Code -

G. S. Mandal’s
Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad
(An Autonomous Institute)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION
Second Year B.Tech (Branch) – Feb/Mar-2023
Course Code : BSC204 Course Name : Linear Algebra and Transform
Duration : 2 Hrs. Max. Marks : 50 Date : 1/2/2023
Instructions :

i) All questions are compulsory

ii) Assume suitable data wherever necessary and clearly state it
iii) Figures to right indicate full marks
iv) You can carry standard normal distribution table.

Q. Answer any five(Marks:10)

1
Mark CO B PI
s L
a) Find the locus of 𝑧 given by|𝑧 − 3| = 5 . 2 2 2 1.1.1,
2.1.3
Answer:Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 then
|𝑧 − 3| = 5
|𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 3| = 5
|𝑥 − 3 + 𝑖𝑦| = 5

√(𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 5
(𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 52
Comparing with (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑘 2 , a circle with
centre (𝑎, 𝑏) and radius 𝑘 we get locus is a circle with
centre (3,0) and radius 5.
b) Express 𝑧 = 2 + 2𝑖 in polar form. 2 2 2 1.1.1,
2.1.3
Ans. 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √22 + 22 = √8 = 2√2 units.
𝑦 2
Amplitude 𝜃 = tan−1 (𝑥 ) = tan−1 (2) = tan−1(1) = 𝜋/

4.
The polar form is 𝑧 = 𝑟[cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃]
𝜋 𝜋
= 2√2[cos + 𝑖 sin ]
4 4
c) 2 3 2 3 2 1.1.1,
Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A = [ ].
4 1 2.1.3,
Ans.: Characteristic equation of matrix 𝐴 is |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0. 12.1.1
2−𝜆 3
| |=0
4 1−𝜆
i.e. (2 − 𝜆)(1 − 𝜆) − 4 × 3 = 0
 i.e. 𝜆2 − 3𝜆 + 2 = 0 .
d) Write the formulae to find probability by 2 4 1 1.1.1,
2.1.3,
i) Binomial distribution and
12.1.1
ii) Poisson’s distribution.
Ans. i) 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛
𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃(𝑟)
= 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑞 𝑛−𝑟 , 𝑟 = 0,1,2, … , 𝑛
𝑛!
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = (𝑛−𝑟)!×𝑟! ,

𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝.
ii) 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛’𝑠
𝜆𝑟 −𝜆
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 == 𝑃 (𝑟) = 𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 = 0,1,2, … , 𝑛,
𝑟!
𝜆 = 𝑛𝑝,
𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠, 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙.
e) Find particular integral of (𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 5. 2 5 2 1.1.1,
1 1 2.1.3
Ans. Using the short method formula 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑘 = 𝑓(0) × 𝑘

we get
1 1
𝑃. 𝐼. = (𝐷2+2𝐷+1) 5 = (0+0+1) 5 = 5.

f) 1 2 1 1 1.1.1,
If 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝑠−1 then find 𝐿{𝑓(3𝑡)}.
2.1.3
1 𝑠
Ans. Using 𝐿[𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = 𝑎 𝑓 ̅ (𝑎) for 𝑎 = 3 & 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} =
1 1 1
we get 𝐿{𝑓(3𝑡)} = 3 (𝑠 )
𝑠−1 −1
3

1 3
= ( )
3 𝑠−3

1
=( )
𝑠−3

g) i) State Second shifting theorem of Laplace transform. 2 1 1 1.1.1,

2.1.3
̅ 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎), 𝑡 > 𝑎
If 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝑓 (𝑠) and 𝐹(𝑡) = { then
0, 𝑡<𝑎
̅
𝐿{𝐹(𝑡)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑓 (𝑠).
ii) ii) Write the Laplace transform of Heaviside unit step
function 𝐻(𝑡) and the Dirac delta function 𝛿(𝑡).
1
𝐿{𝐻(𝑡)} = 𝑠 and 𝐿{𝛿(𝑡)} = 1.
h) 𝑠+1 2 6 2 1.1.1,
Find 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 −4}.
2.1.3
𝑠+1 𝑠 1
Ans. 𝐿−1 { } = 𝐿−1 { } + 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 −4}
𝑠2 −4 𝑠2 −4
1
= cosh 2𝑡 + 2 sinh 2𝑡.

