Code -

G. S. Mandal’s
Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad
(An Autonomous Institute)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION
Second Year B.Tech (Branch) – Feb/Mar-2023
Course Code : Course Name :
Duration : 2 Hrs. Max. Marks : 50 Date :
Instructions :

i) All questions are compulsory

ii) Assume suitable data wherever necessary and clearly state it
iii) Figures to right indicate full marks

Q. Answer any five(Marks:10)

1
Marks CO BL PI
a) Find the particular integral of (𝐷 + 1)(𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 4 2 5 2 1.1.1
,
1
𝑃. 𝐼. = 4 2.1.3
(𝐷 + 1)(𝐷 + 2)
1 1
Ans. Comparing with 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑘 = 𝑓(0) 𝑘 we get
1 1
((𝐷+1)(𝐷+2)) 4 = (0+1)(0+2) 4
4
= 2 = 2.
b) Separate sinh(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) into real and imaginary part 2 2 2 1.1.1
,
sinh(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh(𝑖𝑦) + cosh 𝑥 sinh(𝑖𝑦)
2.1.3
= sinh 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦 cosh 𝑥.
c) 2 0 2 3 2 1.1.1
Find all the eigen values of the matrix [ ].
−1 3 ,
2 0 2.1.3
Ans. Let 𝐴 = [ ].
−1 3 ,
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 |𝐴 −
12.1.
𝜆𝐼| = 0
1
2−𝜆 0
i.e. | | = 0,
−1 3 − 𝜆
i.e. (2 − 𝜆)(3 − 𝜆) − 0 = 0
i.e. (2 − 𝜆)(3 − 𝜆) = 0.
2 − 𝜆 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 − 𝜆 = 0.
Thus, the eigen values are 𝜆 = 2 & 𝜆 = 3.
d) Write 2 4 1 1.1.1
,
i) the formulae of mean of Binomial distribution
2.1.3
and ,
 ii) Recurrence relation of Poisson’s distribution. 12.1.
1
Ans. i) 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝑛𝑝
where 𝑛 is number of trials, 𝑝 is the probability of
success in a single trial
ii)
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛’𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is
𝜆
𝑃(𝑟 + 1) = 𝑃(𝑟) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 = 0,1,2, …
𝑟+1
e) 1 1 2 5 2 1.1.1
Find the value of (𝐷 2 +1)
cosh(3𝑥) + 𝐷 2𝑥 .
,
1 1 2.1.3
Ans. Using 𝑓(𝐷2) cosh(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑓(𝑎2) cosh(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
1 1
and 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑓(log 𝑎) 𝑎 𝑥 we get

1 1
cosh(3𝑥) + 2𝑥
(𝐷2 + 1) 𝐷
1 1 𝑥
= cosh(3𝑥) + 2
32 +1 log 2

1 1
= 10 cosh(3𝑥) + log 2 2𝑥 .

f) For a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 define 2 2 1 1.1.1

,
i) General value of logarithm
2.1.3
ii) Principal value of logarithm.
Ans. General value of logarithm:
1
𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + i [2kπ +
y
tan−1 (x) ].

Principal value of logarithm of a complex number:

1 𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + i tan−1 (𝑥 ).

g) Find 𝐿{4 cos 2𝑡 − 7 sin 𝑡}. 2 1 1 1.1.1

𝐿{4 cos 2𝑡 − 7 sin 𝑡} = 4𝐿{cos 2𝑡} − 7𝐿 {sin 𝑡} ,
2.1.3
𝑠 1
=4 −7 2
+2𝑠2
2 𝑠 + 12
4𝑠 7
= 2 − 2
𝑠 +4 𝑠 +1
4𝑠3 −7𝑠2 +4𝑠−28
= (𝑠2 +4)(𝑠2 +1)
.

