OPERATING SYSTEM PART 2

LECTURE HANDOUTS
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

 An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing
files, processes, and memory. Thus operating system acts as
the manager of all the resources, i.e. resource manager. Thus,
the operating system becomes an interface between the user and
the machine. It is one of the most required software that is
present in the device. Operating System is a type of software
that works as an interface between the system program and the
hardware.

Types of Operating Systems

There are several types of Operating Systems which are mentioned
below.
 Batch Operating System
 Multi-Programming SysteSm
 Multi-Processing System
 Multi-Tasking Operating System
 Time-Sharing Operating System
 Distributed Operating System
 Network Operating System
 Real-Time Operating System

1. Batch Operating System

 This type of operating system does not interact with the
computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar
jobs having the same requirements and groups them into
batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs
with similar needs. Batch Operating System is designed to
manage and execute a large number of jobs efficiently by
processing them in groups.

Advantages of Batch Operating System

1 | Page
OPERATING SYSTEM PART 2
LECTURE HANDOUTS
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

 Multiple users can share the batch systems.

 The idle time for the batch system is very less.
 It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System
 Batch systems are hard to debug.
 It is sometimes costly.
 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any
job fails.
 In batch operating system the processing time for jobs is
commonly difficult to accurately predict while they are in the
queue.
 It is difficult to accurately predict the exact time required
for a job to complete while it is in the queue.
Examples of Batch Operating Systems: Payroll Systems, Bank
Statements, etc.

2. Multi-Programming Operating System

 Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated
as more than one program is present in the main memory and any
one of them can be kept in execution. This is basically used
for better utilization of resources.

Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

 Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System.
 It helps in reducing the response time.
Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System
 There is not any facility for user interaction of system
resources with the system.

3. Multi-Processing Operating System

2 | Page
OPERATING SYSTEM PART 2
LECTURE HANDOUTS
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of Operating System in

which more than one CPU is used for the execution of resources. It
betters the throughput of the System.

Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

 It increases the throughput of the system.
 As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we
can proceed with another processor.
Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System
 Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow
difficult to understand.

4. Multi-Tasking Operating System

 Multitasking Operating System is simply a multiprogramming
Operating System with having facility of a Round-Robin
Scheduling Algorithm. It can run multiple programs
simultaneously.
 There are two types of Multi-Tasking Systems which are listed
below:
o Preemptive multi-tasking
o Cooperative multi-tasking

Advantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System

3 | Page
OPERATING SYSTEM PART 2
LECTURE HANDOUTS
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

 Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in Multi-

Tasking Operating System.
 It comes with proper memory management.
Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System
 The system gets heated in case of heavy programs multiple
times.

5. Time-Sharing Operating Systems

 Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks
work smoothly. Each user gets the time of the CPU as they use
a single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking
Systems. The task can be from a single user or different users
also. The time that each task gets to execute is called
quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to
the next task.

Advantages of Time-Sharing OS
 Each task gets an equal opportunity.
 Fewer chances of duplication of software.
 CPU idle time can be reduced.
 Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users to
share hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, and
peripherals, reducing the cost of hardware and increasing
efficiency.
 Improved Productivity: Time-sharing allows users to work
concurrently, thereby reducing the waiting time for their turn
to use the computer. This increased productivity translates to
more work getting done in less time.
 Improved User Experience: Time-sharing provides an interactive
environment that allows users to communicate with the computer
in real time, providing a better user experience than batch
processing.

4 | Page
OPERATING SYSTEM PART 2
LECTURE HANDOUTS
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS
 Reliability problem.
 One must have to take care of the security and integrity of
user programs and data.
 Data communication problem.
 High Overhead: Time-sharing systems have a higher overhead
than other operating systems due to the need for scheduling,
context switching, and other overheads that come with
supporting multiple users.
 Complexity: Time-sharing systems are complex and require
advanced software to manage multiple users simultaneously.
This complexity increases the chance of bugs and errors.
 Security Risks: With multiple users sharing resources, the
risk of security breaches increases. Time-sharing systems
require careful management of user access, authentication, and
authorization to ensure the security of data and software.

Examples of Time-Sharing OS with explanation

 IBM VM/CMS: IBM VM/CMS is a time-sharing operating system that
was first introduced in 1972. It is still in use today,
providing a virtual machine environment that allows multiple
users to run their own instances of operating systems and
applications.
 TSO (Time Sharing Option): TSO is a time-sharing operating
system that was first introduced in the 1960s by IBM for the
IBM System/360 mainframe computer. It allowed multiple users
to access the same computer simultaneously, running their own
applications.
 Windows Terminal Services: Windows Terminal Services is a
time-sharing operating system that allows multiple users to
access a Windows server remotely. Users can run their own
applications and access shared resources, such as printers and
network storage, in real-time.