Q.2 a) If sin(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 then prove that 4 2 3 1.1.1,

𝑥2 𝑦2
2.1.3
+ sinh2 𝛽 = 1.
cosh2 𝛽

Ans. Given sin(𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦. Using sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 4

sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 on L.H.S we get
sin 𝛼 cos 𝑖𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.
Using sin 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑖 sinh 𝜃 and cos 𝑖𝜃 = cosh 𝜃 we get
sin 𝛼 cosh 𝛽 + 𝑖 cos 𝛼 sinh 𝛽 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦…(1) 4
Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides of eq. (1)
4
we get sin 𝛼 cosh 𝛽 = 𝑥 and cos 𝛼 sinh 𝛽 = 𝑦.
𝑥
Thus sin 𝛼 = cosh 𝛽 ……. (2)
𝑦
and cos 𝛼 = sinh 𝛽 …….(3)

Squaring and adding eq. (2) and eq. (3) and using
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 we get
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼 = 1 = cosh2 𝛽 + sinh2 𝛽.

Hence proved.
1
b) Find all the values of (1)3 .
Ans. Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 1 then 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑟 =
𝑦
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝜃 = tan−1 (𝑥 ) =
0
tan−1 (1) = tan−1(0) = 0.

The general polar form is

𝑧 = 1 = 𝑟[cos(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃) + 𝑖 sin(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃)]
= 1[cos(2𝑛𝜋 + 0) + 𝑖 sin(2𝑛𝜋 + 0)]
1 = [cos(2𝑛𝜋) + 𝑖 sin(2𝑛𝜋)]…….. (1)
Taking third root on both the sides of eq. (1) we get
1 1
13 = [cos(2𝑛𝜋) + 𝑖 sin(2𝑛𝜋)]3
Applying De-Moivre’s Theorem we get
1
2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
13 = [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( )] ………. (2)
3 3

Putting 𝑛 = 0,1,2 in eq. (2) we get the three roots

1
𝑅1 = 13 = [cos(0) + 𝑖 sin(0)] = 1,
 1 2𝜋 2𝜋 −1 √3
𝑅2 = 13 = cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) = + 𝑖,
3 3 2 2
1
4𝜋 4𝜋 −1 √3
𝑅3 = 13 = cos ( 3 ) + 𝑖 sin ( 3 ) = − 𝑖.
2 2

OR(optional)
𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑏
a) Prove that log 𝑎−𝑖𝑏 = 2𝑖 tan−1 (𝑎).
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = log = log(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) − log(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏)
𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏
Now using
1 𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + i tan−1 (𝑥 ) we get
1 𝑏
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) = log(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) + i tan−1 ( )
2 𝑎
1 𝑏
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏) = log(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) − i tan−1 ( )
2 𝑎
1 𝑏
∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = [ log(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) + i tan−1 ( )]
2 𝑎
1 𝑏
− [ log(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) − i tan−1 ( )]
2 𝑎
𝑏
= 2i tan−1 (𝑎) Hence proved.

b) Prove that cosh−1 𝑥 = log(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1).

Ans. Let cosh−1 𝑥 = 𝑦.
𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦
∴ 𝑥 = cosh 𝑦 =
2
1 𝑒 2𝑦 + 1
∴ 2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 + =
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑦
∴ 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑦 + 1
∴ 𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 1 = 0
Put 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑡 ∴ 𝑡 2 − 2𝑥𝑡 + 1 = 0
2𝑥 ± √4𝑥 2 − 4
∴𝑡=
2
2𝑥 ± 2√𝑥 2 − 1
=
2
𝑡 = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 − 1
Taking positive sign only
𝑡 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1,

∴ 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1

∴ log 𝑒 𝑦 = log (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)

