DIGITAL FLUENCY

Module 1: Emerging Technologies

Database Management for Data Science
DATA:
 Data is nothing but the raw fact or statistics or figures and that can be stored or recorded in the
electronic machine then it is called as Data.
 Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts or instructions in a formalized
manner, which should be suitable for communication interpretation or processing by human or
electronic machine.
 Data is represented with the help of characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z) digits (0-9) or special
characters (+, -, /, *, <,>, =, etc….
DATABASE:
 Database is a collection of related data.
 A database is a place where all the data gets stored in a structured format
 It helps the users to easily access, manage and update the required information.
 In other words, a database as a big container where in all the information about a website or an
application is stored in a structured format.
 Example: a company can have various details of employees, such as name, empID, email, blood
group, salary and so on.
 All these details can be stored in a database with the name: “employee” in a structured format
such as tables, hierarchy, etc...
TYPES OF DATABASES:
1. Centralized Database:
 Works on a client-server basis.
 They are located on a particular location
 This location is most often a central computer or database system, for example a desktop or
server CPU, or a mainframe computer.
 The controlling mechanism is also centralized & data deposited in a central location
 Files are kept on the base of the location of disk drives & names
 Security is not so crucial part here.
 It is maintained and modified from that location only and usually accessed using an internet
connection such as a LAN or WAN.
 The centralized database is used by organizations such as colleges, companies, banks etc.

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 Advantages:
 Since all data is stored at a single location only thus it is easier to access and co-ordinate data.
 The centralized database has very minimal data redundancy since all data is stored at a single
place.
 It is cheaper in comparison to all other databases available.
 Disadvantages:
 The data traffic in case of centralized database is more.
 If any kind of system failure occurs at centralized system, then entire data will be destroyed.
2. Client/Server Database Architecture:
 The client/server architecture is based on the hardware and software components that interact
to form a system. The system includes three main
components: Clients, Servers and Communication Middleware.

Fig: Client/server system

 Client: The client is any computer process that requests service from the server.
 Server: The server is any computer process providing services to the clients.
 Communication Middleware: The communication middleware is any computer process
through which clients and servers communicate and is also known as communication
layer.
 There are basically two-types of client/server architectures:
1) Two-tier Architecture:
 In this architecture, the user interface and application programs are placed on the
client side and database system on the server side. The application programs that
reside at the client side invoke the DBMS at the server side.

2) Three-tier Architecture:
 This architecture adds application server between the client and database server. The
client communicates with the application server, which in turn communicates with the

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 database server. The application server stores the business rule (procedures and
constraints) used for accessing data from database server.

3. Distributed Database
 Distributed database is basically a database that is not limited to one system, it is spread over
different sites, i.e, on multiple computers or over a network of computers.
 A distributed database system is located on various sites that don’t share physical components.
 This may be required when a particular database needs to be accessed by various users
globally.
 It needs to be managed such that for the users it looks like one single database.

 Advantages:
 This database can be easily expanded as data is already spread across different physical
locations.
 The distributed database can easily be accessed from different networks.
 This database is more secure in comparison to centralized database.
 Disadvantages:
 This database is very costly and it is difficult to maintain because of its complexity.
 In this database, it is difficult to provide a uniform view to user since it is spread across
different physical locations.

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 WHAT IS DBMS?
 DBMS or Database Management system is a software application used to access, create and
manage the database.

 The database management system is nothing but the application software it allows the user to
create the database, maintain the database, access the database as well as manage the
database
 Repository or container used to store website information as well as application information
which is used by various users as well as various resource.
 With the help of DBMS, we can easily create, retrieve and update the data in database.
 A DBMS consists of a group of commands to manipulate the database and acts as an interface
between the end-users and the database.
 Database management system also aims to facilitate an overview of the databases, by providing
a variety of administrative operations such as tuning, performance monitoring and backup
recovery.
DATABASE MANAGEMNET SYSTEM:
 Define Data: Allows the users to create, modify and delete the data which is organized in the
database.
 Update Data: Provides access to the users to insert, modify and delete from the database.
 Retrieve Data: Allows the users to retrieve data from the database based on the requirement.
 Administration of users: Registers the users and monitors their action. Enforces data security,
maintains data integrity, monitors performance and deals with the concurrency control.
TYPES OF DBMS:
 Following are the different types of DBMS:
 Hierarchical DBMS:

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  This is the type database management system showcases a style of predecessor-successor type
of relationship. We can consider it to be similar to a tree where the nodes of the tree represent
records and the branches of the tree represents fields.