h) i) If 𝐿−1 {𝑓 (̅ 𝑠)} = 𝑓(𝑡) then 𝐿−1 {𝑓(𝑠

̅ + 𝑎)} = ……. 2 6 2 1.1.1
,
̅ + 𝑎)} = e−at 𝑓(𝑡).
Ans. 𝐿−1 {𝑓 (𝑠 2.1.3
1
ii) Find 𝐿−1 {𝑠−3} =………
1
Ans. 𝐿−1 {𝑠−3} = 𝑒 3t .
Q.2 (cos 2𝜃+𝑖 sin 2𝜃)3 (cos 3𝜃−𝑖 sin 3𝜃)4 8 2 3 1.1.1
a) Simplify (cos 3𝜃+𝑖 sin 3𝜃)2 (cos 4𝜃+𝑖 sin 4𝜃)−3 .
,
Ans.: We know that 2.1.3

cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑛 and

cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−𝑛 .
Using this we get
(cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃)3 = [(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)2 ]3
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)6
(cos 3𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 3𝜃)4 = [(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−3 ]4
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−12
(cos 3𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 3𝜃)2 = [(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)3 ]2
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)6
(cos 4𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 4𝜃)−3 = [(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)4 ]−3
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−12
∴ the given expression
(cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)6 (cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)−12
= (cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)6 (cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)−12 = 1
1
b) Find all the values of (−1)4 .
Ans. Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 1 then 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑟 =
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, (𝑥, 𝑦) = (−1,0) lies in second
𝑦
quadrant ∴ 𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝛼 where 𝛼 = tan−1 ( ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦 >
𝑥

0, 𝑥 > 0.
0
∴ 𝛼 = tan−1 (1) = 0.Thus 𝜃 = 𝜋.

The general polar form is

𝑧 = −1 = 𝑟[cos(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃) + 𝑖 sin(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃)]
= 1[cos(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜋) + 𝑖 sin(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜋)]
−1 = [cos(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜋) + 𝑖 sin(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜋)]…….. (1)
Taking fourth root on both the sides of eq. (1) we get
1 1
(−1)4 = [cos(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜋) + 𝑖 sin(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜋)]4
Applying De-Moivre’s Theorem we get
1 (2𝑛𝜋+𝜋) (2𝑛𝜋+𝜋)
14 = [cos + 𝑖 sin ] ………. (2)
4 4

Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3 in eq. (2) we get the four roots,

1
𝜋 𝜋 1 1
𝑅1 = (−1)4 = [cos (4 ) + 𝑖 sin ( 4 )] = +𝑖 ,
√2 √2
1 3𝜋 3𝜋 −1 1
𝑅2 = (−1)4 = cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) = +𝑖 ,
4 4 √2 √2
1
5𝜋 5𝜋 −1 1
𝑅3 = (−1)4 = cos ( 4 ) + 𝑖 sin ( 4 ) = −𝑖 .
√2 √2
1
7𝜋 7𝜋 1 1
𝑅4 = (−1)4 = cos ( 4 ) + 𝑖 sin ( 4 ) = −𝑖 .
√2 √2
OR (optional)
a) Prove that cosh−1 𝑥 = log(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1).
Ans. Let cosh−1 𝑥 = 𝑦.
𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦
∴ 𝑥 = cosh 𝑦 =
2
1 𝑒 2𝑦 + 1
∴ 2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 + =
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑦
∴ 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑦 + 1
∴ 𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 1 = 0
Put 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑡 ∴ 𝑡 2 − 2𝑥𝑡 + 1 = 0
2𝑥 ± √4𝑥 2 − 4
∴𝑡=
2
2𝑥 ± 2√𝑥 2 − 1
=
2
𝑡 = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 − 1
Taking positive sign only
𝑡 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1,

∴ 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1

∴ log 𝑒 𝑦 = log (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)

∴ 𝑦 log 𝑒 = log (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)

∴ 𝑦 = log (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)

But 𝑦 = cosh−1 𝑥
∴ cosh−1 𝑥 = log(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1).
Hence proved.
b) Prove that sinh−1 𝑥 = log(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1).
Ans. Let sinh−1 𝑥 = 𝑦.
𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦
∴ 𝑥 = sinh 𝑦 =
2
1 𝑒 2𝑦 − 1
∴ 2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 − =
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑦
∴ 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑦 − 1
∴ 𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 1 = 0
Put 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑡 ∴ 𝑡 2 − 2𝑥𝑡 − 1 = 0
2𝑥 ± √4𝑥 2 + 4
∴𝑡=
2
2𝑥 ± 2√𝑥 2 + 1
=
2
𝑡 = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 + 1
 Taking positive sign only
𝑡 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1,

