DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

What is Database
The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve, insert and delete the data
efficiently. It is also used to organize the data in the form of a table, schema, views, and reports, etc.
For example: The college Database organizes the data about the admin, staff, students and faculty etc.
Using the database, you can easily retrieve, insert, and delete the information.

Database Management System

o Database management system is a software which is used to manage the database. For
example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial database which is used in different
applications.
o DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation, storing data in
it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more.
o It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of multiple users, it also
maintains data consistency.

DBMS allows users the following tasks:

o Data Definition: It is used for creation, modification, and removal of definition that defines the
organization of data in the database.
o Data Updation: It is used for the insertion, modification, and deletion of the actual data in the
database.
o Data Retrieval: It is used to retrieve the data from the database which can be used by
applications for various purposes.
o User Administration: It is used for registering and monitoring users, maintain data integrity,
enforcing data security, dealing with concurrency control, monitoring performance and
recovering information corrupted by unexpected failure.

Characteristics of DBMS
o It uses a digital repository established on a server to store and manage the information.
o It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that manipulates data.
o DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery procedures.
o It contains ACID properties which maintain data in a healthy state in case of failure.
o It can reduce the complex relationship between data.
o It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.
o It is used to provide security of data.
Advantages of DBMS
o Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy because it stores all the data in
one single database file and that recorded data is placed in the database.
o Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the data among
multiple users.
o Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature of the database
system.
o Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
o Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic backup of data
from hardware and software failures and restores the data if required.
o multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like graphical user
interfaces, application program interfaces

Disadvantages of DBMS
o Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high speed of data processor and large memory
size to run DBMS software.
o Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run them efficiently.
o Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and requirements.
o Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the database because in most of the
organization, all the data stored in a single database and if the database is damaged due to
electric failure or database corruption then the data may be lost forever.

What is Data?
Data is a collection of a distinct small unit of information. It can be used in a variety of forms like text,
numbers, media, bytes, etc. it can be stored in pieces of paper or electronic memory, etc. Word 'Data' is
originated from the word 'datum' that means 'single piece of information.' It is plural of the word
datum. In computing, Data is information that can be translated into a form for efficient movement and
processing. Data is interchangeable.

There are many databases available like MySQL, Sybase, Oracle, MongoDB, Informix, PostgreSQL, SQL
Server, etc. Modern databases are managed by the database management system (DBMS).
SQL or Structured Query Language is used to operate on the data stored in a database. SQL depends on
relational algebra and tuple relational calculus. A cylindrical structure is used to display the image of a
database.
Evolution of Databases
The database has completed more than 50 years of journey of its evolution from flat-file system to
relational and objects relational systems. It has gone through several generations.
File-Based
1968 was the year when File-Based database were introduced. In file-based databases, data was
maintained in a flat file. Though files have many advantages, there are several limitations.
One of the major advantages is that the file system has various access methods, e.g., sequential,
indexed, and random. It requires extensive programming in a third-generation language such as COBOL,
BASIC.
Hierarchical Data Model
1968-1980 was the era of the Hierarchical Database. Prominent hierarchical database model was IBM's
first DBMS. It was called IMS (Information Management System).
In this model, files are related in a parent/child manner.
Below diagram represents Hierarchical Data Model. Small circle represents objects.

Like file system, this model also had some limitations like complex implementation, lack structural
independence, can't easily handle a many-many relationship, etc.

Network data model

Charles Bachman developed the first DBMS at Honeywell called Integrated Data Store (IDS). It was
developed in the early 1960s, but it was standardized in 1971 by the CODASYL group (Conference on
Data Systems Languages).
In this model, files are related as owners and members, like to the common network model.
Network data model identified the following components:
o Network schema (Database organization)
o Sub-schema (views of database per user)
o Data management language (procedural)
This model also had some limitations like system complexity and difficult to design and maintain.
Relational Database
1970 - Present: It is the era of Relational Database and Database Management. In 1970, the relational
model was proposed by E.F. Codd.
Relational database model has two main terminologies called instance and schema.
The instance is a table with rows or columns
Schema specifies the structure like name of the relation, type of each column and name.
This model uses some mathematical concept like set theory and predicate logic.
The first internet database application had been created in 1995.
During the era of the relational database, many more models had introduced like object-oriented
model, object-relational model, etc.
Cloud database
Cloud database facilitates you to store, manage, and retrieve their structured, unstructured data via a
cloud platform. This data is accessible over the Internet. Cloud databases are also called a database as
service (DBaaS) because they are offered as a managed service.
Some best cloud options are:
o AWS (Amazon Web Services)
o Snowflake Computing
o Oracle Database Cloud Services
o Microsoft SQL server
o Google cloud spanner
Advantages of cloud database
Lower costs
Generally, company provider does not have to invest in databases. It can maintain and support one or
more data centers.
Automated
Cloud databases are enriched with a variety of automated processes such as recovery, failover, and
auto-scaling.
Increased accessibility
You can access your cloud-based database from any location, anytime. All you need is just an internet
connection.