 Relational DBMS(RDBMS):
 This is the type of dbms which as structure which allows the users to identify and access data in
relation to another piece of data in the database. In this type of DBMS, the data is stored in the
forms of tables.

 Network DBMS:
 This type of database management system supports many to many relations where multiple
user records can be linked

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 Object-oriented DBMS:

 This type of database management system uses small individual software called objects. Here,
each object contains a piece of data and the instructions for the actions to done with
 Relational DBMS(RDBMS):
 This is the type of dbms which as structure which allows the users to identify and access data in
relation to another piece of data in the database.
 In this type of DBMS, the data is stored in the form of tables.
WHAT IS DATA SCIENCE?
 Data science is a filed that deals with unstructured, structured data and semi-structured data.
 It involves practice like data cleansing, data preparation, data analysis, and much more.
 Data science is the combination of statistics, mathematics, programming, and problem-solving,
Capturing data in ingenious ways
 The ability to look at things differently
 The of activity of cleansing, preparing, and aligning data
 This umbrella term includes various techniques that are used when extracting insights and
information from data.
DATA SCIENCE:
 Data science is the study of data.
 It involves developing of recording, storing and analysing data to effectively extract useful
information
 The goal of data science is to gain insights and knowledge from any type of data -both structured
and unstructured.
 Data science is related to computer science, but is a separate field.
 Computer science involves creating programs and algorthrim to record and process data, while
data science covers any type of data analysis, which may or may not use computers.

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  Data science is more closely related to the mathematics field of statistics, which includes the
collection, organization, analysis and presentation of data.

NEED FOR DATA SCIENCE:

 With the help of data science technology, we can convert the massive amount of raw &
unstructured data into meaningful insights
 Data science technology is opting by various companies, whether it is a big brand or a start-up
Google, Amazon, Netflix, etc., which handle the huge amount of data are using data science
algorithms for better customer experience.
COMPONENTS OF DATA SCIENCE:

DATA SCIENCE PROCESS:

1) Discovery: The first phase is discovery, which involves asking the right questions. When you start any
data science project, you need to determine what are the basic requirements, priorities, and project
budget. In this phase, we need to determine all the requirements of the project such as the number

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 of people, technology, time, data, an end goal, and then we can frame the business problem on first
hypothesis level.

2) Data preparation: Data preparation is also known as Data Munging. In this phase, we need to
perform the following tasks:
 Data cleaning
 Data Reduction
 Data integration
 Data transformation, after performing all the above tasks, we can easily use this data for our
further processes.
3) Model Planning: In this phase, we need to determine the various methods and techniques to
establish the relation between input variables. We will apply Exploratory data analytics (EDA) by
using various statistical formula and visualization tools to understand the relations between variable
and to see what data can inform us. Common tools used for model planning are:
 SQL Analysis Services
 R
 SAS
 Python
4) Model-building: In this phase, the process of model building starts. We will create datasets for
training and testing purpose. We will apply different techniques such as association, classification,
and clustering, to build the model. Following are some common Model building tools:
 SAS Enterprise Miner
 WEKA
 SPCS Modeler
 MATLAB
5) Operationalize: In this phase, we will deliver the final reports of the project, along with briefings,
code, and technical documents. This phase provides you a clear overview of complete project
performance and other components on a small scale before the full deployment.
6) Communicate results: In this phase, we will check if we reach the goal, which we have set on the
initial phase. We will communicate the findings and final result with the business team.

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 BIG DATA ANAYTICS

WHAT IS BIG DATA?

 Data which are very large in size is called as big data.
 Normally we work on data of size MB (worddoc, excel) or maximum GB (movies, codes) but data
in Peta bytes i.e., 10^15 size is called as big data
 Big data is a term that describes large, hard -to-manage volumes of data both structured and
unstructured data.
MEANING OF BIG DATA
 Big data refers to the large, diverse sets of information that grow at ever-increasing rates. It
encompasses the volume of information, the velocity or speed at which it is created & collected &
the variety or scope of the data points being covered. This describes the large volume of data
both structured & unstructured.
DEFINITIONS
 According to John Mashey, “Big data refers to the data sets with sizes beyond the ability of
commonly used software tools to capture, curate, manage & process data within a tolerable
elapsed time. “According to McKinsey, “Big data is the datasets whose size is beyond the ability
of typical database software tools to capture, store, manage & analyse.”

