Module - 2

Building Construction

Prepared by:
Subject:- BCE Asst.Prof. Nutan Patel
Code:-3110004 (Civil Department,ACET)
 Classification of building

Based on Occupancy

Based on Structure
 Based on Occupancy
1) Residential Building
2) Education building
3) Institution building
4) Assembly building
5) Business building
6) Mercantile building
7) Industrial building
8) Storage building
9) Hazardous building
 Types of buildings:
Based upon Occupancy

1) RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:
These are meant for dwelling purpose.
ex: Bunglows ,flats ,cottages , huts,
hostels ,motels , chawls.
2)EDUCATIONAL BUILDING:
These are meant for running schools
and colleges , training institutes ,
libraries, university etc.
3)Institutional building:
Institutional building means a building
constructed by government, semi-government
organizations ,public sector undertaking, such
as education , medical, recreational and
culture ,hostel for working women or man or
for an auditorium or complex for cultural
activities or for an hospice ,care of orphans
,aged persons etc.
4) Assembly building:
These are building meant for assembly of a
large number of people for amusement,
recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil and
similar purpose.
ex :Theaters, halls, auditoria, Museums,
gymnasiums, restaurants, place of worship
(temple, church, mosque etc),Dance halls, club,
art galleries, lecture hall, amusement park etc.
5) Business building:
These are meant for running business. For
transaction, keeping of accounts and records
and similar purpose.
ex: Banks, offices , city halls, court houses
etc.
6) Mercantile building:
These are used as shops, stores, markets,
for display and sale of merchandise either
wholesale or retail.
7) Industrial building:
These are the building in which products or
materials of all kinds and properties are
fabricated assembled or processed.
They accommodate plates and machinery,
refineries, dairies, saw mills, cleaning plants,
power plants, pumping stations etc.
8) Storage Building:
These are used for the storage or
sheltering of goods, wares, vehicles etc.
ex: warehouses , cold storage , godowns ,
freight depots ,transit sheds, store house,
garages, hangers for aircraft etc.
 Based on Structure

[1] Load bearing structure:-

 Its has load bearing walls which receive the loads and
transmit the same to the ground through their foundations.
 These load bearing walls support R.C.C. beams and slabs.
 Columns are avoided.
 20, 30 and 40 cm thick walls are load bearing walls.
 Load bearing structure is adopted for the building up to 3
storey construction.
 It is provided where soil starts is hard at shallow depth.
 The wall on all the floors is provided one above another.
 As the construction activity proceeds vertically floor by
floor the thickness of the wall reduces.
 Load bearing wall

F.F.L.
Flooring Detail G.L.

LOAD BEARING
STRUCTURE
• [2] Framed Structure: -

 It consists of a rigidly connected network of columns and

beams.
 The beams support the walls and slabs.
 The columns receive the whole load of the structure and
transmit the same to the ground through their footing.
 These provide greater floor area.
 The walls are partitions walls.
 Additions and alternations can be more easily done in framed
structure.
 On lower floors finishing work is easily carried out when
frame work of upper floor is in progress.
 Speed in construction of a framed structure can be easily
achieved.
 More number of persons can be accommodating per area of
land.
 Framed structures are adopted for low and high rise building.
 To get resistance to various loads, especially of earthquake the
columns are its up with each other by plinth beams.
 R.C.C. Slab
R.C.C. Beam

R.C.C. Column

G.L.

R.C.C. Plinth Beam R.C.C. Column

footing

Framed Structure
• [3] Composite structure: -

 In composite structure columns as walls are provided.

 Floor loads are transmitted to walls and beams.
 The load is transmitted to the ground by columns and
load bearing walls through is transmitted to the ground
by columns and load bearings walls through their
foundations.
 Composite structure is preferred for construction of
floor which has to cover larger area by slabs.
 The areas are enclosed by load bearing walls and
internal area is supported on beams and columns.
 The extended or projected are is supported on beams
and columns.
Building Component
 Building
Component

Sub Super
Structure Structure
 Sub Structure
• The sub structure is the lower portion of the
building, which is located below ground level
which transmits the load of the super structure
to the sub soil.
• Ex : Foundatuion
 Super Structure
• The superstructure is that part of the building which is
above the ground and which serves the purpose of
building’s intended use.
• Ex :
• Plinth
• Wall and columns
• Beams
• Arches
• Roofs and slabs
• Lintel and arches
• Chajjas
• Parapet
• Steps and stairs
Plinth
wall
Column
Beam
Arch and Lintel
Roof/Slab
Sill and Lintel
 Foundation
• Basic function of foundation is to transmit the
dead load, live load and other types of the load
to the soil on which they rest.
• There are main two type of the foundation