∴ 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1

∴ log 𝑒 𝑦 = log (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)

∴ 𝑦 log 𝑒 = log (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)

∴ 𝑦 = log (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)

But 𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥
∴ sinh−1 𝑥 = log(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1).
Hence proved.
Q.3 a) Using elementary transformations, reduce the given 8 3 3 1.1.1
,
matrix to the canonical form and hence find rank of
2.1.3
3 1 2 ,
the matrix [1 2 3]. 12.1.
2 3 1 1
3 1 2
Ans. Let 𝐴 = [1 2 3].
2 3 1
𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2

1 2 3
~ [3 1 2]
2 3 1

𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1 ,

1 2 3
~ [0 −5 −7]
0 −1 −5

𝑅2
−5

1 23
7
~ [0 1 ]
5
0 −1 −5

𝑅3 + 𝑅1
 1 2 3
7
0 1
~ 5
18
[0 0 − ]
5
5
𝑅3 × −
18
1 2 3
7
~ [0 1 ]
5
0 0 1

This is echelon form. Number of nonzero rows being

3, 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3.
b) Discuss the consistency of the following system
of equations
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 11,
𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 15,
3𝑥 + 11𝑦 + 13𝑧 = 25.
If found consistent solve it.
Ans. The given system can be written in matrix form
2 3 4 𝑥 11
as: [1 5 7 ] [ 𝑦 ] = [ 15].
3 11 13 𝑧 25

2 3 4 𝑥 11
where 𝐴 = [1 5 7 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [15] and the
3 11 13 𝑧 25

augmented matrix 𝐶 = [𝐴|𝐵]

2 3 4 11
𝐶 = [1 5 7 | 15].
3 11 13 25

𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2

1 5 7 15
~ [2 3 4 | 11].
3 11 13 25

𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1

1 5 7 15
~ [0 −7 −10| −19]
0 −4 −8 −20
𝑅2
−7

1 5 7 15
10 19
~ [0 1 | ]
7 7
0 −4 −8 −20
𝑅3 + 4𝑅2

1 5 7 15
10 19
0 1
~ 7 || 7
16 64
[0 0 −
7
− ]
7

This is echelon form. 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐶) = 3 = number of

unknowns 𝑛 = 3. Thus, the given non homogeneous
system is consistent and has unique solution. Forming
equations from echelon form we get
𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 15…… (1)
10 19
𝑦+ 𝑧= …… (2)
7 7
16 64
− 𝑧=−
7 7
Then 𝑧 = 4…… (3)
10 19
Using eq.(3) in eq.(2) we get 𝑦 + ×4=
7 7
19 40 21
∴𝑦= − =− = −3……(4)
7 7 7

Using eq.(4) and eq.(3) in eq. (1) we get

𝑥 + 5(−3) + 7(4) = 15
∴ 𝑥 + 13 = 15
∴ 𝑥 = 2.
𝑥 2
𝑦
Thus unique solution is [ ] = [ −3].
𝑧 4
OR(optional)

Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix

1 0 2
𝐴 = [0 1 2]and use it to find 𝐴−1 .
1 2 0
Ans. Characteristic equation of given matrix 𝐴 is
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0.
1−𝜆 0 2
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = | 0 1−𝜆 2 |=0
1 2 0−𝜆
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = (1 − 𝜆)[(1 − 𝜆)(−𝜆) − 4] − 0 + 2[0
− (1 − 𝜆)] = 0
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = (1 − 𝜆)[−𝜆 + 𝜆2 − 4] + 2[−1 + 𝜆] = 0
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = (1)[−𝜆 + 𝜆2 − 4] − 𝜆[−𝜆 + 𝜆2 − 4] − 2
+ 2𝜆 = 0
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = [−𝜆 + 𝜆2 − 4] + 𝜆2 − 𝜆3 + 4𝜆 − 2 + 2𝜆
=0
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = −𝜆3 + 2𝜆2 + 5𝜆 − 6 = 0
To verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem we have to prove
that −𝐴3 + 2𝐴2 + 5𝐴 − 6𝐼 = 0…. (1)
1 0 2 1 0 2 3 4 2
2
𝐴 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝐴 = [0 1 2 ] ∙ [0 1 2 ] = [ 2 5 2],
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 6

