AL-Balqa'a Applied University

Factory of Engineering Technology

Telecommunication Engineering

Laboratory:
Analog Communication
Experiment (1) Filters

Supervisor:
Dr. Mahdi Nisirat
Prepared by:
Mohammad muneer ALawawdeh
Nov, 2024
Opjective :
Studying the role of filters in analog communication systems, focusing on
how different filter types (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop) impact
signal quality and noise suppression, and learning how to design filters to
achieve desired signal characteristics.
Procedure :
1) Generating a sine function from function generator part
with a frequency from 3 k Hz up to 7 k Hz and input it to a
fixed low pass filter .

(A) (B)

In A we can notice that all the signal has pass into the filter
because the frequency of the signal is equal to the band width
of the filter and equals 1k Hz , but in B the frequency equals 12
k Hz and the filter's band width equals 1k Hz there for small
peace of the signal pass into .

2) input fixed frequency sin wave equals 5k Hz to a variable

low pass filter .
 The filter is like a window passes things that its size smaller
than the window's size, so every time we decrease the filter's
band width smaller among enters.

3)

(A) (B)

The eye diagram in this experiment provides a clear picture of the signal
quality in the system ,In (A) if the"eye" appears narrow or blurred, this
suggests potential issues with signal quality, such as distortion or
inter-symbol interference, which could lead to errors in data transmission,
(B) If the"eye" is wide open with sharp and well-defined edges, it indicates
that the system is transmitting the signal with high quality and minimal
distortion.

4)

(A) (B)

Beginning with a frequency sweep starting from 1 kHz up to 5 kHz, (A) this experiment is designed to transmit a signal
centered at 3.5 kHz from the generator to the receiver. The quality of the signal is analyzed by observing its waveform
and voltage levels on the oscilloscope display. The waveform exhibits a stable oscillation, indicating effective
transmission with minimal distortion, But (B) when the frequency is as low as possible.

Conclusion:
In this experiment we used the low-pass filter and band-pass filter, and we
determined the cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter (when the voltage is
about 70% of the input signal)
Also, we determined that the range of band-pass filter which was from 80
kHz to 120 kHz (other than that frequencies was almost damaged).
 AL-Balqa'a Applied University
Factory of Engineering Technology
Telecommunication Engineering

Laboratory:
Analog Communication
Experiment (2) LC-DSB

Supervisor:
Dr. Mahdi Nisirat
Prepared by:
Mohammad muneer ALawawdeh
Nov, 2024
 Opjective:
the principles of Double-Sideband Amplitude Modulation (DSB-AM) using an LC circuit.
By conducting this experiment, students will:
1.Explore the fundamentals of amplitude modulation, focusing on the double-sideband
technique.
2.Observe the behavior of an LC circuit in generating a DSB signal, including its ability
to respond to carrier and message signals.
3.Investigate the resulting modulated signal in both time and frequency domains.
4.Evaluate the role of the LC circuit in signal transmission, understanding how it
affects bandwidth and frequency characteristics of the modulated signal.

This experiment enhances practical understanding of DSB modulation, which is

fundamental in analog communication systems, and offers hands-on experience with
signal modulation techniques using electronic components.

Procedure:
1)Modulation :

A)Undermodulation (modulation index = 0.5):

B) modulation (modulation index = 1):

C) Over modulation (modulation index = 1.5):

The spectrum of the AM modulated signal is shown in the following picture (on
the next page). From this image, we can observe that both sidebands and the
carrier are transmitted. This characteristic presents a drawback of this
technique, as a significant portion of the power is concentrated in the carrier.
Additionally, the bandwidth required for this method is double the bandwidth of
the message, which in this case is 10 kHz.
 2) De-Modulation:

A) Undermodulation:
1)

Both techniques work accurately here, but the envelope detector is recommended due to its
simplicity and comparable performance to the coherent detector.

2)

The detection process here is precise, as the detector accurately follows the modulated
signal peaks using a capacitor and load, as shown in the image.

B) Modulation:

A slight distortion appears in the demodulated signal, as the detector struggles to

keep up with rapid changes after reaching zero level.
 C) Over modulation:
1.The demodulated signal is completely distorted and meaningless due to a high
modulation index, which causes the envelope detector to cut the negative peaks
and only capture the positive ones.

2.In this case, the coherent method is essential despite its complexity, as it relies
on the received signal's frequency and phase—not its peaks—for accurate
detection.