NoSQL Database
A NoSQL database is an approach to design such databases that can accommodate a wide variety of
data models. NoSQL stands for "not only SQL." It is an alternative to traditional relational databases in
which data is placed in tables, and data schema is perfectly designed before the database is built.
NoSQL databases are useful for a large set of distributed data.
Some examples of NoSQL database system with their category are:
o MongoDB, CouchDB, Cloudant (Document-based)
o Memcached, Redis, Coherence (key-value store)
o HBase, Big Table, Accumulo (Tabular)
Advantage of NoSQL
High Scalability
NoSQL can handle an extensive amount of data because of scalability. If the data grows, NoSQL
database scale it to handle that data in an efficient manner.
High Availability
NoSQL supports auto replication. Auto replication makes it highly available because, in case of any
failure, data replicates itself to the previous consistent state.

Disadvantage of NoSQL
Open source
NoSQL is an open-source database, so there is no reliable standard for NoSQL yet.
Management challenge
Data management in NoSQL is much more complicated than relational databases. It is very challenging
to install and even more hectic to manage daily.
GUI is not available
GUI tools for NoSQL database are not easily available in the market.
Backup
Backup is a great weak point for NoSQL databases. Some databases, like MongoDB, have no powerful
approaches for data backup.

The Object-Oriented Databases

The object-oriented databases contain data in the form of object and classes. Objects are the real-world
entity, and types are the collection of objects. An object-oriented database is a combination of relational
model features with objects oriented principles. It is an alternative implementation to that of the
relational model. Object-oriented databases hold the rules of object-oriented programming. An object-
oriented database management system is a hybrid application.
The object-oriented database model contains the following properties.
Object-oriented programming properties
o Objects
o Classes
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Encapsulation
Relational database properties
o Atomicity
o Consistency
o Integrity
o Durability
o Concurrency
o Query processing
Advantage of DBMS
Controls redundancy
It stores all the data in a single database file, so it can control data redundancy.
Data sharing
An authorized user can share the data among multiple users.
Backup
It provides Backup and recovery subsystem. This recovery system creates automatic data from system
failure and restores data if required.
Multiple user interfaces
It provides a different type of user interfaces like GUI, application interfaces.
Disadvantage of DBMS
Size
It occupies large disk space and large memory to run efficiently.
Cost
DBMS requires a high-speed data processor and larger memory to run DBMS software, so it is costly.
Complexity
DBMS creates additional complexity and requirements.

RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)

The word RDBMS is termed as 'Relational Database Management System.' It is represented as a table
that contains rows and column.
RDBMS is based on the Relational model; it was introduced by E. F. Codd.

A relational database contains the following components:

o Table
o Record/ Tuple
o Field/Column name /Attribute
o Instance
o Schema
o Keys
An RDBMS is a tabular DBMS that maintains the security, integrity, accuracy, and consistency of the
data.
TYPES OF DATABASES
1) Centralized Database
It is the type of database that stores data at a centralized database system. It comforts the users to
access the stored data from different locations through several applications. These applications contain
the authentication process to let users access data securely. An example of a Centralized database can
be Central Library that carries a central database of each library in a college/university.
Advantages of Centralized Database
o It has decreased the risk of data management, i.e., manipulation of data will not affect the core
data.
o Data consistency is maintained as it manages data in a central repository.
o It provides better data quality, which enables organizations to establish data standards.
o It is less costly because fewer vendors are required to handle the data sets.

Disadvantages of Centralized Database

o The size of the centralized database is large, which increases the response time for fetching the
data.
o It is not easy to update such an extensive database system.
o If any server failure occurs, entire data will be lost, which could be a huge loss.

