•Well Testing Introduction

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Outline

•Introduction to Testing
•Well Test Methodology
•Flow Regimes
•Well Disturbance
•Summary

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•Introduction to Testing
 Why We Test ...?

• Will the reservoir flow?

• What quantity of hydrocarbons are in place?
• What quality of hydrocarbons are in place?
• How long will it be productive?
• How long will it be profitable?

•How much for how long……?

 Well Tests Objectives
•Data Measured and Derived From Well Testing
Data Measured  Surface flow rate of each phase (Q)
 Pressure and Temperature at downhole and at surface (P,T)
 Obtain samples (downhole and/or surface) suitable for PVT analysis
Interpretation ▪ Reservoir parameters : Data needed for interpretation :
Q ; (P,T) ; PVT
▪ Effective permeability (k)
▪ Reservoir initial pressure (Pi)
▪ Well parameters :
▪ Wellbore/formation damage or total skin factor (S)
▪ Wellbore storage (C)
▪ Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)
▪ Access reservoir extent and geometry
▪ Reserves quantity
Testing Services
◼ Tubing Conveyed Perforation (TCP)
◼ Drill Stem Test (DST)
◼ Subsea Landing String Services
◼ Slickline
◼ Surface Well Test (SWT)
◼ Testing Data Acquisition
◼ Vx – Multiphase Meter
◼ Fluid Sampling Analysis (FSA)
◼ Early Production Facility (EPF)
◼ Well Test Interpretation (WTI)
Surface Testing
Flow Choke Heater Three Phase Gauge Gas Flare
Head Manifold or Steam Exchanger Test Separator Tank

controls the controls the raise temperature of use to separate, store oil effluent
well flow / meter and sample disposal
pressure effluent
pressure

Oil Burner
Pump

HIGH ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE PRESSURE

Data acquired :
• Flowrate (Q)
• Pressure and Temperature (P,T) at surface
Testing Data Acquisition
Enabling electronic data acquisition and
real time data transmission

▪ Acquired surface and downhole pressure

and temperature
▪ Acquired surface flow rate on each
phase
▪ Enabling real time data transmission
from remote location

Data acquired :
• Flow rate (Q)
• Pressure and Temperature (P,T) at surface
and downhole
Well Test Interpretation (WTI)
TCMATCH.WTD (Drawdown type curve, Radial equivalent time)
Radial flow, Single porosity, Infinite-acting: Varying CDe2s
100

1000

10
Pressure change, psi

100
Dimensionless pressure

10

0.1

1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Equivalent time, hr
0.01

0.001
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

9 Dimensionless time
 •Well Test Methodology

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Well Test Objective

•A well is like a treasure in the cave

• How much is the treasure?
• How fast can you get the treasure out?

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 Productive Well Test
Choke Size Separator Estimate BHP Production
in Pressure Psi Rate • Productive Well Test:
psi BPD • Flow Test
4 100 2000 250 • P vs. Q
2 300 3500 100 • Production Index (J)

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Descriptive Well Test
• Productive Well Test only gives Production Index (J)

• Descriptive Well Test decouples

• Transmissibility (Kh/u)
• Total Skin (S)
• Reservoir pressure (Pr) Type Productive Test Descriptive Test
• Also provide estimation Operation Relatively simple Complex
• Compressibility of fluid(Cc)
Duration Short Long
• Boundary conditions
Result PI Kh/u, Skin, Pr, Cc etc
Precision Low High

7.08 X 10 −3 k h ( p − pwf ) Acquisition Non-continuous Continuous

q=
 r   Cost Low High
 o Bo  ln  e  − 0.75 + s 
  r w   Purpose Short term Long term reservoir
production forecast management

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Descriptive Well Test – How to do it?

• System Identification Methodology System

• Disturb the system with impulse
• Measure the response from the system
• Interpret the response based on system model

Response

“Logging” Approach “Well Test” Approach

• Body weight • How to shock him ?

• Height • What to measure ?
• BMI • How to interpret ?
How do you find if this
person is healthy?

