Q what do you mean by Dbms?

The Database Management System (DBMS) is defined as a software system that allows the user to define,
create and maintain the database and provide control access to the data.
It is a collection of programs used for managing data and simultaneously it supports different types of users
to create, manage, retrieve, update and store information.
Example
A small startup company and industries managing a huge amount of data becomes a mess. So, software like
DBMS brought a revolution in many fields regarding efficient information management.
It is basically a set of programs which allow users to store, modify or update, and retrieve information from
the database as per the user requirements.
DBMS also provides security and protection to databases. It acts as a middle layer between the database and
user.
The different types of DBMS are My SQL, Oracle, MYSQL Server, Microsoft Access, SQL, DB2 etc.

Q. Functions of DBMS
The functions of DBMS are explained below −

 The motive behind the development of the DBMS is to manage the information as a whole.
 Its main objective is to make the data easily accessible, rapid, less costly and flexible for its users.
 It removes the duplication of data and minimizes data redundancy.
 The extra space covered by duplicate data is used for other purposes and there is no wastage of
space.
 The DBMS is easy to use and learn.
 DBMS packages are user-friendly and flexible.
 There is data independence because the user can do changes at any level of the database without
impact on other levels like hardware and software processes.
 DBMS is economically good for everyone.
 Anyone can use, store and manipulate data at an affordable price.
 It can be accessible by multiple users and helps to recover data in case it is not saved by the user. The
system can easily recover the data in no time and it maintains accuracy and integrity.
 It prevents unauthorized access to the data and the data remains private. Through centralized control,
DBMS makes it sure that proper security is provided to the data.
 It is useful for retrieving, analyzing and storing the data.
Diagram
The diagram given below depicts the working of a DBMS −
Q Types of DBMS ?

Tha main Four Types of Database Management System are:

 Hierarchical database
 Network database
 Relational database
 Object-Oriented database

Hierarchical DBMS
In a Hierarchical database, model data is organized in a tree-like structure. Data is Stored Hierarchically (top
down or bottom up) format. Data is represented using a parent-child relationship. In Hierarchical DBMS
parent may have many children, but children have only one parent.

Network Model
The network database model allows each child to have multiple parents. It helps you to address the need to
model more complex relationships like as the orders/parts many-to-many relationship. In this model, entities
are organized in a graph which can be accessed through several paths.

Or

It is the database that typically follows the network data model. Here, the representation of data is in the
form of nodes connected via links between them. Unlike the hierarchical database, it allows each record to
have multiple children and parent nodes to form a generalized graph structure.

Relational Model
Relational DBMS is the most widely used DBMS model because it is one of the easiest. This model is based
on normalizing data in the rows and columns of the tables. Relational model stored in fixed structures and
manipulated using SQL.

Or

This database is based on the relational data model, which stores data in the form of rows(tuple) and
columns(attributes), and together forms a table(relation). A relational database uses SQL for storing,
manipulating, as well as maintaining the data. E.F. Codd invented the database in 1970. Each table in the
database carries a key that makes the data unique from others. Examples of Relational databases are
MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, etc.

Properties of Relational Database

There are following four commonly known properties of a relational model known as ACID properties,
where:

A means Atomicity: This ensures the data operation will complete either with success or with failure. It
follows the 'all or nothing' strategy. For example, a transaction will either be committed or will abort.

C means Consistency: If we perform any operation over the data, its value before and after the operation
should be preserved. For example, the account balance before and after the transaction should be correct,
i.e., it should remain conserved.

I means Isolation: There can be concurrent users for accessing data at the same time from the database.
Thus, isolation between the data should remain isolated. For example, when multiple transactions occur at
the same time, one transaction effects should not be visible to the other transactions in the database.

D means Durability: It ensures that once it completes the operation and commits the data, data changes
should remain permanent.

Object-Oriented Model
In Object-oriented Model data stored in the form of objects. The structure which is called classes which
display data within it. It is one of the components of DBMS that defines a database as a collection of objects
which stores both data members values and operations.

OR
The type of database that uses the object-based data model approach for storing data in the database system.
The data is represented and stored as objects which are similar to the objects used in the object-oriented
programming language.
Personal Database

Collecting and storing data on the user's system defines a Personal Database. This database is basically
designed for a single user.