3 4 2 1 0 2
𝐴3 = 𝐴2 ∙ 𝐴 = [2 5 2] ∙ [0 1 2] =
1 2 6 1 2 0
5 8 14
[4 9 14],
7 14 6

1 0 2 5 0 10
5𝐴 = 5 [0 1 2] = [0 5 10],
1 2 0 5 10 0
6 0 0
6𝐼 = [0 6 0].
0 0 6

−𝐴3 + 2𝐴2 + 5𝐴 − 6𝐼
5 8 14 3 4 2 5 0 10
= − [4 9 14] + 2 [2 5 2] + [0 5 10]
7 14 6 1 2 6 5 10 0
6 0 0
− [0 6 0]
0 0 6
−5 + 6 + 5 − 6 −8 + 8 + 0 − 0 14 + 4 + 10 − 0
= [−4 + 4 + 0 − 0 −9 + 10 + 5 − 6 −14 + 4 + 10 − 0]
−7 + 2 + 5 − 0 −14 + 4 + 10 − 0 −6 + 12 + 0 − 6
0 0 0
= [0 0 0].
0 0 0
Hence proved.
To find 𝐴−1 pre multiplying by 𝐴−1 to eq. (1) we get
𝐴−1 (−𝐴3 + 2𝐴2 + 5𝐴 − 6𝐼) = 0
(−𝐴−1 𝐴3 + 2𝐴−1 𝐴2 + 5𝐴−1 𝐴 − 6𝐴−1 𝐼) = 0
−𝐴2 + 2𝐴 + 5𝐼 − 6𝐴−1 = 0
 −𝐴2 + 2𝐴 + 5𝐼 = 6𝐴−1 𝐴−1
1
= [−𝐴2 + 2𝐴 + 5𝐼]
6
1 3 4 2 1 0 2
−1
𝐴 = {− [2 5 2] + 2 [0 1 2]
6
1 2 6 1 2 0
1 0 0
+ 5 [0 1 0]}
0 0 1
1 −3 + 2 + 5 −4 + 0 + 0 −2 + 4 + 0
= [−2 + 0 + 0 −5 + 2 + 5 −2 + 4 + 0]
6
−1 + 2 + 0 −2 + 4 + 0 −6 + 0 + 5
4 −4 2
1
= 6 [−2 2 2 ].
1 2 −1
Q.4 a) From a box containing 150 condenser 15 of which 8 4 3 1.1.1
,
are defective, 8 are selected at random. Use Binomial
2.1.3
distribution to find the probability that ,
12.1.
i) all will be defective,
1
ii) all are non-defective
iii) at least one is defective.
Sol. Probability that a transistor is defective = 𝑝 =
15
= 0.1
150

∴ 𝑞 = 1 − 0.1 = 0.9
i) probability that all will be defective = 𝑃(8) =
8𝐶8 𝑝8 𝑞 0 = (0.1)8
ii) probability that all are non defective = 𝑃(0) =
8𝐶0 𝑝0 𝑞 8 = 0.430467
iii) probability that at least one is defective

= 𝑃(1) + 𝑃(2) + ⋯ + 𝑃(8)

