4. Sujal Samridhi Abhiyan (Maharashtra)

The Sujal Samridhi Abhiyan is an ambitious water management initiative aimed at

enhancing water availability and promoting sustainable practices across Maharashtra.
Launched by the government, this program focuses on integrated watershed management
and community involvement to address the pressing issues of water scarcity and soil
erosion.

At the heart of the Abhiyan are activities such as rainwater harvesting, construction of
recharge wells, and soil conservation techniques. By capturing and storing rainwater, the
program aims to replenish groundwater aquifers, ensuring a reliable water supply for
agricultural and domestic use. Additionally, soil conservation efforts, such as contour
farming and bunding, help to prevent erosion and maintain soil fertility.

Community participation is a fundamental aspect of the Sujal Samridhi Abhiyan. Local

residents are encouraged to take part in training sessions and workshops that educate
them about sustainable water management practices and the importance of conserving
natural resources. This empowerment fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility
towards local water resources.

The program's impact has been significant, leading to improved water availability for
irrigation, enhanced agricultural productivity, and increased awareness of sustainable
practices among the community. By integrating local governance, NGOs, and
community members, the Sujal Samridhi Abhiyan showcases the potential for
collaborative approaches to achieve sustainable water management in Maharashtra,
ultimately contributing to the state's long-term resilience against water scarcity.

5. Aagaaz Watershed Management Initiative

The Aagaaz Watershed Management Initiative is a comprehensive project aimed at

addressing severe water scarcity issues in Maharashtra's rural regions. This initiative
emphasizes participatory watershed management, focusing on restoring degraded
landscapes and enhancing the livelihoods of local communities through sustainable
practices.

The project employs various techniques, such as contour bunding, check dams, and
afforestation, to improve water retention and soil health. By capturing rainwater and
preventing erosion, these methods enhance groundwater recharge and create a more
resilient agricultural ecosystem. Additionally, the initiative promotes rainwater
harvesting systems for household use, which helps to alleviate water scarcity in local
communities.

Community involvement is central to the Aagaaz initiative. Local residents, especially

women and marginalized groups, are actively engaged in decision-making processes,
training programs, and implementation of water management practices. This
20
empowerment fosters a sense of ownership, encouraging sustainable stewardship of local
resources.

The outcomes of the Aagaaz initiative have been promising, with increased crop yields,
improved access to water for irrigation, and enhanced biodiversity in the region.
Moreover, community workshops have raised awareness of the importance of sustainable
water management and conservation.

Overall, the Aagaaz Watershed Management Initiative exemplifies a successful model of

collaborative and inclusive approaches to watershed management, demonstrating how
community engagement and ecological restoration can lead to sustainable solutions for
water scarcity and agricultural resilience in Maharashtra.

If you need more information or have specific projects in mind, feel free to ask!

21
 CONCLUSION

In Sangola the demand for water is going on increasing with the increase in
population. So efforts are made to increase recharging of water by various
water and soil conservation structures. Rainwater is naturally and freely
available source and which is properly utilized by means of water harvesting
and recharging techniques.
1) Perennial source of water is not available. If watershed development
techniques are implemented, it will result in increase in the living standard and
economic condition of people of Sangola city.
2) Availability of water for recharge - About 61392.7 cub m. water of total
precipitation (460mmAvg. Precipitation) is available for artificial recharge. It
is found that 92.50% of this available water can be recharged in watershed
area.
3) For watershed development project runoff is very important factor. It is easy
to make rise in water table, due to check to the flow of water or runoff. Runoff
occur in nallas/streams.
4) Watershed management project can effectively solve problem of drinking
water.
5) Various watershed measures like RWH, farm pond, check dam, vanrai
bandhara, should be implemented to cope up with the drought conditions.

22
 REFERENCE

1. Mutikanga, H.E, Sharma, S.K, and Vairavamoorthy, K (2009). “Water

Loss Management in Developing Countries: Challenges and Prospects”.
Journal of American Water Works Association, 101(12), 57-68.
2. P.K.Joshi, V. Pangare, B. Shiferaw S.P.Wani ,J.Bouma And C.Scott,
“Watershed Develop In India : Synthesis Of Past Experience And Need
For Future Research” Vol.59,Ind. Jn.Of Agri. Econ. Vol.59 July-
Sept.2004.
3. Suhas P. Wani and Y.S. Ramakrishna „‟Sustainable Management of
Rainwater through Integrated Watershed Approach for Improved Rural
Livelihoods‟‟ International Water Management Institute, South Asia
Regional Office, New Delhi/Patancheru, India, 2005 Pp.39-6o
4. V.N. Sharda „‟Integrated Watershed Management: Managing Valleys
and Hills in the Himalayas‟‟ International Water Management Institute,
South Asia Regional Office, New Delhi/Patancheru, India, 2005 Pp.61-
81.
5. Dr.Mrs.Sushma Shekhar Kulkarni And Mrs.Vidula Arun Swami
“Watershed Management – A Means Of Sustainable Development” - A
Case Study International Journal Of Engineering Science And
Technology Vol. 3 March

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