Here’s an expanded list of additional built-in functions, methods, and useful operations available in

Python.

Additional Built-in Functions:

1. Advanced Iterators and Generators:
iter() : Returns an iterator object.

next() : Retrieves the next item from an iterator.

2. Functional Programming Tools:

lambda : Creates an anonymous function (inline function).

reduce() : Reduces an iterable to a single value by applying a function (available

in functools module).
functools.partial() : Allows partial function application, creating a new function with some
arguments pre-filled.
3. Advanced Type Conversion:
ord() : Converts a character to its ASCII/unicode value.

chr() : Converts an ASCII/unicode value to its character equivalent.

ascii() : Returns a string with a printable representation of an object.

repr() : Returns a string representation of an object (used for debugging).

frozenset() : Converts a collection to an immutable set.

4. Modules and Attributes:

__import__() : Imports a module programmatically, similar to the import statement.

globals() : Returns a dictionary representing the current global symbol table.

locals() : Returns a dictionary representing the current local symbol table.

vars() : Returns __dict__ attribute for a module, class, instance, or any other object with
attributes.
5. Memory-related Functions:
memoryview() : Creates a view object that exposes a buffer's data.

bytearray() : Returns an array of bytes.

bytes() : Converts an object to an immutable bytes object.

6. Specialized Mathematical Functions:

hex() : Converts an integer to hexadecimal.

bin() : Converts an integer to binary.

oct() : Converts an integer to octal.

complex() : Creates a complex number.

round() : Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places.

divmod() : Returns the quotient and remainder as a tuple.

7. Sorting and Reordering:

all() : Returns True if all items in an iterable are true.

any() : Returns True if any item in an iterable is true.

sorted() : Returns a sorted list from the given iterable.

8. Utility Functions:
slice() : Returns a slice object.

format() : Formats a value according to a format specifier.

id() : Returns the identity (unique integer) of an object.

compile() : Compiles a string of Python code into bytecode for execution.

Additional Common String Methods:
startswith() : Returns True if the string starts with the specified value.

endswith() : Returns True if the string ends with the specified value.

strip() : Removes leading and trailing spaces (or other specified characters).

lstrip() : Removes leading spaces (or specified characters).

rstrip() : Removes trailing spaces (or specified characters).

isalpha() : Returns True if the string consists of only alphabetic characters.

isdigit() : Returns True if the string consists of only digits.

islower() : Returns True if all alphabetic characters in the string are lowercase.

isupper() : Returns True if all alphabetic characters in the string are uppercase.

count() : Returns the number of occurrences of a substring.

partition() : Splits the string at the first occurrence of the separator and returns a tuple.

rpartition() : Splits the string at the last occurrence of the separator and returns a tuple.

Additional List Methods:

copy() : Returns a shallow copy of the list.

clear() : Removes all items from the list.

index() : Returns the index of the first occurrence of a value.

count() : Returns the number of occurrences of a value.

sort() : Sorts the list in place.

reverse() : Reverses the list in place.

Additional Dictionary Methods:

pop() : Removes the item with the specified key and returns its value.

popitem() : Removes and returns the last inserted key-value pair.

copy() : Returns a shallow copy of the dictionary.

clear() : Removes all elements from the dictionary.

setdefault() : Returns the value of the specified key. If the key does not exist, inserts the key with
the specified value.

Additional Set Methods:

discard() : Removes an element from a set if it is present.

pop() : Removes and returns an arbitrary element from the set.

issubset() : Checks if one set is a subset of another.

 issuperset() : Checks if one set is a superset of another.

difference_update() : Removes all elements of another set from the original set.

symmetric_difference() : Returns the symmetric difference of two sets (elements that are in
either set, but not both).

Advanced Python Concepts:

1. Decorators:
@staticmethod : Used to define static methods that don't access or modify the class state.

@classmethod : Used to define class methods that take the class as the first parameter.

@property : Defines a method as a property, allowing it to be accessed like an attribute.

2. Context Managers:
with : Used for wrapping the execution of a block of code in methods defined by context
managers (e.g., file operations).
3. Custom Exceptions:
You can define custom exceptions by subclassing Python’s built-in Exception class:

python Copy code

class MyCustomError(Exception): pass

4. Comprehensions:
List comprehensions:
python Copy code

squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]

Dictionary comprehensions:
python Copy code

squares_dict = {x: x**2 for x in range(10)}

Set comprehensions:
python Copy code

squares_set = {x**2 for x in range(10)}

5. Generators:
Used to create iterators with a sequence of values. A generator yields values using
the yield keyword.

python Copy code

def my_generator(): for i in range(5): yield i

This extended list covers more specialized functions, methods, and Pythonic concepts for both
beginners and advanced users, enhancing the ability to write more efficient and readable code.