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Disturb the Reservoir

• Disturbing the well can be achieved by

• Draw down (Production)
• Draw down & Build – up
• Injection (Pumping)
• Injection & Shut-in (MFO)
IARF – Infinite Acting Radial Flow

Water Drop disturb

the water surface

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 Flow Regimes

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 After Disturbance – Early Stage
Wellbore storage
◼ Initial production of the well due to fluid expansion
◼ Can take longer times in a gas wells since gas is more compressible
◼ Does not contain any reservoir information – fluids are produced from the well itself
◼ Depends on:
• Compressibility of the fluid
Qi = 0 Q1 > Qi Q2 > Q1 Q2 = q
• Wellbore volume

q=0 q=0 q=0 q=Q

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 After Disturbance – Mid time Stage
Transient flow
◼ After Wellbore storage, depending on conditions the reservoir will start feeling the pressure
drop and the fluid will start moving from the near wellbore area to the well.
◼ Eventually the flow will become radial (independently of shape that you are producing from).
◼ During Radial Flow the boundaries of the reservoir are not reached – it is still part of Transient
Reservoir Flow regime.

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After Disturbance – Mid time Stage Transient flow

Undisturbed conditions Honey

Air Pump

Depth grows Radius grows

quickly slowly

dP/dt ≠ const
Water

Note:

In case of real reservoir – it is affected by

kh/mu. Depth grows Radius grows
slowly quickly

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After Disturbance – Late time Stage Transient flow

Pseudo-Steady State: Steady State:

dP/dt = const. dP/dt = 0.
Production reach the boundary, and reservoir Production reach the boundary, and reservoir
pressure is decline together with production. pressure is stable during production.

Well Test does not often reach the boundary

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Flow Regime for Post Fracturing Reservoir

1. Fracture Linear Flow 2. Bilinear Flow

(Practically Never Seen)

3. Formation Linear Flow

4. Pseudoradial Flow

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Summary of Flow Regimes
◼ Any well put on production will undergo the following regimes:
◼ Wellbore storage (sometimes may be hidden)
◼ Transient flow (including IARF)
◼ PSS or Steady-State regime
◼ The well cannot have both Pseudo-steady state and Steady-state
regimes.
◼ PSS: closed boundary, no pressure support
◼ Steady-State: water driven reservoirs, reservoirs with flooding
systems (i.e. reservoir pressure support)

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 •Disturbance and Investigation Radius

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Reservoir Disturbance
Production at any rate Drawdown at
and then shut it q=constant

q = 0 (which is const)
What’s measured:
1. Pwf increase with t
2. Pwf decrease with t

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 Draw Down & Build - Up

Drawdown Test Build up Test

Advantages The well is on production at all times A clean Q = 0 is

(no loss of time of production) operationally feasible

Disadvantages - Constant Q is difficult to maintain The well may require

- May exhibit time-dependent skin shut in for extensive
periods of time

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How deep is the radius of investigation?

• Investigation Radius

Is this a BU or Drawdown test?

Radius depends on how much the

reservoir is disturbed

Typical Time to reach boundary

K Oil Well Gas Well
Porosity (v/v) 0.1 Perm (mD) t (hr) t(hr)
Viscosity (cP) 0.5 0.1 21330 266625
Oil Compressibility (psi -1) 2. E-05 1 2133 26662.5
Gas Compressibility (psi -1) 2. 5E-04 10 213.3 2666.25
Reservoir Radius (ft) 1500 100 21.33 266.625

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Review

1. What information can you get from well testing?

2. What parameters do we get from a production test?

3. What parameters do we get from a descriptive well test?

4. What is IARF?

5. What is the difference between transient and PSS / SS flow?

6. What is the disadvantage of a PBU test?

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 WellTEST* Practice
TCMATCH.WTD (Field Data) TCMATCH.WTD (Drawdown type curve, Radial equivalent time)
Radial flow, Single porosity, Infinite-acting: Varying CDe2s
10000
100

1. Plot graph on Log-log chart 2. Move curve upward

to match IARF
10
1000
1000

Dimensionless pressure
Pressure change, psi

Pressure change, psi

100
100

0.1
10

10

0.01
1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Equivalent time, hr

1 0.001
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

Equivalent time, hrs Dimensionless time

TCMATCH.WTD (Drawdown type curve, Radial equivalent time) TCMATCH.WTD (Drawdown type curve, Radial equivalent time)
Radial flow, Single porosity, Infinite-acting: Varying CDe2s Radial flow, Single porosity, Infinite-acting: Varying CDe2s
100 100

1000 1000

10 10
Pressure change, psi

Pressure change, psi

100 100
Dimensionless pressure

Dimensionless pressure

1 1

10 10

0.1 0.1

3. IARF Matched, moving left

1 1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Equivalent time, hr Equivalent time, hr

4. Type curve Matched

0.01 0.01

to match unit slope for WBS

0.001 0.001
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

Dimensionless time Dimensionless time

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Summary
General
Testing

Testing
Methodology

Flow Regime Disturbance

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