∴ 𝑦 log 𝑒 = log (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
 ∴ 𝑦 = log (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)

But 𝑦 = cosh−1 𝑥
∴ cosh−1 𝑥 = log(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1).
Hence proved.
Q.3 a) If the characteristic equation of a matrix𝐴 = 4 3 3 1.1.1,
2.1.3,
1 0 2
12.1.1
[0 2 1] is 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 7𝐴 + 2𝐼 = 0 then verify
2 0 3
Cayley-Hamilton theorem for 𝐴.
5 0 8 4
2
Ans. 𝐴 = [2 4 5 ],
8 0 13
30 0 48
∴ 6𝐴2 = [12 24 30]
48 0 78
21 0 34
𝐴3 = [12 8 23],
34 0 55
1 0 2 7 0 14
7𝐴 = 7 [0 2 1] = [ 0 14 7 ] 8
2 0 3 14 0 21
1 0 0 2 0 0
2𝐼 = 2 [0 1 0] = [0 2 0]
0 0 1 0 0 2
21 0 34
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 7𝐴 + 2𝐼 = 0 = [12 8 23] −
34 0 55
30 0 48 7 0 14 2 0 0
[12 24 30] + [ 0 14 7 ] + [0 2 0] =
48 0 78 14 0 21 0 0 2
21 − 30 + 7 + 2 0−0+0+0 34 − 48 + 14 + 0
[ 12 − 12 + 0 + 0 8 − 24 + 14 + 2 23 − 30 + 7 + 0 ] =
34 − 48 + 14 + 0 0−0+0+0 55 − 78 + 21 + 2
0 0 0
[0 0 0].
0 0 0
Hence verified.
b) Solve the given simultaneous equations :
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0,
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0.
Ans. The given system can be written in matrix form as:
2 −1 3 𝑥 0
[3 2 1 ] [ 𝑦 ] = [ 0].
1 −4 5 𝑧 0
 2 −1 3 𝑥 0
where 𝐴 = [3 2 1] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [0] and the
1 −4 5 𝑧 0
augmented matrix 𝐶 = [𝐴|𝐵]
2 −1 3 0
𝐶 = [3 2 1| 0].
1 −4 5 0
𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅3
1 −4 5 0
~ [3 2 1| 0]
2 −1 3 0
𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 −4 5 0
~ [0 14 −14| 0]
0 7 −7 0
𝑅2 𝑅3
,
14 7
1 −4 5 0
~ [0 1 −1 | 0]
0 1 −1 0

𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 −4 5 0
~ [0 1 −1 | 0]
0 0 0 0
This is echelon form. 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐶) = 2 < number of
unknowns 𝑛 = 3. Thus, the given homogeneous system is
consistent and has infinitely many solutions. Forming
equations from echelon form we get
𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0…… (1)
𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 …… (2)
Let 𝑧 = 𝑘…… (3) where 𝑘 is any constant.
Using eq.(3) in eq.(2) we get 𝑦 − 𝑘 = 0
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑘……(4)
Using eq.(4) and eq.(3) in eq. (1) we get
𝑥 − 4𝑘 + 5𝑘 = 0
∴𝑥+𝑘 =0
∴ 𝑥 = −𝑘.
𝑥 −𝑘
Thus infinite solutions are [𝑦] = [ 𝑘 ].
𝑧 𝑘
OR(optional)
Find the eigen values and eigen vector corresponding to
2 0 1
the smallest eigen value of the matrix 𝐴 = [0 2 0].
1 0 2
Ans. Characteristic equation of the matrix is |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| =
0.