SOURCES OF BIG DATA:

 Social networking sites: Facebook, google, LinkedIn all these sites generate huge amount of
data on a day-to-day basis as they have billions of users worldwide.
 E-commerce site: Sites like Amazon, Flipkart, Alibaba generates huge number of logs from
which users buying trends can be traced.
 Weather Station: All the weather station and satellite gives very huge data which are stored
and manipulated to forecast weather.
 Telecom company: Telecom giants like Airtel, Vodafone study the user trends and accordingly
publish their plans and for this they store the data of its million users.
 Share Market: Stock exchange across the world generates huge amount of data through its
daily transaction.

3V's OF BIG DATA

1) Velocity: The data is increasing at a very fast rate. It is estimated that the volume of data will
double in every 2 years.
2) Variety: Now a days data is not stored in rows and column. Data is structured as well as
unstructured. Log file, CCTV footage is unstructured data. Data which can be saved in tables are
structured data like the transaction data of the bank.

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 3) Volume: The amount of data which we deal with is of very large size of Peta bytes.

WHAT ARE BIG DATA TOOLS AND SOFTWARE?

 Hadoop
 Quoble
 Cassandra
 MongoDB
 Apache storm
 CouchDB

BIG DATA LIFE CYCLE

The data life cycle, also called the information life cycle, refers to the entire period of time that data
exists in your system. This life cycle encompasses all the stages that your data goes through, from first
capture onward.

1) Data creation, ingestion, or capture: Whether you generate data from data entry, acquire existing
data from other sources, or receive signals from devices, you get information somehow. This stage
describes when data values enter the firewalls of your system.
2) Data Processing: Data preparation typically includes integrating data from multiple sources,
validating data, and applying the transformation.
3) Data Analysis: However, you analyse and interpret your data, this is where the magic happens.
Exploring and interpreting your data may require a variety of analyses. This could mean statistical
analysis and visualization.
4) Data sharing or publication: This stage is where forecasts and insights turn into decisions and
direction.
5) Archiving: Once data has been collected, processed, analysed, and shared, it is typically stored for
future reference.
TYPES OF BIG DATA (5 Marks):

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1. Structured Big Data:
 Any data that can be stored, accessed and processed in the form of fixed format is termed as
a ‘structured’ data. Over the period of time, talent in computer science has achieved greater
success in developing techniques for working with such kind of data (where the format is
well known in advance) and also deriving value out of it. However, nowadays, we are
foreseeing issues when a size of such data grows to a huge extent, typical sizes are being in
the rage of multiple zettabytes.
 Examples Of Structured Data
 An ‘Employee’ table in a database is an example of Structured Data
Employee_ID Employee Gender Department Salary_In_lacs
Name
2365 Rajesh Kulkarni Male Finance 650000
3398 Pratibha Joshi Female Admin 650000
7465 Shushil Roy Male Admin 650000
7500 Shubhojit Das Male Finance 650000
7699 Priya Sane Female Finance 650000

2. Unstructured Big Data:

 Any data with unknown form or the structure is classified as unstructured data. In addition
to the size being huge, un-structured data poses multiple challenges in terms of its
processing for deriving value out of it. A typical example of unstructured data is a
heterogeneous data source containing a combination of simple text files, images, videos
etc. Now day organizations have wealth of data available with them but unfortunately, they
don’t know how to derive value out of it since this data is in its raw form or unstructured
format.
 Examples Of Un-Structured Data: The output returned by ‘Google Search’
3. Semi-structured Big Data:

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  Semi-structured data can contain both the forms of data. We can see semi-structured data as a
structured in form but it is actually not defined with e.g., a table definition in relational DBMS.
Example of semi-structured data is a data represented in an XML file.
 Examples Of Semi-Structured Data
 Personal data stored in an XML file-

<rec><name>Prashant Rao</name><sex>Male</sex><age>35</age></rec>

<rec><name>Seema R.</name><sex>Female</sex><age>41</age></rec>

<rec><name>Satish Mane</name><sex>Male</sex><age>29</age></rec>

<rec><name>Subrato Roy</name><sex>Male</sex><age>26</age></rec>

<rec><name>Jeremiah J.</name><sex>Male</sex><age>35</age></rec>

TYPES OF BIG DATA (10 Marks)

1.Structured Big Data:

 Data is stored in rows & columns. This type of data constitutes about 10% of the today’s total data
& is accessible through DBMS.
 Eg: Official registers that are created by governmental institutions to store data on individuals,
enterprises & real estates

2.Unstructured Big Data:

 Data of different forms like text, image, video, document, etc. This type of data accounts for
about 90% of the data.