Shallow foundation

Deep Foundation
Building Load
Live load:
live loads consist of moving or variable
loads due to people or occupants, their
furniture, temporary stores, machinery, etc.
Snow load:--
Actual load due to snow will depend
upon the shape of the roofs and its
capacity to retain the snow. The load due
to snow may be assumed to 2.5kg/m2 per
centimeter depth of snow.
Rain load:--
loads due to accumulation of rain water
on roofs are considered separately and
depend upon positioning, shape and
drainage system for roofs.
Dead load:
Dead load comprise of the weight of all
walls, partitions, floors and roofs including all
other permanent construction in the building.
Wind load:
• it is considered as basic wind
pressure which is an equivalent static
pressure in the direction of wind.
• Wind pressure p kg/m2 = Kv2
where, k = Co-efficient, 0.006(as per building code)
V = Wind velocity km/hr.
Brick Masonry
 Brick Masonry
• Laying of Brick bonded together with mortar
is called Brick Masonry.
• Strength of Brick Masonry depend upon
Bonding Material and Bonding method
• Mortar is mixture of Cement – Sand, Lime –
Sand, or Cement – Sand – Lime
Common Term Used in Brick Masonry
1. Course: Course is a horizontal layer of a brick
in a wall.
2. Joint: It is
the junction
of two or
more bricks
in a wall
constructio
n to joint
with each
other.
3. Header: It is a brick with lies with its greatest
length at right angle to the face of masonry.
4. Stretcher: It is the brick which lies longest side
parallel to the face of masonry work is called
stretcher.
5. Frog: A small Depression created purposely on
top side of brick is called Frog.
6. Face: the surface of wall exposed to the
weather is called face.
7. Facing: The material used in the face to the
wall is known as a Facing.
8. Back: The inner surface of the wall which is
not exposed to weather is called Back.
9. Backing: The material is forming or use in the
back is known as baking.
10. Bed: The bottom surface of the brick when
laid flat is termed as Bed.
11. Arrises: The edges formed by the intersection
of plane surface of the brick is called Arrises.
12. Hearting: The portion of a wall between
facing and backing is called hearting.
13. King Closer: King closer is obtained by
cutting a piece of brick at the centre of header
is called king closer.
14. Queen Closer: Queen closer is obtained by
cutting the brick length wise in to two piece is
called queen closer.
15. Mitred Closer: When the triangular portion is
cut through its width and making an angle of
45 to 60 degree with the length of brick.
16. Bevelled closer: When a triangular portion of
a brick is cut through its half width and to a
full length is called bevelled closer.
17. Lap: It is Horizontal distance between the
vertical joints in course is called Lap.
18. Perpends: It is defined as the vertical joints in
each course of Masonry work.
20. Bed Joint: It is defined as the horizontal layer
of Mortar on which the bricks are laid is called
Bed joint.
21. Bullnose: The brick which one edge round
and the other is right angle is termed as single
Bullnose
• The brick which two edge round at both the
side is termed as double Bullnose
22. Bat: When Brick is cut across the width is
called Bat.
23. Bond: The methods of arranging the bricks in
course and tied together is called Bond.
Bond In Brick
 Bonds in Brick
• Various arrangement of bricks to make rigid
wall structure are called Bonds.
 Types of Brick Bond
1. Stretcher Bond
2. Header Bond
3. English Bond
4. Flemish Bond
5. Garden Wall Bond
6. Ranking Bond
7. Dutch Bond
 Stretcher Bond
• Bricks are laid with their length in the
direction of wall.
• Wall thickness is the half of the brick
 Header Bond
• Bricks are laid with their end toward the face
of wall.
• Wall thickness is the full length of the brick
 English Bond
• Wall thickness 20cm or more.
• Equal balance of header and stretcher.
 Flemish Bond
• In each course Header and Stretcher arranged.
• Each and every course start with header at
corner.
• There are two types of Flemish Bond
1. Single Flemish Bond : Combination of
English bond and Flemish bond Resulting in
to Single Flemish Bond

2. Double Flemish Bond: Same appearance in

Face and Back side.
 Garden Wall Bond
• User for
1. Garden wall
2. Boundary wall
3. Compound Wall

• Height should not exceed 2m and thickness is

1 brick only.
 Ranking Bond
• Ranking means inclination
• Types of Ranking Bond
1. Diagonal Bond
o Bricks laid at an inclination of 450
o At the end of course bricks are cut in triangular
shape.
2. Herring bone Bond
o Bricks laid at an inclination of 450 in the
opposite direction from the centre of the wall
Symbols used in Electrical
Layout
Symbols used for Water Supply
and Plumbing
Symbols Used For Sanitation