2−𝜆 0 1
| 0 2−𝜆 0 | = 0.
1 0 2−𝜆
(2 − 𝜆){(2 − 𝜆)(2 − 𝜆)} + 1{−(2 − 𝜆)} = 0
(2 − 𝜆){(2)(2 − 𝜆) − 𝜆(2 − 𝜆)} + 1{−(2 − 𝜆)} = 0
(2 − 𝜆){4 − 2𝜆 − 2𝜆 + 𝜆2 } + {𝜆 − 2} = 0
(2 − 𝜆){4 − 4𝜆 + 𝜆2 } + {𝜆 − 2} = 0
(2){4 − 4𝜆 + 𝜆2 } − 𝜆{4 − 4𝜆 + 𝜆2 } + {𝜆 − 2} = 0
{8 − 8𝜆 + 2𝜆2 ] − {4𝜆 − 4𝜆2 + 𝜆3 } + {𝜆 − 2} = 0
8 − 8𝜆 + 2𝜆2 − 4𝜆 + 4𝜆2 − 𝜆3 } + 𝜆 − 2 = 0
8 − 8𝜆 + 2𝜆2 − 4𝜆 + 4𝜆2 − 𝜆3 + 𝜆 − 2 = 0
8 − 8𝜆 + 2𝜆2 − 4𝜆 + 4𝜆2 − 𝜆3 + 𝜆 − 2 = 0
−𝜆3 + 6𝜆2 − 11𝜆 + 6 = 0
𝜆3 − 6𝜆2 + 11𝜆 − 6 = 0.
Solving this for 𝜆we get the eigen values as 𝜆 = 1,2,3.
Eigen vector corresponding to 𝜆 = 1 is given by
[𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼]𝑋 = 0 for 𝜆 = 1i.e.
2−1 0 1 𝑥1 0
[ 0 2−1 𝑥
0 ] [ 2 ] = [0]
1 0 2 − 1 𝑥3 0

1 0 1 𝑥1 0
[0 1 0] [𝑥2 ] = [0]
1 0 1 𝑥3 0
𝑥1 + 𝑥3 = 0
𝑥2 = 0
𝑥1 + 𝑥3 = 0
Let
𝑥1 = 𝑘 then
𝑘 + 𝑥3 = 0 gives
𝑘 + 𝑥3 = 0
𝑥3 = −𝑘
𝑥2 = 0
 𝑥1 𝑘 𝑥1
Thus eigen vector for 𝜆 = 1 is [𝑥2 ] = [ 0 ] or [𝑥2 ] =
𝑥3 −𝑘 𝑥3
−𝑘
[0]
𝑘

Q.4 ⅆ2 𝑦 4 5 3 4
a) Solve ⅆ𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 = 𝑥 sinh 𝑥.

Solution: Converting given equation in symbolic form we 4 4

get (𝐷2 − 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 sinh 𝑥.
General solution 𝑦 = 𝐶. 𝐹. +𝑃. 𝐼.
C.F.:(𝐷2 − 4) = 0. The roots of this equation are 𝐷 =
2 , −2. Two real and different roots. Thus, 𝐶. 𝐹. = 8 8

(𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
1
P.I.: 𝑃. 𝐼. = (𝐷2−4) 𝑥 sinh 𝑥

1 𝑓 ′ (𝐷) 1
We use the formula 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑥𝑉 = [𝑥 − 𝑓(𝐷) ] [𝑓(𝐷)] 𝑉.

Here 𝑉 = sinh 𝑥, 𝑓(𝐷) = 𝐷2 − 4, 𝑓 ′ (𝐷) = 2𝐷

1
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
(𝐷2 − 4)
2𝐷 1
= [𝑥 − ] {[ 2 ] sinh 𝑥}
𝐷2 −4 𝐷 −4
1 1
Using the formula 𝑓(𝐷2) sinh(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑓(𝑎2) ×

sinh(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) provided 𝑓(𝑎2 ) ≠ 0 with 𝑎 = 1.