Conclusion :
In this experiment, we explored DSB-AM using an LC circuit. Key points include:

1. Inefficiency of DSB-AM: It wastes power on the carrier, and its bandwidth is double
that of the message signal, limiting practical use.
2. Modulation Index Effect: A high modulation index causes distortion, especially with
the envelope detector, which can miss negative signal peaks.
3. Detection Methods: The envelope detector is simple but less accurate under high
modulation index; the coherent detector is more complex but provides better
accuracy.
4. Practical Implications: DSB-AM is power- and bandwidth-inefficient, but it helps
understand basic modulation concepts.
This experiment emphasized the trade-offs in power, bandwidth, and complexity in
modulation techniques.
 AL-Balqa'a Applied University
Factory of Engineering Technology
Telecommunication Engineering

Laboratory:
Analog Communication
Experiment (3) SC-DSB

Supervisor:
Dr. Mahdi Nisirat
Prepared by:
Mohammad muneer ALawawdeh
Nov, 2024
Objectives:
1.Understand SC-DSB modulation principles and carrier suppression for better power
efficiency.
2.Analyze the SC-DSB frequency spectrum, focusing on sidebands and bandwidth.
3.Compare detection methods, especially coherent detection, for signal recovery.
4.Evaluate SC-DSB’s practical applications and efficiency in analog communication.
This experiment highlights SC-DSB’s advantages in power saving and bandwidth
efficiency.

Procedure for SC-DSB Experiment:

1.Circuit Setup: Assemble the SC-DSB modulation circuit with a carrier and message
signal source.
2.Adjust Signals: Set the message signal’s frequency and amplitude, ensuring proper
modulation.
3.Carrier Suppression: Apply the modulating signal to produce a DSB signal without
visible carrier.
a
4.Observe Spectrum: Use an oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer to confirm only
sidebands are present.
5.Demodulation: Use a coherent detector with a synchronized local oscillator to
retrieve the message signal.
6.Analyze Results: Compare modulated and demodulated signals, focusing on signal
clarity and power efficiency.
This procedure demonstrates SC-DSB modulation’s power-saving benefits.

Modulation Process:
Modulation combines a high-frequency carrier signal with a low-frequency message
signal to allow long-distance transmission. In DSB-AM, the message signal modifies
the carrier to create sidebands around it, carrying the message information. In
SC-DSB, the carrier is suppressed, leaving only the sidebands, which improves
power efficiency.

Steps:
Generate a high-frequency carrier.
Input the message signal.
Modulate to combine the carrier and message.
Output the modulated signal for transmission.
 In frequency domain:

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Demodulation Process:
Demodulation is the process of recovering the original message signal from the
modulated carrier wave at the receiver. In DSB-SC, this requires accurate
synchronization to the carrier signal since the carrier is suppressed during
transmission. The demodulation process typically uses a coherent detector.

Steps:
1.Carrier Reconstruction: A local oscillator generates a carrier signal synchronized in
frequency and phase with the original carrier.
2.Signal Multiplication: The received modulated signal is multiplied with the
reconstructed carrier to retrieve the original message signal.
3.Filtering: A low-pass filter removes high-frequency components, leaving the original
message signal.
This method ensures accurate message recovery but requires precise carrier
synchronization for effectiveness.

Received Signal: The signal s(t), which is a Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSB-SC) signal, is received at the destination. This signal might have been affected
by noise or distortions during its journey through the transmission medium.

Local Oscillator: In order to recover the original transmitted information, a local

oscillator at the receiver generates a reference signal c(t). This signal has the same
frequency and phase as the carrier used in the original transmission, enabling proper
demodulation of the received signal:

*In time domain: *In frequency domain:

 In the frequency domain, unlike the large carrier technique, the carrier is absent,
which is why this method is called suppressed carrier. The bandwidth is 10 kHz,
which is twice the message's bandwidth.

if the message frequency is set higher than the carrier frequency (Fc = 100 kHz,
Fm = 120 kHz), the results are shown in the following image:

*In time domain: *In frequency domain:

It’s important to note that the message frequency is 2 kHz, as the cutoff frequency
of the RC low-pass filter (LPF) is 2.5 kHz. Therefore, the message frequency must
be below 2.5 kHz. The results are displayed in the following images.

In tme domain: CH0 shows the original signal

and CH1 shows therecovered signal:
In frequency domain:

Conclusion:
In Analog Communication Experiment (3) SC-DSB, we studied the transmission and
reception of a Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) signal. The focus of
this experiment was on the concept of a carrierless signal, which explains the term
"Suppressed Carrier." The experiment demonstrated how the carrier is absent in the
frequency domain, resulting in a bandwidth that is twice the bandwidth of the
message, reflecting the relationship between the message and the carrier.

We also explored the impact of varying the frequency relationship between the
message and the carrier, especially when the message frequency is higher than the
carrier frequency. This illustrated the challenges that can arise in such a
configuration. Furthermore, the role of the local oscillator in recovering the original
signal by regenerating the carrier was emphasized.

One key point discussed in the experiment was that the message frequency must be
lower than the cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter (LPF), which was 2.5 kHz in
this case. The message frequency was set to 2 kHz to ensure it was within the
filter's passband, allowing for proper message extraction.

In summary, this experiment provided a deeper understanding of the challenges and

practical mechanisms in analog communication systems using the DSB-SC
technique. It highlighted the importance of selecting appropriate frequencies for
effective signal transmission, as well as the role of filters and local oscillators in
recovering the transmitted signal accurately.