The Sc ottish Parliament and Scottis h Parliament Infor mation C entre l ogos .

SPICe Briefing
The European Union – A Brief History
20 June 2011
11/44
Iain McIver
This subject profile provides a brief history of the European Union from its development after the
Second World War through to the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon.

Image: European Parliament

CONTENTS

THE EUROPEAN UNION ............................................................................................................................................. 3

WHAT IS IT? ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
HISTORICAL ROOTS .............................................................................................................................................. 3
MEMBERSHIP ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Date of joining the European Union ..................................................................................................................... 3
THE TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ....................................................................................................... 4
SOURCES ................................................................................................................................................................ 7
RELATED BRIEFINGS ................................................................................................................................................ 8

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THE EUROPEAN UNION

WHAT IS IT?
The European Union (EU) is a unique international organisation in that it is not a federation of
states like the United States, nor is it simply an organisation for co-operation between
governments, such as the United Nations. Instead, it comprises a set of common supranational
institutions established by the member states, each of which gives up some of its sovereignty, to
make decisions on matters of joint interest at a European level. This pooling of sovereignty is
often referred to as "European integration". According to the Maastricht Treaty the fundamental
goal of the EU is to create an ever-closer union among the peoples of Europe.

HISTORICAL ROOTS
Date of joining the European Union
The idea of European integration was conceived in
the aftermath of the Second World War. A pooling
Belgium 1952 of coal and steel production, then the sources of all
France 1952 military power, was proposed as "the first concrete
Italy 1952 foundation of a European federation” by the French
Luxembourg 1952 Foreign Minister Robert Schuman in a speech on 9
Netherlands 1952 May 1950. This date is now celebrated annually as
West Germany 1952 ‟Europe Day‟. Schuman‟s idea was that if countries
shared resources and relied on others for key raw
Denmark 1973 materials they would be less likely (and less able) to
Ireland 1973 go to war with each other.
United Kingdom 1973

Greece 1981 MEMBERSHIP

Portugal 1986 Schuman‟s idea was taken forward and in 1951 the
Spain 1986 European Coal and Steel Community was formed.
The six founding member countries of the European
Austria 1995 Coal and Steel Community were: Belgium, France,
Finland 1995 West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the
Sweden 1995 Netherlands. These six member states then signed
the Treaty of Rome in 1957 forming the European
Cyprus 2004 Economic Community. This created a common
Czech Republic 2004 market between the countries allowing goods and
Estonia 2004 services to move freely between them.
Hungary 2004
Latvia 2004 The United Kingdom, along with Ireland and
Lithuania 2004 Denmark, acceded to membership of the European
Malta 2004 Economic Community in 1973. There were further
Poland 2004 enlargements in 1981, 1986, 1995, 2004 and 2007.
Slovakia 2004 Membership now stands at 27 states with a total
Slovenia 2004 population of around 490 million.

Bulgaria 2007 There are also a further five countries who have
Romania 2007 candidate status. This means the countries are in
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the process of negotiating their accession to the European Union. The five candidate countries
are Croatia, Iceland, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Turkey.
Croatia and Iceland are the two countries most likely to join in the near future.

THE TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The rule of law is fundamental to the EU. All EU decisions and procedures are based on the
Treaties which constitute its legal basis and which are agreed by all Member States.

April 1951 – The Treaty of Paris established the European Coal and Steel Community. The
Treaty came into force in July 1952 and had a validity period of 50 years. As a consequence
the Treaty expired in July 2002.

March 1957 – The Treaty of Rome established the European Atomic Energy Community and
the European Economic Community.

February 1986 – The Single European Act (SEA) provided fresh impetus for an internal
European market which had been difficult to achieve in part because of the decision making
procedures in place at the time. For instance, the European Council still required unanimity to
agree to the harmonisation of legislation. As a result the SEA also introduced measures for
qualified majority voting in the Council and gave the European Parliament more powers in the
legislative process.

February 1992 – The Treaty of Maastricht on European Union took the European Union beyond
its original economic objectives, towards a greater level of political union.

