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    Introduction To Electrical System: Mariano, Jack M Bs Architecture 3 - D

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    Introduction To Electrical System: Mariano, Jack M Bs Architecture 3 - D

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    Jack Mariano
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    UTL

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    Introduction To Electrical System: Mariano, Jack M Bs Architecture 3 - D

    Uploaded by

    Jack Mariano

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    MARIANO, JACK M

    BS ARCHITECTURE
    3-D

    INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

    UTL 313
    MODULE
    01
    WHAT IS
    ELECTRICITY ?
    ELECTRICITY is a form of energy generated by friction, induction or chemical change,
    having magnetic, chemical and radiant effect. In short electricity is Electrons in motion

    The title· of “FATHER OF ELECTRICITY" was accredited to William Gilbert, an English


    Physicist after publishing his studies. on the "Electric Attraction“ and “The Electric
    Force."

    WILLIAM GILBERT
    Born on May 24 1544 into a wealthy family in Colchester, William Gilbert quickly
    discovered a passion for science and at the age of 14 began studying at St. Johns
    College at Cambridge University. Whilst there he excelled achieving a bachelor’s,
    masters and doctoral degrees before finishing his studies in 1569.

    WILLIAM GILBERT AS THE FATHER OF ELECTRICITY


    Gilbert is cited as the father of electricity for his recording of knowledge from the past,
    his experimentation and for creating terminology that is still in use 400 years after his
    death. Both the terms of electricity and electrical force are credited to him as are the
    concepts of electrical attraction and the magnetic poles.

    ELECTRICITY
    ELECTRICITY is a property of the basic particles
    of matter which like an atom consist of:

    SOURCE OF ENERGY
    Electricity cannot be mined from the ground like coal. So it is called a secondary source of
    energy, meaning that it is derived from primary sources, including coal, natural gas, nuclear
    fission reactions, sunlight, wind, and hydropower.
    Most direct uses of primary energy are limited
    to generating heat and motion.
    BATTERY a combination of two or more electric
    cells capable of storing and supplying direct
    current by electro -chemical means.
    SOURCE OF ENERGY
    GENERATOR a machine that converts mechanical energy
    into electrical energy.

    Alternating Current Generators or Alternators – The bulk


    of electrical energy utilized today is in the form of
    alternating current, including energy for power and lighting.

    Direct Current Generators – These furnish electrical


    energy for elevators, escalators, intercommunicating
    telephone systems, control of signal systems, and clock
    systems.

    ELECTRIC CURRENT
    Electric Current is the flow or rate of flow of electric force in a conductor. A current will
    only flow if a circuit is formed comprising a complete loop and contains all the following
    required components.

    ELECTRIC CURRENT IS CLASSIFIED AS:

    DIRECT CURRENT ALTERNATING CURRENT


    The DC electricity, flows in one direction. The AC electricity constantly reverse its
    The flow is said to be from negative to direction flow. It is generated by
    positive. The normal source of a DC machine called generator. This type of
    electricity, is the dry cell or storage current is universally accepted because
    battery. of its unlimited number of applications
    with the flow advantage.

    DEFINITION OF TERMS
    ION – Is the term applied to an atom or molecule which is not electrically balance. It is
    an atom or molecule that is electrically charge.
    VOLT or VOLTAGE – Is the electrical pressure that causes the electrons to move
    through a conductor (wire).
    AMPERE - is the standard unit used in measuring the strength on an electric current,
    named after Andre M. Ampere.
    WAT T – Is the rate or measure of power used or consumed. It represents the
    equivalent heat volts and ampere consumed by lights, appliances or motors.
    RESISTANCE – is the friction or opposition to the flow of current by wires and
    transformers.
    FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES
    CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE
    1. Composition of the Conductor. This refers to a conductor having
    free electrons that has low resistance.
    2. Length of wire. The longer the wire the higher is the resistance.
    3. Cross sectional area of wire. The bigger the cross sectional area
    of wire, the lower its resistance
    4. Temperature. Metal offer high resistance to high temperature (heat)

    OHMS LAW
    Ohms Law which states that: “The higher the voltage, the larger the current, and the higher
    the resistance, the lower the current.”
    I = V/R To find the:
    Where: * Voltage electrical pressure (Volts) * Resistance (Ohms)
    I = Current flow (amperes) V = IR R= V/I
    V = Electromotive force (volts) * Current (Ampere) *Power
    R = Resistance (Ohms) I = V/R P = VxI

    Determine the current flow in a circuit having a resistance of 5 ohms on a 120 volts and
    240 volts current supply. (Circuit refers to the electrical wiring installation)
    For 120 volts:
    I = V/R = 120/5 I = 24 amperes
    For 240 volts:
    I = V/R = 240/5 I = 48 amperes

    SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT


    A circuit components can be arranged in several ways but with two fundamental types
    of connection, namely:

    1. SERIES CIRCUIT (single path exist for current flow)


    2. PARALLEL CIRCUIT (multiple connections)
    CONDUCTORS AND WIRING
    ACCESSORIES
    ELECTRIC CONDUCTOR
    Electric conductors are substances or materials used to convey or allow the flow of
    electric current.

    Materials Considered as Good Electric Conductors are:

    Silver - Copper - Aluminum - Nickel - Brass - Zinc - Platinum - Iron - Lead - Tin

    WIRES AND CABLES


    Determine the current flow in a circuit having a resistance of 5 ohms on a 120 volts and
    240 volts current supply. (Circuit refers to the electrical wiring installation)

    Wires are those electrical conductors. Cables on the other hand , are those which are larger
    that the wires. Wires and Cables are either:
    Stranded wire - Consist of a group of wires twisted to form a metallic string.
    Solid wire – Solid length of Conductor.

    DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES


    Armored Cable (AC) - is a fabricated
    assembly of insulated conductors enclosed in
    flexible metal sheath. Armored cable is used
    both on exposed and concealed work .
    Mineral Clad Cable (MI) – Is a factory assembled
    cable of one or more conductors each individually
    insulated and enclosed in a metallic sheath of interlocking tape of a smooth or corrugated
    tube. This type of cable is especially used for service feeders, Brach circuit and for indoor
    or outdoor work.
    Mineral insulated Cable (MI) – Is a factory assembled cable of one or more conductors
    insulated with a highly compressed refractory mineral insulation enclosed in a liquid and
    gas tight continuous copper sheath. This type of cable is used in dry, wet or continuously
    moist location as service feeders or branch circuit.
    Non – Metallic sheathed Cable (NM) – is also a
    factory assembly of two or more insulated
    conductors having a moisture resistant, flame
    retardant, and non-metallic material outer sheath.
    This type is used specifically for one or two family
    dwellings not exceeding 3 storey building
    DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES
    Shielded Non- Metallic Sheathed Cable (SNM) – This type of cable is a factory assembly
    of two or more insulated conductors in a extruded core of moisture resistant and flame
    retardant material covered within an overlapping spiral metal tape. This type is used in
    hazardous locations and in cable trays or in raceways.
    Service Entrance Cable – Is of types SE and USE. A single or multi-conductor assembly
    provided with or without an over all covering primarily used for service wire.

    RACEWAY
    Raceway are channels or wiring accessories so designed for holding
    wires, cables or busbars that are ither made of metal, plastic or any
    insulating mediums.
    The common types of raceways for household wiring installation are:
    1. The conduit
    2. The connectors and other accessories.

    CONDUIT
    Conduit pipe is the most common electrical raceway used in all types of construction. With
    respect to the type of materials used, Conduit may be classified into:
    1. Metallic such as steel pipes, aluminum, etc.
    2. Non-metallic such as plastic and the like
    Conduit may be classified as:
    1. Rigid Metal 2. Flexible metal 3. Rigid non metal 4. Flexible non metal
    ELECTRICAL DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTS

    UTL 313
    MODULE
    02

    MARIANO, JACK M
    BS ARCHITECTURE
    3-D
    OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES

    1. Fuse - A fuse commonly consists of a current-conducting strip or wire of easily


    fusible metal that melts, and thus interrupts the circuit of which it is a part, whenever
    that circuit is made to carry a current larger than that for which it is intended.
    TYPES OF FUSES

    DC FUSES AC FUSES

    a. CARTIGE FUSE a. HIGH VOLTAGE FUSES


    b. AUTOMOTIVE FUSE i. HRC (HIGH RUPTURE CURRENT) FUSES
    c. RESETTABLE FUSES/POLYFUSE ii. EXPULSION FUSES
    d. SEMI CONDUCTOR FUSES
    e. OVERVOLTAGE SUPPRESSION b. LOW VOLTAGE FUSES
    i. CARTRIGE FUSES
    ii. DROP OUT FUSES
    iii. REWIREABLE FUSES
    iv. STRIKER FUSES
    v. SWITCH FUSE

    2. CIRCUIT BREAKER - By definition a circuit breaker is an


    electrical safety device, a switch that automatically
    interrupts the current of an overloaded electric circuit,
    ground faults, or short circuits. Circuit breakers "trip", shut
    off, current flow after protective relays detect a fault.

    TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

    There are various types of circuit breakers that are differentiated based on various
    characteristics. Circuit breakers are mainly classified into two types;
    AC CIRCUIT BREAKERS DC CIRCUIT BREAKER
    fluctuates along the zero value having no natural zero current
    many times in a second
    A. OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE
    DEVICES
    3. GFCI (GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER) - A ground fault circuit interrupter
    (GFCI) can help prevent electrocution. If a person’s body starts to receive a shock, the
    GFCI senses this and cuts off th power before he/she can ge injured.

    B. WIRING DEVICES AND OTHER


    ELECTRICAL MATERIALS
    1. JUNCTION BOXES - Junction boxes are metal or plastic
    enclosures used as housings for wiring connections.

    2. UTILITY BOX - Utility box may refer to: A toolbox. Pattress, a


    box that houses electrical sockets, switches, or other fixtures,
    also known as an electrical box. Junction box, a box that houses
    electrical connections.

    3. PULL BOX Pull boxes are used along with conduit to simplify wiring
    installation, hence their name. They are made of sheet metal, cast
    metal, or a non-metallic material, and provide a way to pull
    conductors long distances without placing excessive strain on the
    wire or insulation. Pull boxes allow long wiring runs to be installed in
    shorter intervals, and can be used for both straight and angled pulls.

    C. ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS
    1. Ammeter: An instrument which is used to measure the
    electric current in amperes in a branch of an electric circuit.

    2. Voltmeter: used to measure the potential difference


    between two points of a closed electrical circuit or the
    electromotive force of a battery.

    3. Galvanometer: indicates the intensity of the flow of electric


    current through a circuit.

    4. Ohmmeter: records the ohms, or the electrical resistance,


    in a circuit.
    5. Multimeter: a meter that brings together the capabilities of
    the other meters: it incorporates the tools necessary to
    measure voltages, resistances, capacitances, etc.
    C. ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS
    6. Oscilloscope: a measuring instrument and graphical display of
    electrical signals that vary over time. This tool makes it possible to
    visualize transient phenomena and facilitates the diagnosis and
    analysis of an electrical circuit’s operation, as well as its possible
    failures.

    7. Spectrum analyzer: measuring equipment that displays the


    components and spectral ranges of electrical signals coming from
    any wave, whether electromagnetic, mechanical, acoustic, or
    optical.

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