2) Distributed Database
Unlike a centralized database system, in distributed systems, data is distributed among different
database systems of an organization. These database systems are connected via communication links.
Such links help the end-users to access the data easily. Examples of the Distributed database are Apache
Cassandra, HBase, Ignite, etc.
We can further divide a distributed database system into:

o Homogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on the same operating system and
use the same application process and carry the same hardware devices.
o Heterogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on different operating systems
under different application procedures, and carries different hardware devices.
Advantages of Distributed Database
o Modular development is possible in a distributed database, i.e., the system can be expanded by
including new computers and connecting them to the distributed system.
o One server failure will not affect the entire data set.

3) Relational Database
This database is based on the relational data model, which stores data in the form of rows(tuple) and
columns(attributes), and together forms a table(relation). A relational database uses SQL for storing,
manipulating, as well as maintaining the data. E.F. Codd invented the database in 1970. Each table in the
database carries a key that makes the data unique from others. Examples of Relational databases are
MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, etc.

Properties of Relational Database

There are following four commonly known properties of a relational model known as ACID properties,
where:
A means Atomicity: This ensures the data operation will complete either with success or with failure. It
follows the 'all or nothing' strategy. For example, a transaction will either be committed or will abort.
C means Consistency: If we perform any operation over the data, its value before and after the
operation should be preserved. For example, the account balance before and after the transaction
should be correct, i.e., it should remain conserved.
I means Isolation: There can be concurrent users for accessing data at the same time from the database.
Thus, isolation between the data should remain isolated. For example, when multiple transactions occur
at the same time, one transaction effects should not be visible to the other transactions in the database.
D means Durability: It ensures that once it completes the operation and commits the data, data changes
should remain permanent.

4) NoSQL Database
Non-SQL/Not Only SQL is a type of database that is used for storing a wide range of data sets. It is not a
relational database as it stores data not only in tabular form but in several different ways. It came into
existence when the demand for building modern applications increased. Thus, NoSQL presented a wide
variety of database technologies in response to the demands. We can further divide a NoSQL database
into the following four types:
a. Key-value storage: It is the simplest type of database storage where it stores every single item as a
key (or attribute name) holding its value, together.
b. Document-oriented Database: A type of database used to store data as JSON-like document. It helps
developers in storing data by using the same document-model format as used in the application code.
c. Graph Databases: It is used for storing vast amounts of data in a graph-like structure. Most
commonly, social networking websites use the graph database.
d. Wide-column stores: It is similar to the data represented in relational databases. Here, data is stored
in large columns together, instead of storing in rows.

Advantages of NoSQL Database

o It enables good productivity in the application development as it is not required to store data in
a structured format.
o It is a better option for managing and handling large data sets.
o It provides high scalability.
o Users can quickly access data from the database through key-value.

5) Cloud Database
A type of database where data is stored in a virtual environment and executes over the cloud computing
platform. It provides users with various cloud computing services (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, etc.) for accessing
the database. There are numerous cloud platforms, but the best options are:
o Amazon Web Services(AWS)
o Microsoft Azure
o Kamatera
o PhonixNAP
o ScienceSoft
o Google Cloud SQL, etc.

6) Object-oriented Databases
The type of database that uses the object-based data model approach for storing data in the database
system. The data is represented and stored as objects which are similar to the objects used in the
object-oriented programming language.
7) Hierarchical Databases
It is the type of database that stores data in the form of parent-children relationship nodes. Here, it
organizes data in a tree-like structure.

Data get stored in the form of records that are connected via links. Each child record in the tree will
contain only one parent. On the other hand, each parent record can have multiple child records.

8) Network Databases
It is the database that typically follows the network data model. Here, the representation of data is in
the form of nodes connected via links between them. Unlike the hierarchical database, it allows each
record to have multiple children and parent nodes to form a generalized graph structure.

9) Personal Database
Collecting and storing data on the user's system defines a Personal Database. This database is basically
designed for a single user.
Advantage of Personal Database
o It is simple and easy to handle.
o It occupies less storage space as it is small in size.
o
10) Operational Database
The type of database which creates and updates the database in real-time. It is basically designed for
executing and handling the daily data operations in several businesses. For example, an organization
uses operational databases for managing per day transactions.

11) Enterprise Database

Large organizations or enterprises use this database for managing a massive amount of data. It helps
organizations to increase and improve their efficiency. Such a database allows simultaneous access to
users.

Advantages of Enterprise Database:

o Multi processes are supportable over the Enterprise database.
o It allows executing parallel queries on the system.