2𝐷 1
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼. = [𝑥 − ] {[ ] × sinh 𝑥}
𝐷 2 − 4 12 − 4
2𝐷 −1
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼. = [𝑥 − 2 ] {[ ] × sinh 𝑥}
𝐷 −4 3
−1 2𝐷
= [𝑥 − 2 ] sinh 𝑥
3 𝐷 −4
−1 1
= [𝑥 × sinh 𝑥 − 2𝐷 2 sinh 𝑥]
3 𝐷 −4
1
(Again, applying the formula sinh(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) =
𝑓(𝐷 2 )
1
× sinh(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) we get)
𝑓(𝑎2 )

−1 1
𝑃. 𝐼. = [𝑥 × sinh 𝑥 − 2𝐷 2 sinh 𝑥]
3 𝐷 −4
−1 1
𝑃. 𝐼. = [𝑥 sinh 𝑥 − 2𝐷 2 sinh 𝑥]
3 1 −4
−1 1
= [𝑥 sinh 𝑥 − 2𝐷 sinh 𝑥]
3 −3
 −1 2
= [𝑥 sinh 𝑥 + 𝐷 sinh 𝑥]
3 3
−1 2
= [𝑥 sinh 𝑥 + 𝐷 sinh 𝑥]
3 3
−1 2
= [𝑥 sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥]
3 3
−1
= [3𝑥 sinh 𝑥 + 2 cosh 𝑥]
9
−[3𝑥 sinh 𝑥+2 cosh 𝑥]
= .
9
Thus, general solution
[3𝑥 sinh 𝑥+2 cosh 𝑥]
𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) − .
9
𝑥
b) Solve(𝐷2 + 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑒 ⅇ .
Solution: C.F. is as in above example 𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 +
𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 .
Comparing with 𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝑐1 𝑓1 + 𝑐2 𝑓2 we get
𝑓1 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑓2 = 𝑒 −𝑥
ⅆ ⅆ
𝑓1′ = ⅆ𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 and 𝑓2′ = ⅆ𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 𝑓2
𝑊(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 ) = | 1′ | = 𝑓1 𝑓2′ − 𝑓1′ 𝑓2 .
𝑓1 𝑓2′

𝑊(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 ) = | 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 |
−2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) − (−2𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= −𝑒 −2𝑥−𝑥 + 2𝑒 −2𝑥−𝑥
= −𝑒 −3𝑥 + 2𝑒 −3𝑥
= 𝑒 −3𝑥 .
𝑓2 𝑋
𝑢 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑊(𝑓1 ,𝑓2 )
𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 ⅇ
𝑢 = −∫ −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
𝑥
𝑢 = −∫ 𝑒 3𝑥−𝑥 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= −∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= −∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Let 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡 then 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡. Using this we get,
𝑢 = −∫ 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
Here 𝑡 is algebraic function - A, 𝑒 𝑡 is exponential function-
E.
According to LIATE rule 𝑢 = 𝑡, 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑡 .
Note that this notation has nothing to do with 𝑢 of our
M.O.V.O.P
We use the formula product rule of integration
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′ 𝑣2 + 𝑢′′ 𝑣3 −…….
where 𝑣1 = ∫ 𝑣, 𝑣2 = ∫ 𝑣1 and so on.
𝑢 = −[𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 − 1𝑒 𝑡 ]
𝑢 = −[𝑡 − 1]𝑒 𝑡
𝑢 = [1 − 𝑡]𝑒 𝑡
𝑥
𝑢 = [1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]𝑒 ⅇ
𝑓1 𝑋
𝑣=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑊(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 )
𝑥
ⅇ −2𝑥 ⅇ ⅇ
𝑣=∫ 𝑑𝑥
ⅇ −3𝑥
𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥−2𝑥 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡 then 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡. Thus,
𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑒𝑡
𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑒ⅇ .
By M.O.V.O.P, 𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑢𝑓1 + 𝑣𝑓2
𝑥 𝑥
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼. = [1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]𝑒 ⅇ 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
i.e. 𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
i.e.𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 ⅇ + 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥
i.e. ∴ 𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑒 −2𝑥
Thus, the general solution
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶. 𝐹. +𝑃. 𝐼. = 𝑐1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 ⅇ 𝑒 −2𝑥
OR(optional)
An electric circuit consists of an inductance 𝐿, a
condenser of capacitance 𝐶 and e.m.f 𝐸 = 𝐸0 cos 𝜔𝑡 so
ⅆ2 𝑄
that the charge 𝑄 saisfies the differential equation +
ⅆ𝑡 2
𝑄 𝐸0 1
= cos 𝜔𝑡 if 𝜔 = and initially at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑄 = 𝑄0
𝐿𝐶 𝐿 √𝐿𝐶

and current 𝑖 = 𝑖0 find the charge at any time 𝑡.