3.Geographic Big Data

 Data related to roads, buildings, lakes, addresses, people, workplaces & transportation routes
that are generated from geographic information systems.
 Eg: Google Maps

4.Real-Time Media:

 Real-time streaming of live or stored media data. One of the main source of media data is services
like e.g., YouTube, Flicker & Vimeo that produce a huge amount of video, pictures & audio. Another
important source of real-time media is video conferencing which allow two or more locations to
communicate in two-way video & audio transmission.

5.Natural Language Data:

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  Human-generated data, particularly in the verbal form. The sources of natural language data
include speech capture devices, land phones & IoT that generate large sizes of text-like
communication between devices

6.Time Series:

 A sequence of data points or observations, typically consisting of successive measurements made

over a time interval.
 Eg: Ocean tides, counts of sunspots, measuring the level of unemployment

7.Event Data:

 Data generated from the matching between external events with time series. This requires the
identification of important events from the unimportant.
 Eg: information related to vehicle crashes or accidents can be collected & analysed to help
understand what the vehicles were doing before, during & after the event. The data is generated
by sensors fixed in different places of the vehicle body.

8.Network Data:

 Data concerns very large networks, such as social networks (e.g., Facebook & Twitter), information
networks (e.g., the World Wide Web), biological networks (e.g., biochemical, ecological & neural
networks) & technological networks (e.g., the Internet, telephone & transportation networks.

9.Linked Data:

 Data that is built upon standard Web technologies such as HTTP, RDF, SPARQL & URIs to share
information that can be semantically queried by computers. This allows data from different sources
to be connected & read.
APPLICATIONS OF BIG DATA
1.Healthcare

 Big data analytics have improved healthcare by providing personalized medicine and prescriptive
analytics. Researchers are mining the data to see what treatments are more effective for particular
conditions, identify patterns related to drug side effects, and gains other important information that
can help patients and reduce costs. It’s possible to predict disease that will escalate in specific areas.
Based on predictions, it’s easier to strategize diagnostics and plan for stocking serums and vaccines.

2.Media & Entertainment

 Various companies in the media and entertainment industry are facing new business models, for the
way they – create, market and distribute their content. Big Data applications benefits media and
entertainment industry by:

• Predicting what the audience wants

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• Scheduling optimization

• Increasing acquisition and retention

• Ad targeting

• Content monetization and new product development Spotify,

 An on-demand music service, uses Hadoop Big Data analytics, to collect data from its millions of
users worldwide and then uses the analysed data to give informed music recommendations to
individual users. Amazon Prime, which is driven to provide a great customer experience by offering
video, music, and Kindle books in a one-stopshop, also heavily utilizes Big Data.

3.Traffic Optimization

 Big Data helps in aggregating real-time traffic data gathered from road sensors, GPS devices and
video cameras. The potential traffic problems in dense areas can be prevented by adjusting public
transportation routes in real time.

4.Real-time Analytics to Optimize Flight Route

 With each unsold seat of the aircraft, there is a loss of revenue. Route analysis is done to determine
aircraft occupancy and route profitability. By analysing customers’ travel behaviour, airlines can
optimize flight routes to provide services to maximum customers Increasing the customer base is
most important for maximizing capacity utilization. Through big data analytics, we can do route
optimization very easily. We can increase the number of aircraft on the most profitable routes

5.E-commerce Recommendation

 By tracking customer spending habit, shopping behaviour, Big retails store provide a
recommendation to the customer. E-commerce site like Amazon, Walmart, Flipkart does product
recommendation. They track what product a customer is searching, based on that data they
recommend that type of product to that customer. As an example, suppose any customer searched
bed cover on Amazon. So, Amazon got data that customer may be interested to buy bed cover. Next
time when that customer will go to any google page, advertisement of various bed covers will be
seen. Thus, advertisement of the right product to the right customer can be sent. YouTube also
shows recommend video based on user’s previous liked, watched video type. Based on the content
of a video, the user is watching, relevant advertisement is shown during video running. As an
example, suppose someone watching a tutorial video of big data, then advertisement of some other
big data course will be shown during that video

6.Big data applications in agriculture

 Traditional tools are being replaced by sensor-equipped machines that can collect data from their
environments to control their behaviour – such as thermostats for temperature regulation or
algorithms for implementing crop protection strategies. Technology, combined with external big data

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 sources like weather data, market data, or standards with other farms, is contributing to the rapid
development of smart farming.
BIG DATA ANALYTICS
 Big data analytics is use of advanced analytic techniques against very large, diverse data sets that
include structured, semi-structured & unstructured data, from different sources & different sizes
from terabytes to zettabytes.
 Big data analytics is the process of collecting, organizing & analysing large sets of data called Big
Data to discover patterns & other useful information. Big data analytics can help organizations to
better understand the information contained within the data & will also help identify the data
that is most important to the business & future business decisions.
PROCESS OF BDA
1. Data Collection

 Data collection plays the most important role in the Big Data cycle. The Internet provides almost
unlimited sources of data for a variety of topics. The importance of this area depends on the type of
business, but traditional industries can acquire a diverse source of external data and combine those
with their transactional data. For example, let’s assume we would like to build a system that
recommends restaurants. The first step would be to gather data, in this case, reviews of restaurants
from different websites and store them in a database.