= 1 − 𝑃(0)
= 1 − 0.430467
= 0.569533.
b) In a normal population of 1000, the mean is 68 and
standard deviation is 3.2. Find out how many cases fall
in between 72 and 76.
Given 𝜇 = 68, 𝜎 = 3.2,
72 − 68
𝑥1 = 72, 𝑧1 = = 1.25
3.2
76 − 68
𝑥2 = 75, 𝑧2 = = 2.5
3.2
Probability of cases that fall in between 72 and 76
 = 𝑃(72 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 76)
= 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑧1 = 1.25 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 2.5
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧 = 0 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑧1 = 2.5)
−𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑧2 = 1.25)
= 0.4938 − 0.3944
= 0.0994
∴ Number of cases that fall in between 72 and 76.
= 0.0994 × 1000 = 99.4~99.
OR(optional)
a) 4 coins are tossed 125 times. Using Poisson’s
distribution find approximately the probability of
getting 4 tails exactly two times.
Ans. We firstly obtain the probability of getting 4 tails
in 4 coins
We use Binomial distribution formula 𝑃(𝑟) =
𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑞𝑛−𝑟 for this.

Here 𝑛 = 4, 𝑟 = 4, 𝑝 = probability of getting a tail

1
in a single trial = 2
1 1
𝑞 =1−𝑝=1− =
2 2
4 0
1 1 1
∴ 𝑃(8) = 4𝐶4 ( ) ( ) =
2 2 16
Now apply Poisson’s distribution formula
Probability of getting 𝒓 times success = 𝑃(𝑟) =
𝜆𝑟
𝑒 −𝜆 , 𝑟 = 0,1,2, … , 𝑛
𝑟!

where 𝜆 = 𝑛𝑝, 𝑛 − 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙, 𝑝 =

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
1
𝑛 = 125, 𝑝 =
16
1
∴ 𝜆 = 125 × 16 = 7.8125.

Probability of getting 4 tails with 4 coins exactly

2 times is given by
(7.8125)2
𝑃(2) = 𝑒 −7.8125 = 0.012349.
2!

b) b)In a sample the mean of a certain test is 16 and

standard deviation is1.5. Assuming the distribution to
be normal, find
i) probability of scoring above 19 and
ii) probability of scoring below 10.
 Ans. Given 𝑛 = 1000, 𝜇 = 16, 𝜎 = 1.5
i) how many score above 19
𝑥 − 𝜇 19 − 16
𝑥 = 19, 𝑧= = =2
𝜎 1.5
Probability of scoring above 19 = 𝑃(𝑥 ≥ 19)
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 = 2
= 0.5 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑧 = 2
= 0.5 − 0.4772
= 0.0228
ii) how many score below 14.5

𝑥 − 𝜇 14.5 − 16
𝑥 = 10, 𝑧= = = −1
𝜎 1.5
Probability of scoring below 14.5 = 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ 14.5)
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 = −1
= 0.5 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑧 = −1
= 0.5 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑧 = 1
= 0.5 − 0.4918
= 0.0082
Q.5 a) Solve (𝐷 2 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥. 8 5 3 1.1.1
,
Ans. General solution 𝑦 = 𝐶. 𝐹. +𝑃. 𝐼.
2.1.3
C.F.: (𝐷2 − 1) = 0.
(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 + 1) = 0 .
Thus, 𝐷 = 1, −1. Two roots, real and different
Thus, 𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 .
1 1
Using the formula 𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 × 𝑓(𝐷+𝑎) 𝑉

we get
1
𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
(𝐷 + 1)2 − 1
1
= 𝑒𝑥 cos 𝑥
(𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 1 − 1)
1
= 𝑒𝑥 cos 𝑥
(−1 + 2𝐷)
(1 + 2𝐷)
= 𝑒𝑥 cos 𝑥
(1 − 2𝐷)(1 + 2𝐷)
(1 + 2𝐷)
= 𝑒𝑥 cos 𝑥
1 − 4𝐷2
(1+2𝐷)
= 𝑒 𝑥 1−4(−1) cos 𝑥

