REVIEWER IN GEO

The Land Masses and Land Formations (Lithosphere)

Land Masses
Europe, Asia and Africa in complex – the biggest landmasses on Earth. This
area is considered three continents but is a single mass of 32 650,000 square
miles. Africa is separated from Asia by the man-made Suez Canal.
North and South America including Middle America – is another landmass
broken by the Panama Canal. It is 16, 240,000 square miles.
Antarctica – this ice covered landmass is 13,000.000 square miles
Australlia – this is the smallest continent and landmass at the same time with
3,000.000 square miles
(These large land masses, which are surrounded by water are called
CONTINENTS)
A great variety of landforms on the continents. Landforms are subdivided into two
major and minor landforms

Major Land Forms – are primarily subdivisions of the continents.

 Plains
 Plateaus
 Mountains
 Hills
Minor Land Forms - Are secondary subdivisions of the continents.
1. Valleys - elongated depressions usually with an outlet between a range of hills.
2. Peninsula - a tract of land, large or small, nearly surrounded by water or at least
having water on three sides so that the greatest part of the boundary is a coastline.
3. Deltas - alluvial plains that streams have built at their mouths and in ponded water.
They are flood plains.
4. Cape – a piece of land jutting into seas; a headland or a promontory
5. Cliff – a perpendicular or steep rock of considerable height
6. Isthmus – a narrow land connection between two large expanses of land
7. Fjord – a U-shaped valley that leads to the sea and appears to be submerged in its
lower position
8. Desert – dry, barren region usually treeless and sandy
9. Tundra – a treeless plain that is characteristic of Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions,
usually covered ice or snow
10. Volcano -
Waters of Earth (Hydrosphere)

Water Masses
-though 75 percent of the earth’s surface account for bodies of water, only FOUR
are commonly designated as Oceans.
 Pacific Ocean – the largest body of water with an area of roughly 64, 000, 000
square miles filling between the Americas and the eastern coasts of Asia and
Australia.
 Atlantic Ocean – filling the gap between the eastern coasts of Americas and
western coast of Europe and Africa
 Indian Ocean – lies between Africa, Asia and Australia, it is nearly as large as
the Atlantic Ocean.
 Arctic Ocean – found in the North Polar region.

Water Formations
1. Strait – a narrow water connection between two larger bodies of water. It restricts
the movement of shipping and are also barriers to overseas carriage.
2. Gulf – an inlet of the sea that is relatively deep.
3. Bay – an indentation of the sea into land, especially one with a wide opening or
greater width than depth.
4. River – a natural stream of water flowing regularly or intermittently over a bed,
usually in a valley, towards the sea; lake or inland depression.
5. Lake – a body of water surrounded by land.
6. Rapids – a part of a river where the current moves very swiftly over large rocks.
7. Spring – a flow of water from the ground which is the source of stream.
8. Falls – a body of water which descends by force of gravity.

What is Tourism Geography?

-tourism geography is that branch of human geography that deals with the study
of travel and it's impact on places. Geography is fundamental to the study of tourism,
because tourism is geographical in nature.

- The term of "geography" comes to us from the ancient Greeks, who needed a
word to describe the writings and maps that were helping them make sense of the
world in which they lived. In Greek, geo means “earth” and -graphy means “to
write.”

- Geography is derived from the GREEK word GEOGRAPHIA which may be

translated as “earth description”.

U.S.P - Unique Selling Proposition

Geography is the science of space and place. It is concerned with the study of the
earth’s surface such as topography and climate, as well as soil and vegetation. Some
books say geography is “Land and People’.

Topography
Water Land Forms
River Mountains
Lake Dessert
Pond Plains
Ocean Valley

Classes of Geography

Physical geography
- The natural environment is the primary concern of physical geographers,
although many physical geographers also look at how humans have altered natural
systems. Physical geographers study Earth’s seasons, climate, atmosphere, soil,
streams, landforms, and oceans.

Human geography
- it is concerned with the distribution and networks of people and cultures on Earth's
surface. It also studies how people use and alter their environments. Finally, human
geographers study how political, social, and economic systems are organized across
geographical space.

Types of geography
1. Population
2. Hydrology
3. Climatology
4. Oceanology
5. Economic
6. Cultural
7. Bio-geography

Elements of geography

• The national geographic society identified six essential elements of geography

(Hobbs, 2007)

1. World in Spatial Terms ( relationships between people, places, and environment)

2. Places and Regions ( identities and lives of individuals and people rooted in a
particular places)
3. Physical System ( topography of the Earth's surface and the interactions of plants
and animal life to create, sustain, and modify ecosystem)
4. Human Systems ( human activities, settlements and how human compete for
control Earth's surface)
5. Environment and Society (humans way of living and how is affects the
environment)
6. Uses of Geography - knowledge of geography enables to develop an
understanding of the relationships between people, places, and environment over
time.

Common Issues Concerning Geography

• Climate change
• Migration
• Natural Disasters
• Resources Consumption
• Regeneration
• Social Inequality and
• Development
What is Government?
- It is the political system by which a country or community is administered and
regulated.
But why do governments exist?
- One major reason is that they create rules. Governments first evolved as people
discovered that protection was easier if they stayed together in groups and if they all
agreed that one (or some) in the group should have more power than others.
There are Five Most Common Political Systems Around the World
1. Democracy
2. Republic
3. Monarchy
4. Communism
5. Dictatorship

Democracy
- is defined as a form of government in which power belongs to the people. We
often hear the United States referred to as a democracy. And so, the most familiar
example of democracy is the representative democracy that exists in the United States
of America. Americans elect a president and representatives of Congress.

Two Types of Democracy

 Direct Democracy
- in which all eligible citizens have direct participation in the decision making of
the government. Many scholars point to Athens as an example of direct democracy.
Technically, every citizen has an equal say in the workings of government.
 Representative Democracy
- a more common form of democracy where citizens exercise power through
elected representatives. The elected representatives propose, develop, and create laws
for the citizens to abide by.

Republic
- citizens elect representatives who make the law. The United States operates
similarly to this principle. Citizens elect legislators who, in turn, make laws. In the
U.S., even the president isn’t elected directly; representatives called electors decide.
Types of Republic
- Crowned (constitutional monarchy might be considered a crowned republic)
- Single Party
- Capitalist
- Federal (the United States is often referred to as a federal republic)
 - Parliamentary

Monarchy
- Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century.
Monarchy is a form of government in which a single family rules from generation to
generation. The power, or sovereignty, is personified in a single individual.
Types of Monarchy
Absolute Monarchy
- in which the monarch truly has the ultimate say in government matters.
However, most monarchies in political systems today do not follow this method.
Constitutional Monarchy
- Many of the monarchies now, especially in the developed world, have limits.
Constitutional monarchies fall into this category (and are sometimes considered
republics as well). In this type of monarchy, the ruler is the head of state, but a
constitution limits the power, and others make laws. The U.K., Denmark, Kuwait,
Spain, Sweden, Tuvalu, and many more are examples of constitutional monarchies.

Communism
- In most cases, a communist state is based on the ideology of communism as
taught by Marx and/or Lenin. However, some argue that these political systems are
not true to the ideals espoused by these revolutionary thinkers.

Sometimes communists call themselves “workers’ states” or “socialist,” but there are
very real differences in their operation.

Dictatorship
- Another authoritarian form of government is the dictatorship. Normally, a
dictator is the main individual ruling the country. While there are lackeys and others
who work for the dictator, he or she makes most of the decisions, and usually has
enforcers. In some cases, the political system is run by a small group of people.

Countries and Flags in Asia