6. Distributed Operating System

 These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the
world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all
over the world and, that too, at a great pace. Various
autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each
other using a shared communication network. Independent
systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. These are
referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems.
These systems’ processors differ in size and function. The
major benefit of working with these types of the operating
system is that it is always possible that one user can access
the files or software which are not actually present on his
system but some other system connected within this network

5 | Page
OPERATING SYSTEM PART 2
LECTURE HANDOUTS
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

i.e., remote access is enabled within the devices connected in

that network.

Advantages of Distributed Operating System

 Failure of one will not affect the other network
communication, as all systems are independent of each other.
 Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.
 Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast
and durable.
 Load on host computer reduces.
 These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be
easily added to the network.
 Delay in data processing reduces.
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System
 Failure of the main network will stop the entire
communication.
 To establish distributed systems the language is used not
well-defined yet.
 These types of systems are not readily available as they are
very expensive. Not only that the underlying software is
highly complex and not understood well yet.
Examples of Distributed Operating Systems are LOCUS, etc.
Issues With Distributed Operating Systems
 Networking causes delays in the transfer of data between nodes
of a distributed system. Such delays may lead to an
inconsistent view of data located in different nodes, and make
it difficult to know the chronological order in which events
occurred in the system.
 Control functions like scheduling, resource allocation, and
deadlock detection have to be performed in several nodes to
achieve computation speedup and provide reliable operation
when computers or networking components fail.
 Messages exchanged by processes present in different nodes may
travel over public networks and pass through computer systems
that are not controlled by the distributed operating system.
An intruder may exploit this feature to tamper with messages,
or create fake messages to fool the authentication procedure
and masquerade as a user of the system.

6 | Page
OPERATING SYSTEM PART 2
LECTURE HANDOUTS
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

7. Network Operating System

 These systems run on a server and provide the capability to
manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions. These types of operating systems allow
shared access to files, printers, security, applications, and
other networking functions over a small private network. One
more important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all
the users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of
all other users within the network, their individual
connections, etc. and that’s why these computers are popularly
known as tightly coupled systems.

Advantages of Network Operating System

 Highly stable centralized servers.
 Security concerns are handled through servers.
 New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily
integrated into the system.
 Server access is possible remotely from different locations
and types of systems.
Disadvantages of Network Operating System
 Servers are costly.
 User has to depend on a central location for most operations.
 Maintenance and updates are required regularly.

Examples of Network Operating Systems are Microsoft Windows Server

2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell
NetWare, BSD, etc.
8. Real-Time Operating System
 These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval
required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This
time interval is called response time. Real-time systems are
used when there are time requirements that are very strict
7 | Page
OPERATING SYSTEM PART 2
LECTURE HANDOUTS
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots,

etc.

Types of Real-Time Operating Systems

 Hard Real-Time Systems: Hard Real-Time OSs are meant for
applications where time constraints are very strict and even
the shortest possible delay is not acceptable. These systems
are built for saving life like automatic parachutes or airbags
which are required to be readily available in case of an
accident. Virtual memory is rarely found in these systems.
 Soft Real-Time Systems: These OSs are for applications where
time-constraint is less strict.

Advantages of RTOS
 Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and
systems, thus more output from all the resources.
 Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these
systems is very less. For example, in older systems, it takes
about 10 microseconds in shifting from one task to another,
and in the latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
 Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less
importance on applications that are in the queue.
 Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the
size of programs is small, RTOS can also be used in embedded
systems like in transport and others.
 Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
 Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these
types of systems.
Disadvantages of RTOS
 Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their
concentration is very less on a few applications to avoid
errors.
 Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are
not so good and they are expensive as well.
8 | Page
OPERATING SYSTEM PART 2
LECTURE HANDOUTS
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

 Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and

difficult for the designer to write on.
 Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device
drivers and interrupts signal to respond earliest to
interrupts.
 Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as
these systems are very less prone to switching tasks.

Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are Scientific

experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems,
weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.

9 | Page
OPERATING SYSTEM PART 2
LECTURE HANDOUTS
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

ACTIVITY 2

Question 1: What is the difference of Batch Operating System and

Multi-Programming Operating System? (10pts)

Question 2: What is the biggest disadvantage of a Distributed

Operating System. (10pts)

Question 3: What is the difference of Batch operating system and

Time-Sharing Operating Systems. (10pts)0

10 | P a g e