ⅆ2 𝑄 𝑄 𝐸0
Ans. + 𝐿𝐶 = cos 𝜔𝑡
ⅆ𝑡 2 𝐿

𝑑2𝑄 𝐸0
2
+ 𝜔2 𝑄 = cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
 𝐸0
(𝐷2 + 𝜔2 )𝑄 = cos 𝜔𝑡
𝐿
𝐸0
(𝐷2 + 𝜔2 )𝑄 = cos 𝜔𝑡
𝐿
A.E. is (𝐷2 + 𝜔2 ) = 0
𝐷2 = −𝜔2
𝐷 = ±𝜔𝑖
𝐶. 𝐹. = 𝑐1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 𝜔𝑡
1 𝐸0
𝑃. 𝐼. = cos 𝜔𝑡
(𝐷2 2
+𝜔 ) 𝐿
𝐸0 1
= cos 𝜔𝑡
𝐿 (𝐷 + 𝜔 2 )
2

𝐸0 1
= cos 𝜔𝑡
𝐿 (−𝜔 + 𝜔 2 )
2

𝐸0 1
= cos 𝜔𝑡
𝐿 (0)
𝐸0 𝑡 1
= cos 𝜔𝑡
𝐿 (2𝐷)
𝐸0 𝑡 1
= cos 𝜔𝑡
2𝐿 𝐷
𝐸0 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡
=
2𝐿 𝜔
𝐸0 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡
= .
2𝐿𝜔
𝐸0 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡
General solution is 𝑄 = 𝑐1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 𝜔𝑡 + .
2𝐿 𝜔

𝑖 = −𝑐1 𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡

𝐸0
+ [𝑡𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 + sin 𝜔𝑡]
2𝐿𝜔
Using 𝑄 = 𝑄0 when 𝑡 = 0 we get
𝑐1 = 𝑄0.
Using 𝑖 = 𝑖0 when 𝑡 = 0 we get
𝑖0 = 𝑐2 𝜔
𝑖
i.e. 𝑐2 = 𝜔0.
𝑖 𝐸0 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡
Thus charge is 𝑄 = 𝑄0 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜔0 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 2𝐿𝜔
∞
Q.5 a) Evaluate the integral ∫𝑜 𝑒 −3𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 4 5 3 1.1.1,
2.1.3
Solution: 4
∞
Let 𝐼 = ∫𝑜 𝑒 −3𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
∞
On comparing with 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 ⅇ−st f(t)dt we get 𝑠 =
3 and 𝑓(𝑡) = sin 𝑡
4
 ∞
So that, 𝐼 = ∫𝑜 𝑒 −3𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿{sin 𝑡}𝑠=3
4
𝑎
∵ 𝐿{sin 𝑎𝑡} = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 with 𝑎 = 1 we get
∞ 1
, 𝐼 = ∫𝑜 𝑒 −3𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿{sin 𝑡}𝑠=3 = (𝑠2 +1) =
𝑠=3
1 1
(32 +1) = 𝐼 = (10).
𝑠+3
b) Find 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+4)2 ].

𝑠+3 (𝑠 + 4) − 1
𝐿−1 [ 2
] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠 + 4) (𝑠 + 4)2
∵ 𝐿−1 [𝑓(𝑠 + 𝑎)] = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)]
𝑠+3 𝑠−1
∴ 𝐿−1 [ 2
] = 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 2 ]
(𝑠 + 4) 𝑠
1 1
= 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝐿−1 [ − 2 ]
𝑠 𝑠
1 1
∵ 𝐿−1 [𝑠 ] = 1 and 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 ] = 𝑡
𝑠+3
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+4)2 ] = 𝑒 −4𝑡 [1 − 𝑡].