2. Data Cleansing

 Data cleaning is the process of fixing or removing incorrect, corrupted, incorrectly formatted,
duplicate, or incomplete data within a dataset. When combining multiple data sources, there are
many opportunities for data to be duplicated or mislabelled.

3. Data Exploration

 Data exploration is the first step of data analysis used to explore and visualize data to uncover
insights from the start or identify areas or patterns to dig into more. Using interactive dashboards
and point-and-click data exploration, users can better understand the bigger picture and get to
insights faster.

4. Data Visualization

 Big data visualization is the process of displaying data in charts, graphs, maps, and other visual
forms. It is used to help people easily understand and interpret their data at a glance, and to clearly
show trends and patterns that arise from this data.
BIG DATA ANALYTICS TOOLS
 R-Programming
 Altamira LUMIFY
 Apache Hadoop
 MongoDB
 RapidMiner
 Apache Spark

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  Microsoft Azure
 Zoho Analytics
BIG DATA IS USED IN DAILY LIFE:
 Music, shows, and Moives
 Healthcare and medical services
 Shopping and Marketing
 Travel and Transportation
 News and Information
 Education and Employment

Internet of Things (IoT)

 Introduction:
 IOT stands for Internet of Things, which means accessing and controlling daily usable equipment’s
and devices using Internet.
 Internet is nothing but interconnection between computer devices to share the data, receive the
data while communicating each other.
 The ‘Thing’ is nothing but all the electronic appliances or all the electronic devices.
 Internet of thing is nothing but to connect and control all the electronic devices through net
connection or through internet that is known as IOT.
 The ‘Thing’ in IoT can be any device with any kind of built-in-sensor with the ability to collect and
transfer data over a network without manual intervention.
 IoT is a concept that connects all the devices to the internet and let them communicate with each
other over the internet.
 What is IOT (Internet of Things)?
 Internet of Thing (IoT) is a network of physical objects nothing but all the devices or people called
“things” that are embedded with software, electronics, and sensors that allows these objects to
collect data and exchange the data.
 The goal of IoT is to extend to internet connectivity from standard devices like computer, mobile,
tablet to relatively dumb devices like a toaster.
 IoT makes virtually everything “smart” by improving aspects of our life with the power of data
collection, AI algorithms, and network.

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 IoT Devices:
1) Echo & Google Home – Smart Home: AI voice assistants like the Amazon Echo & Google Home are
some of the most popular connected devices in consumer IoT. Users can talk to voice assistants like
Alexa for help performing a variety of functions including playing music, providing a weather report,
getting sports scores, ordering an uber & more
2) Fitbit Charge 3 – Wearables: The Fitbit Charge 3 tracks steps, floors climbed, calories burned & sleep
quality. The device also syncs with computers & smartphones through wi-fi to transmit the fitness
data in understandable charts to monitor progress
3) Barcelona - Smart Cities: The Spanish city is one of the foremost smart cities in the world after it
implemented several IoT initiatives that have helped enhance smart parking & the environment
4) AT & T – Connected Car: AT & T was the first telecom company to open a connected car research &
innovation centre

How IoT Works?

 The entire IoT process starts with the devices themselves like smartphones, smartwatches,
electronic appliances like TV, washing machine, which helps you to communicate with the IoT
platform.

 The 4 fundamental components of an IoT system are:

1) Sensors/ devices
2) Connectivity
3) Data processing
4) User interface

Components of an IoT
1) Sensors/ Devices:
 Sensors or devices are a key component that helps you to collect live data from the surrounding
environment.
 Sensor it could be a simple temperature monitoring sensor, or it may be in the form of the video
feed
 A device may have various type of sensors which performs multiple tasks apart from sensing.
 Example: A mobile phone is a device which has multiple sensors like GPS, camera but smartphones is
not able to sense these things.