𝑒𝑥
= (1 + 2𝐷)cos 𝑥
5
 ⅇ𝑥
= [cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥].
5
ⅆ2 𝑦
b) Solve + 𝑎2 𝑦 = sec 𝑎𝑥 by method of
ⅆ𝑥 2

variation of parameters.
Ans.: The symbolic form of given equation is
(𝐷2 + 𝑎2 )𝑦 = sec 𝑎𝑥. General Solution 𝑦=
𝐶. 𝐹. +𝑃. 𝐼.
C.F.: (𝐷2 + 𝑎2 ) = 0.
i.e. 𝐷2 = −𝑎2
∴ 𝐷 = ±𝑎𝑖. A pair of complex roots.
𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝑐1 cos 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑎𝑥.
Comparing with 𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝑐1 𝑓1 + 𝑐2 𝑓2 we get
𝑓1 = cos 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑓2 = sin 𝑎𝑥
ⅆ
𝑓1′ = ⅆ𝑥 cos 𝑎𝑥 = − a sin 𝑎𝑥 and
ⅆ
𝑓2′ = ⅆ𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥 = a cos 𝑎𝑥.
𝑓 𝑓2
𝑊(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 ) = | 1′ | = 𝑓1 𝑓2′ − 𝑓1′ 𝑓2 .
𝑓1 𝑓2′
cos 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑊(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 ) = | |
− a sin 𝑎𝑥 a cos 𝑎𝑥
= 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑎𝑥 − (−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑎𝑥)
= 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑎𝑥
= 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑎𝑥)
= 𝑎 × (1)
= 𝑎.
𝑓2 𝑋
. 𝑢 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑊(𝑓1 ,𝑓2 )

sin 𝑎𝑥 sec 𝑎𝑥
𝑢 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
1 sin 𝑎𝑥
=− ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥
1
= − 𝑎 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (Using the formula
log sec 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = )
𝑎

1 log sec 𝑎𝑥
=− ( )
𝑎 𝑎
log sec 𝑎𝑥
=− (Using the formula 𝑎 log 𝑏 = log 𝑏 𝑎 )
𝑎2
log(sec 𝑎𝑥)−1
= 𝑎2
(Using (sec 𝑎𝑥)−1 = cos 𝑎𝑥)
log cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑢= .
𝑎2
𝑓1 𝑋
𝑣=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑊(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 )
 cos 𝑎𝑥 sec 𝑎𝑥
𝑣=∫ 𝑑𝑥 (Using the formula sec 𝑎𝑥 =
𝑎
1
)
cos 𝑎𝑥
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
1
= 𝑥
𝑎
𝑥
𝑣= .
𝑎
By M.O.V.O.P, 𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑢𝑓1 + 𝑣𝑓2
log cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑥
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼. = cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥.
𝑎2

Thus, the general solution

= 𝐶. 𝐹. +𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑐1 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑎𝑥 +
cos 𝑎𝑥 log cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑎𝑥
+ .
𝑎2 𝑎

OR(optional)
The deflection of strut with one end built and other
supported end subjected to end thrust P satisfies the
ⅆ2 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑅
equation ⅆ𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 = (𝑙 − 𝑥). Given that 𝑦 =
𝑃
ⅆ𝑦
= 0 when 𝑥 = 0 and
ⅆ𝑥

𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 𝑙 find the deflection curve and show

that 𝑎𝑙 = tan 𝑎𝑙. Here 𝑅 is reaction force, 𝑎 is constant
of the system, 𝑙 is length of strut.
Ans.
ⅆ2 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑅
+ 𝑎2 𝑦 = (𝑙 − 𝑥).
ⅆ𝑥 2 𝑃
ⅆ
Let 𝐷 = ⅆ𝑥

Then in symbolic form

𝑎2 𝑅
(𝐷2 + 𝑎2 )𝑦 = (𝑙 − 𝑥).
𝑃

C.F. 𝐷2 + 𝑎2 = 0, 𝐷2 = −𝑎2 ∴ 𝐷 = ±𝑎𝑖.

𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝑐1 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑎𝑥.
1 𝑎2 𝑅 𝑎2 𝑅
𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝐷2+𝑎2 ( (𝑙 − 𝑥)). Since is a constant.
𝑃 𝑃
𝑎2 𝑅 1
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼. = [𝐷2+𝑎2 (𝑙 − 𝑥)]. Taking
𝑃

𝑎2 𝑅 1
= [ 2 (𝑙 − 𝑥)]
𝑃 (𝐷 + 𝑎2 )

𝑎2 𝑅 1
= [ (𝑙 − 𝑥)]
𝑃 2 𝐷2
𝑎 ( 2 + 1)
𝑎
 −1
𝑅 𝐷2
= [(1 + 2 ) (𝑙 − 𝑥)]
𝑃 𝑎
−1
𝑅 𝐷2
= [(1 + 2 ) (𝑙 − 𝑥)]
𝑃 𝑎

Using the formula (1 + 𝜙)−1 = 1 − 𝜙 + 𝜙 2 −

𝜙 3 +…….
2 3
𝑅 𝐷2 𝐷2 𝐷2
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼. = (1 − 2 + ( 2 ) − ( 2 ) + ⋯ ) (𝑙 − 𝑥)
𝑃 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝑅 𝐷2 (𝑙 − 𝑥) 𝐷4
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼. = (1(𝑙 − 𝑥) − + 4 (𝑙 − 𝑥)
𝑃 𝑎2 𝑎
𝐷6
− (𝑙 − 𝑥) + ⋯ )
𝑎6
Consider 𝐷(𝑙 − 𝑥) = 𝐷𝑙 − 𝐷𝑥 = 0 − 1 = −1,
𝐷2 (𝑙 − 𝑥) = 𝐷(𝐷(𝑙 − 𝑥)) = 𝐷(−1) = 0, 𝐷3 (𝑙 −
𝑥) = 0 further all derivatives are zero.
𝑅
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼. = [1(𝑙 − 𝑥)]
𝑃
𝑅(𝑙−𝑥)
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼. = .
𝑃

Thus, 𝑦 = 𝐶. 𝐹. +𝑃. 𝐼.
𝑅(𝑙−𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑎𝑥 + …… (1)
𝑃
ⅆ𝑦 𝑅
= −𝑐1 𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑃 ….. (2)
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑦
Using 𝑦 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0 & = 0 at 𝑥 = 0.
ⅆ𝑥
𝑅𝑙
From eq. (1) 0 = 𝑐1 + 0 + 𝑃
𝑅𝑙
∴ 𝑐1 = − 𝑃 .
𝑅
From eq. (2) 0 = 0 + 𝑐2 𝑎 − 𝑝

𝑅
∴ 𝑐2 𝑎 = .
𝑃
𝑅
𝑐2 = 𝑎𝑃.

Putting the values of 𝑐1 & 𝑐2 in eq. (1) we get

𝑅𝑙 𝑅 𝑅(𝑙−𝑥)
𝑦 = − 𝑃 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑃 sin 𝑎𝑥 + ……. (4)
𝑃

Using 𝑦 = 0 at 𝑥 = 𝑙 from eq. (3)

𝑅𝑙 𝑅 𝑅(𝑙 − 𝑙)
0=− cos 𝑎𝑙 + sin 𝑎𝑙 +
𝑃 𝑎𝑃 𝑃
𝑅𝑙 𝑅
0 = − cos 𝑎𝑙 + sin 𝑎𝑙 + 0
𝑃 𝑎𝑃
𝑅 1 𝑅
( ) 𝑙 cos 𝑎𝑙 = ( ) sin 𝑎𝑙
𝑃 𝑎 𝑃
 1
𝑙 cos 𝑎𝑙 = sin 𝑎𝑙
𝑎
sin 𝑎𝑙
𝑎𝑙 =
cos 𝑎𝑙
𝑎𝑙 = tan 𝑎𝑙.
Hence proved.
Q.6 sin 𝑡 ∞ sin 𝑡 𝜋 8
a)Find 𝐿 { } and hence show that ∫0 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑡 𝑡 2
1
Ans. 𝐿{sin 𝑡} = 𝑠2 +1.
𝑓(𝑡) ∞
Using 𝐿 { } = ∫𝑠 𝑓 (̅ 𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞
sin 𝑡 1
𝐿{ }=∫ 2 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠 𝑠 +1