 Operational Database

The type of database which creates and updates the database in real-time. It is basically designed for
executing and handling the daily data operations in several businesses. For example, An organization uses
operational databases for managing per day transactions.
Enterprise Database

Large organizations or enterprises use this database for managing a massive amount of data. It helps
organizations to increase and improve their efficiency. Such a database allows simultaneous access to users.

Advantages of Enterprise Database:

o Multi processes are supportable over the Enterprise database.

o It allows executing parallel queries on the system.

BASED ON LOCATION

Centralized Database
It is the database that is stored and maintained in a single location. This location is most often a central
computer or database system . for example a desktop or server ,cpu or a mainframe computer .
In most cases , a centralized database would be used by an organization (e.g a business company , or an
institute (e.g a university).
OR
It is the type of database that stores data at a centralized database system. It comforts the users to access the
stored data from different locations through several applications. These applications contain the
authentication process to let users access data securely. An example of a Centralized database can be Central
Library that carries a central database of each library in a college/university.

Advantages of Centralized Database

o It has decreased the risk of data management, i.e., manipulation of data will not affect the core data.
o Data consistency is maintained as it manages data in a central repository.
o It provides better data quality, which enables organizations to establish data standards.
o It is less costly because fewer vendors are required to handle the data sets.

Disadvantages of Centralized Database

o The size of the centralized database is large, which increases the response time for fetching the data.
o It is not easy to update such an extensive database system.
o If any server failure occurs, entire data will be lost, which could be a huge loss.

 Distributed Database

Unlike a centralized database system, in distributed systems, data is distributed among different database
systems of an organization. These database systems are connected via communication links. Such links help
the end-users to access the data easily. Examples of the Distributed database are Apache Cassandra, HBase,
Ignite, etc.

We can further divide a distributed database system into:

 o Homogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on the same operating system and use
the same application process and carry the same hardware devices.
o Heterogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on different operating systems under
different application procedures, and carries different hardware devices.

Advantages of Distributed Database

o Modular development is possible in a distributed database, i.e., the system can be expanded by
including new computers and connecting them to the distributed system.
o One server failure will not affect the entire data set.

Q Avantages of DBMS ?

 DBMS offers a variety of techniques to store & retrieve data

 DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple
applications using the same data
 Uniform administration procedures for data
 Application programmers never exposed to details of data representation and
storage.
 A DBMS uses various powerful functions to store and retrieve data efficiently.
 Offers Data Integrity and Security
 The DBMS implies integrity constraints to get a high level of protection against
prohibited access to data.
 A DBMS schedules concurrent access to the data in such a manner that only one
user can access the same data at a time
 Reduced Application Development Time

Or

o Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy because it stores all the
data in one single database file and that recorded data is placed in the database.
o Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the data among
multiple users.
 o Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature of the
database system.
o Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
o Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic backup of
data from hardware and software failures and restores the data if required.
o multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like graphical user
interfaces, application program interfaces

Q Disadvantage of dbms ?

1. Increased costs:
 Database systems require sophisticated hardware and software and highly skilled personnel.
 The cost of maintaining the hardware, software, and personnel required to operate and manage a database
system can be substantial. Training, licensing, and regulation compliance costs are often overlooked when
database systems are implemented.

2. Management complexity:
 Database systems interface with many different technologies and have a significant impact on a company’s
resources and culture.
 The changes introduced by the adoption of a database system must be properly managed to ensure that they
help advance the company’s objectives. Given the fact that database systems hold crucial company data that are
accessed from multiple sources, security issues must be assessed constantly.

3. Maintaining currency:
 To maximize the efficiency of the database system, you must keep your system current.
 Therefore, you must perform frequent updates and apply the latest patches and security measures to all
components.
 Because database technology advances rapidly, personnel training costs tend to be significant. Vendor
dependence.
 Given the heavy investment in technology and personnel training, companies might be reluctant to change
database vendors.

4. Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles:

 DBMS vendors frequently upgrade their products by adding new functionality. Such new features often come
bundled in new upgrade versions of the software.
 Some of these versions require hardware upgrades. Not only do the upgrades themselves cost money, but it also
costs money to train database users and administrators to properly use and manage the new features.