2) Connectivity:
 All the collected data is sent to a cloud infrastructure (it’s a platform the store the collected the
data).
 The sensors should be connected to the cloud using various mediums of communications.
 These communication mediums include mobile or satellite networks, Bluetooth, WI-FI, WAN, etc...

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 All the captured data is stored in cloud infrastructure and cloud infrastructure is responsible for
sending the data to hospital or police station.

3) Data processing:
 Once that data is collected, and it gets to the cloud the software performs processing on the
gathered data.
 This process can be just checking the temperature reading on devices like Ac or heaters
 However sometimes it be very complex like identifying objects using computer vision on video.

4) User interface:
 The information needs to be available to the end-user in some ways which can be achieved by
triggering alarms on their phones or sending them notifications through email or text message.
 For example: the user has a camera installed in his home. He wants to access video recording
and all the feeds with the help of web server.
 For example: if a user detects any changes in the temperature of the refrigerator with the help of
IoT technology the user should able to adjust the temperature with the help of their mobile
phone.

IoT Architecture:

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 The four stages of IoT Architecture are:
1) Sensors & Actuators
 The first layer is the physical layer of sensor capable of sensing & collecting environment data
 Actuators are able to interact with the environment in a significant way
 Eg., They can be used to shut off valves when the water reaches a certain level or simply to switch off
a light when the sun rises
2) Internet Gateways & Data Acquisition Systems
 Once the sensors send in the data, it will be aggregated & converted into digital form so that it can
be processed
 Data gets ready for processing that can be routed over the network by the internet gateway
3) Edge IT
 Pre-processing & enhanced analytics of the data is performed in this stage
 Since IoT systems collect a significant amount of data & consequently require a lot of bandwidth,
these Edge IT reduces the load on the core IT infrastructure
 Insights are provided.
4) Data Centre & Cloud
Meant to store, process & analyse large volume of data for a deeper insight that is never possible
with advanced data analytics engine & ML processes
The data needs to be stored for further in-depth analysis
It helps with follow-up & feedback.
Applications of IoT:

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1) Smart Homes
 If we look at our homes, we can find IoT. The lock system of our doors is based on the technology
developed by IoT. You do not need to open and close the doors and windows manually. Remotes can
do this job now and reduce our manual labor.
 Moreover, the IoT devices measure electricity and water usage daily by the established sensors in
the meter. The IoT is also used to record TV shows. Now, we can purchase smart televisions and
record the shows we wish to watch according to our schedule.
2) Smart City
 The Internet has not been limited to introducing networks around the world. It has extended its uses
in the city too. The IoT helps manage traffic control, hydraulic and thermal power, dumping material,
and other manual work. It helps in managing vehicles through IoT. This way, these devices add
comfort to people's daily life.
3) Self-driven Vehicles
 With the invention of smartphones, we can quickly book cabs. The public can easily book their
transport and reach their destination without wasting time. It eases the process of searching for
vehicles as the booking of the vehicle has been made.
4) Online Shopping
 Online shopping has become the preferable IoT over smartphones. Instead of standing in queues
and waiting for the salesperson to entertain us, we can quickly go grocery shopping for clothes and
everyday used things online. Most people prefer it from a different e-commerce application like
Amazon. It is both a time and money saver. IoT has set specific devices which aid online shopping
through android and iOS phones.
5) Health
 IoT has set particular devices like beds in hospitals and unique types of sensors attached to our
bodies that can monitor our blood sugar continuously. These devices help measure blood pressure,
and an oximeter regulates our body temperature. These devices are built with the current IoT
systems. Thus, we can manage things at home instead of unnecessarily visiting the doctor.
6) Agriculture
 IoT has obtained a level in agriculture as well. The application of the Internet of things gives us
perfect data regarding information for growing crops well. It gives us information regarding the type
of soil needed, appropriate temperature, and water required for the proper growth of the crop. It
tells us the best time to grow particular crops and the diseases present in the crop to be grown so
that the pesticide and insecticide can be applied accordingly.
7) Traffic Management
 We can also use IoT applications for traffic management. We all must have used Google Maps or
other location-centric software someday. These applications predict the traffic while reaching the
source to the destination.
 When this traffic is analysed for a longer period, IoT can also predict the traffic scenario at peak
hours, helping people with easy commutes.
8) Energy Saving
 Different types of sensors are being equipped in the devices to save electric and water energy. It
prevents useless waste by establishing a dual communication system between the energy power
user and the supplier. These devices also help in monitoring energy consumption regularly.
9) Wearables