The Maastricht Treaty created the European Union, which consisted of three pillars 1:

 the European Communities, consisting of the European Community, the European Coal
and Steel Community (ECSC) and Euratom,

 Common Foreign and Security Policy allowing Member States to take joint action in the
field of foreign policy and;

 Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters involving joint action so as to offer
European citizens a high level of protection in the area of freedom, security and justice.

The Maastricht Treaty also gave the European Parliament further powers with the introduction
of co-decision for some areas of policy and it provided for the establishment of a single
currency.

The Europa website describes the Treaty on European Union as significant because:

“The Maastricht Treaty represents a key stage in European construction. By establishing

the European Union, by creating an economic and monetary union and by extending
European integration to new areas, the Community has acquired a political dimension.”

1
Europa website - Treaty of Maastricht on European Union
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/tre
aties_maastricht_en.htm
4
June 1997 – The Treaty of Amsterdam was a rationalising treaty that amended pre-existing
constitutive European Treaties. Amsterdam dealt with a number of issues that had been left
over from negotiations on the Treaty of Maastricht. A primary concern was to improve the
effectiveness of EU institutions and procedures in preparation for EU enlargement. Its main
features were:

 New provisions on social policy, employment and anti-discrimination

 A new objective for the EU to maintain and develop the Union as an “Area of Freedom,
Security and Justice”

 Moving into the Community pillar, Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) issues. This move
meant the European Commission and European Parliament were able to contribute to
decisions in the JHA area whereas before they had been solely a matter for member
state governments.

 Incorporation of the „Schengen‟ agreement. The Schengen Agreement abolished internal

borders, enabling passport-free movement between 24 European Union member states.

 Endorsement of “the progressive framing of a common defence policy”

 Provision of closer co-operation between sub-groups of member states („enhanced co-

operation‟/‟flexibility‟), except on foreign policy

 Simplification and extension of the co-decision procedure that allows joint decision-
making between the European Parliament and the Council

 Extension of qualified majority voting to 16 new and existing policy areas

 Introduction of separate protocols on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and

proportionality and on the role of national parliaments in the EU.

December 2000 – The Treaty of Nice was used by member states to prepare the European
Union for future enlargements. The Treaties were revised in four key ways; the size and
composition of the European Commission was changed, the number of votes each member
state had in the European Council was adjusted and qualified majority voting was extended to
more policy areas. The Treaty made provision for membership of the European Union to be
increased to up to 27 member states.

December 2009 – The Treaty of Lisbon amended the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty
Establishing the European Community. The Treaty Establishing the European Community was
re-named the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. According to the European
Commission the Treaty of Lisbon had four key effects2

 A more democratic and transparent Europe, with a strengthened role for the
European Parliament and national parliaments, more opportunities for citizens to have
their voices heard and a clearer sense of who does what at European and national level.

 A more efficient Europe, with simplified working methods and voting rules, streamlined
and modern institutions for a EU of 27 members and an improved ability to act in areas of
major priority for today's Union.

2
Europa website – The Treaty of Lisbon at a Glance http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/glance/index_en.htm
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 A Europe of rights and values, freedom, solidarity and security, promoting the
Union's values, introducing the Charter of Fundamental Rights into European primary
law, providing for new solidarity mechanisms and ensuring better protection of European
citizens.

 Europe as an actor on the global stage will be achieved by bringing together Europe's
external policy tools, both when developing and deciding new policies. The Treaty of
Lisbon gives Europe a clear voice in relations with its partners worldwide. It harnesses
Europe's economic, humanitarian, political and diplomatic strengths to promote European
interests and values worldwide, while respecting the particular interests of the Member
States in Foreign Affairs

6
SOURCES
Europa website – Treaty of Maastricht on European Union [Online] Available at:
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_econ
omic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm [Accessed 1 June 2011]

Europa website – Treaty of Lisbon, the Treaty at a glance [Online] Available at:
http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/glance/index_en.htm [Accessed 1 June 2011]

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RELATED BRIEFINGS
SB 11-45 The European Union – The Institutions (390KB pdf)

SB 11-46 The European Union – The Legislative Process (572KB pdf)

SB 11-47 The European Union – The Budget (370KB pdf)

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