= [tan−1 𝑠]∞
𝑠

= [tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑠]
𝜋
= [ − tan−1 𝑠]
2
sin 𝑡
𝐿{ } = cot −1 𝑠….. (1)
𝑡
sin 𝑡
Also by definition of Laplace transform 𝐿 { }=
𝑡
∞ sin 𝑡
∫𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

For 𝑠 = 0 we get
∞
sin 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝐿{ } = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑠 𝑡
∞
sin 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝐿{ }=∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑠 𝑡
sin 𝑡
Also from eq. (1) for 𝑠 = 0 we get 𝐿 { }=
𝑡
𝜋
cot −1 0 = 2 .
𝑠+𝑏
b) Find 𝐿−1 {log (𝑠+𝑎)}.
𝑠+𝑏
Ans. Let 𝑓 (̅ 𝑠) = log (𝑠+𝑎)

= log(𝑠 + 𝑏) − log(𝑠 + 𝑎)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓(̅ 𝑠) = [log(𝑠 + 𝑏) − log(𝑠 + 𝑎)]
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
1 1
= −
𝑠+𝑏 𝑠+𝑎
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform on both sides we
get
𝑑 1 1
𝐿−1 [ 𝑓 (̅ 𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [ − ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠+𝑏 𝑠+𝑎
1 1
= 𝐿−1 [ ] − 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠+𝑏 𝑠+𝑎
= 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
Using the formula, 𝐼𝑓 𝐿−1 [𝑓 (̅ 𝑠)] =
ⅆ
𝑓(𝑡)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿−1 [ⅆ𝑠 𝑓 (̅ 𝑠)] = −𝑡𝑓(𝑡) we get

𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 = −𝑡𝑓(𝑡)

𝑠+𝑏 ⅇ −𝑏𝑡 −ⅇ −𝑎𝑡
Thus, 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 {log (𝑠+𝑎)} = =
−𝑡

ⅇ −𝑎𝑡 −ⅇ −𝑏𝑡
.
𝑡

OR(optional)
a)Express into Heaviside Unit step function and hence
𝑡 + 1, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2
find Laplace Transform 𝑓(𝑡) = { .
3, 𝑡 ≥ 2
Ans. Expressing into Heaviside Unit step function we
get
𝑓(𝑡) = (𝑡 + 1)𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑢(𝑡 − 2)[3 − (𝑡 − 1)]
= (𝑡 + 1)𝑢(𝑡) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 2)[𝑡 − 2].
Taking Laplace Transform on both sides we get
𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{(𝑡 + 1)𝑢(𝑡)} − 𝐿{𝑢(𝑡 − 2)[𝑡 − 2]}
Using second shifting theorem
𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑢(𝑡)} − 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿{𝑡}
= 𝐿{(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑢(𝑡)} − 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿{𝑡}
1 1 ⅇ −2𝑠
= 𝑠2 + 𝑠 − .
𝑠2
ⅆ𝑦
b) Solve + 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 if 𝑦(0) = 3 by Laplace
ⅆ𝑡

transform.
Ans. Given equation can be written as 𝑦 ′ (𝑡) + 𝑦(𝑡) =
𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡
Taking Laplace Transform on both sides we get
𝐿{𝑦 ′ (𝑡)} + 𝐿{𝑦(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 }
2
𝑠𝑦̅(𝑠) − 𝑦(0) + 𝑦̅(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 1)3
2
(𝑠 + 1)𝑦̅(𝑠) − 3 =
(𝑠 + 1)3
2
(𝑠 + 1)𝑦̅(𝑠) = +3
(𝑠 + 1)3
2 3
𝑦̅(𝑠) = 4
+
(𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 + 1)
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform we get
2 3
𝐿−1 {𝑦̅(𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 { + }
(𝑠 + 1)4 (𝑠 + 1)
𝑡3
i.e. 𝑦(𝑡) = 2𝑒 −𝑡 3! + 3𝑒 −𝑡
 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 3
𝑦(𝑡) = + 3𝑒 −𝑡
3
𝑡3
𝑦(𝑡) = ( 3 + 3) 𝑒 −𝑡 .