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  The Internet of Things has introduced sensors and devices with artificial machinery that help
operate virtual glasses, calorie burner meters, and GPS tracking belts. It has established Apple
phones which can be connected to our watches, heartbeats, and fitness bands. Google, Samsung,
and Apple have introduced IoT applications that are helpful in daily life.
10) Pollution Control
 Pollution is the biggest problem in almost all cities. We are sometimes unaware whether we
breathe smoke or oxygen in polluted cities. With the help of IoT, we can collect data from a
particular area and inform the concerned authority and the government well in advance to take
steps to control pollution.
Advantages of IoT Devices:
 It can assist in the smarter control of homes and cities via mobile phones. It enhances security and
offers personal protection.
 By automating activities, it saves us a lot of time.
 Information is easily accessible, even if we are far away from our actual location, and it is updated
frequently in real time.
 Electric Devices are directly connected and communicate with a controller computer, such as a cell
phone, resulting in efficient electricity use. As a result, there will be no unnecessary use of
electricity equipment.
 Personal assistance can be provided by IoT apps, which can alert you to your regular plans.
 It is useful for safety because it senses any potential danger and warns users. For example, GM
OnStar, is a integrated device that system which identifies a car crash or accident on road. It
immediately makes a call if an accident or crash is found.
 It minimizes human effort because IoT devices connect and communicate with one another and
perform a variety of tasks without the need for human intervention.
 Patient care can be performed more effectively in real time without the need for a doctor’s visit. It
gives them the ability to make choices as well as provide evidence-based care.
 Asset tracking, traffic or transportation tracking, inventory control, delivery, surveillance, individual
order tracking, and customer management can all be made more cost-effective with the right
tracking system.
Disadvantages of IoT Devices:
Hackers may gain access to the system and steal personal information. Since we add so many devices
to the internet, there is a risk that our information as it can be misused.
They rely heavily on the internet and are unable to function effectively without it.
With the complexity of systems, there are many ways for them to fail.
We lose control of our lives—our lives will be fully controlled and reliant on technology.
Overuse of the Internet and technology makes people unintelligent because they rely on smart
devices instead of doing physical work, causing them to become lazy.
Unskilled workers are at a high risk of losing their jobs, which could lead to unemployment. Smart
surveillance cameras, robots, smart ironing systems, smart washing machines, and other facilities are
replacing security guards, maids, ironmen, and dry-cleaning services etc.
It is very difficult to plan, build, manage, and enable a broad technology to IoT framework.
Deploying IoT devices is very costly and time-consuming
Industrial Internet of Thing [IIOT]
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 IIOT:
 Industrial Internet of things (IIOT) is a subset of IoT, aimed specifically at industrial applications.
 IIOT is about connecting machines to other machines/data management and the optimization and
productivity that is possible to make “smart factories”
 The industrial internet of things (IIOT) is the use of smart sensors and actuators to enhance
manufacturing and industrial processes.
 It is also known as the industrial or industry 4.0, IIOT uses the power of smart machines and real-
time analytics to make better use of the data that industrial machines have been churning out for
years.
 The principal driver of IIoT is smart machines, for two reasons. The first is that smart machines
capture and analyse data in real-time, which humans cannot.
 The second is that smart machines communicate their findings in a manner that is simple and fast,
enabling faster and more accurate business decisions.
 Some examples of IIoT can be
1) As simple as a connected rat trap which relays information about catching a rat to a mobile phone
2) Slightly complex like a soil sensor which relays data about humidity and nutrient content to a system
3) Complex system like smart parking and traffic management
4) A very complex set-up like a fully automated automobile assembly line relaying data in real-time to
human supervisors.
How does IIOT Works?
 Each industrial IoT system consists of:
 Connected devices that can sense, communicate and store the information about themselves.
 Public and /or private data communications infrastructure.
 Analytics and applications that generate business information from raw data
 Storage for the data that is generated by the IIOT devices
 IIoT includes smart sensors, machines, tools, software platforms, cloud servers & applications
 Smart sensors are deployed at every stage of manufacturing floor for specific applications
 These sensor networks continuously send data to the IoT gateway, that means it act as a hub
between IoT devices & cloud, which receive & transmit the data to the cloud application server for
processing & analysis.
 Sophisticated application programs are developed to handle large amount data with secure network
& it is accessible using smartphone applications.

Key benefits of IoT technology:

1. Technical optimization:
 IoT technology helps a lot in improving technologies and making them better.
 Example: with IoT, a manufacture is able to collect data from various car sensors.
 The manufacture analyses them to improve its deigns and make them more efficient.

2. Improved data collection:

 Traditional data collection has its limitations and its design for passive use.

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  IoT facilities action on data.
3. Reduced waste:
 IoT offer real-time information leading to effective decision making and management of
resources.
 For example: if a manufacturer finds an issue in multiple car engines, he can track the
manufacturing plan f those engines and solves these issues with the manufacturing belt.

Benefits of IIoT:

1) Improvement of operational performance: Increased productivity, improved plant efficiency etc

2) Ensuring safety & compliance: Complying with regulatory framework
3) Increasing flexibility & agility: Updating & easy reprogramming of machines & robots to adhere to
shifting & increasingly customized customer requirements.

Applications of IIoT:
1) Industrial Automation
 Industrial automation is one of most significant and common application of Internet of Things.
Automation of machines and tools enables companies to operate in an efficient way with
sophisticated software tools to monitor and make improvements for next process iterations.
 Industrial automation improves accuracy, efficiency; reduces errors, easy to control and remotely
accessible via applications. Machines can operate at harsh environments than humans; automation
of machines and tools reduces man power requirements for specific tasks.

2) Connected Factories
 Connected Factory concept is an effective solution for improvements in all areas of operation. Major
components such as machines, tools and sensors will be connected to a network for easier
management and access. Overview of process flow, monitor down time, status checking of
inventory, shipment, schedule maintenance and stop/pause a particular process for further analysis
etc… can be done remotely using industrial IoT solutions.

3) Smart Robotics
 Many companies are developing intelligent robotics system for IoT-enabled factories. Smart robotics
ensures smooth handling of tools and materials in the manufacturing line with precise accuracy and
efficiency. Predefined specifications can be set for maximum precision (up to few nanometres scale
for some applications) using intelligent robotic arms.
 Robots can be programmed to perform complex tasks with high end embedded sensors for real-
time analysis. These robotics networks are connected to a secure cloud for monitoring and
controlling. Engineering team can access and analyses this data to take quick actions for product
improvements or preventing an unexpected failure due to machine fault.

4) Predictive Maintenance

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  Modern industrial machines equipped with smart sensors continuously monitoring the status of
each major components and it can detect any critical issues before the system is completely down.
Smart sensors will trigger maintenance warning to the centralized system and the alert messages
will be delivered to responsible persons/groups.
 Maintenance engineers can analyze the data and plan for schedules maintenance effectively
without affecting routine task.
 Predictive maintenance is an effective solution to avoid unnecessary downtime in the production
line. Unexpected failure of machines could cause damage to products, delay in delivery and
business loss for manufacturers.

5) Integration of Smart Tools / Wearables

 Integration of smart sensors to tools and machines enables the workforce to perform the task with
improved accuracy and efficiency. Specially designed wearables and smart glass helps employees to
reduce error and improve safety at the working environments.
 Smart wearables can trigger instant warning messages to employees during emergency situations
like gas leak or fire. Wearables can monitor health condition of individuals continuously and
feedback if not fit for particular task.

6) Smart Package Management

 Package management using IoT technology gives lot of convenience and efficiency for
manufacturing units. Smart sensors can monitor each stage of packing and update status in real-
time manner. Embedded sensors can detect vibrations, atmospheric conditions like temperature
and humidity etc… and feedback if something goes wrong during transit or storage.
Advantages of Industrial Internet of Things
 Improved accuracy
 Product and process optimization
 Predictive maintenance and analysis
 Higher efficiency
 Remote accessibility and monitoring
 Enhanced security
 Scalability of network
 Reduced down time for machines and process
 Power savings
 Cost effectiveness
Disadvantages of Industrial Internet of Things
 Security and privacy concerns
 Complexity and integration challenges
 Limited skilled workforce
 Limited interoperability
 High costs

IoT and IIoT – A Comparison:

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SL.N Internet of things (IoT) Industrial Internet of things(IIOT)
O
1) It focuses on general applications ranging It focuses on industrial applications such as
from wearables to robots & machines. manufacturing, power plants, oil & gas, etc
2) Its implementation starts with small scale It uses critical equipment & devices connected
level so there is no need to worry about over a network which will cause a life-
lifethreatening situations. threatening or other emergency situation on
failure therefore uses more sensitive and
precise sensors.
3) It deals with small scale networks It deals with large scale networks.
4) It offers easy off-site programming It can be programmed remotely i.e., offers
remote on-site programming
5) It handles very high volume of data It handles data ranging from medium to high
6) It requires identity and privacy It requires robust security to protect the data
7) It needs moderate requirements It needs stringent requirements
8) It is having short product life cycle It having very long-life cycle
9) It is less reliable It has high- reliability

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