OR(optional)
a)Find 𝐿[sin2 4𝑡].
1−cos 8𝑡
Ans. 𝐿[sin2 4𝑡] = 𝐿 [ ]
2

1
= 𝐿[1 − cos 8𝑡]
2
1 1
= 2 {𝐿[1] − 𝐿[cos 8𝑡]} ∵ 𝐿[1] = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿[cos 𝑎𝑡] =
𝑠
𝑠
𝑠2 +𝑎2
1 1 𝑠
∴ 𝐿[sin2 4𝑡] = { − 2 }
2 𝑠 𝑠 + 82
1 1 𝑠
= { − 2 }
2 𝑠 𝑠 + 64
1 𝑠 2 + 64 − 𝑠 2
= { }
2 𝑠(𝑠 2 + 64)
1 64
= { 2 }
2 𝑠(𝑠 + 64)
32
= 𝑠(𝑠2 +64).
𝑎
b) Obtain inverse Laplace transform of 𝑠(𝑠−𝑎).
𝑎 1 𝑎
Ans. 𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠−𝑎)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠 (𝑠−𝑎)].

Comparing with
𝑡
𝐿−1 [𝑓1̅ (𝑠)𝑓2̅ (𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓1 (𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑓2 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 we get
 1 1
𝑓1̅ (𝑠) = , 𝑓1 (𝑡 − 𝑢) = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 1
𝑠 𝑠
𝑎 𝑎 1
𝑓2̅ (𝑠) = (𝑠−𝑎) , 𝑓2 (𝑢) = 𝐿−1 [𝑠−𝑎] = 𝑎𝐿−1 [𝑠−𝑎] = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑡
𝑎
∴ 𝐿−1 [ ] = ∫ 1𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑢
𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎) 0
𝑡
= ∫ 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑢
0
𝑡
= 𝑎 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑢
0
𝑎
= 𝑎 [𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 1]

= 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 1.
Q.6 a) Six dice are thrown 780 times. How many times do you 8
expect at least four dice to show a three or four?
Ans. Given 𝑛 = 6
𝑁 = 780
at least 4 means 4 or 5 or 6
Firstly,
Probability of getting 3 or 4 on a single die
= 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 3 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓
1 1
= +
6 6
2
=
6
1
𝑝=
3
1 2
𝑞 =1− =
3 3
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 3
𝑜𝑟 4 = 𝑵 × 𝑷(𝒂𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟒)
= 𝑁 × [𝑃(4) + 𝑃(5) + 𝑃(6)]
Where

4 6−4
1 4 2 2
𝑃(4) = 6𝐶4 𝑝 𝑞 = 6𝐶4 ( ) ( ) = 0.082305
3 3

5 6−5
1 5 2 1
𝑃(5) = 6𝐶5 𝑝 𝑞 = 6𝐶4 ( ) ( ) = 0.016461
3 3
1 6 2 0
𝑃(6) = 6𝐶6 𝑝6 𝑞 6−6 = 6𝐶4 ( ) ( ) = 0.001372
3 3
∴ 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒
 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 3 𝑜𝑟 4
= 𝑵 × 𝑷(𝒂𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟒)
= 780 × [0.248287]
= 193.66~194
b) Assuming that the diameter of 1000 brass plugs taken
consecutively from a machine form a normal distribution
with mean 0.7515 inch and S.D. 0.0020 inch, how many
plugs are likely to be rejected if approved diameters are
0.7520 ± 0.0040. Given that the area under the normal
curve for 𝑆. 𝑁. 𝑉. 1.75 is 0.4599 and for 𝑆. 𝑁. 𝑉. 2.25 is
0.4878.
Ans. Given 𝜇 = 0.7515, 𝜎 = 0.0020,
Approved diameters are 0.7520 ± 0.0040 means
diameters in between (0.7520 − 0.0040) and (0.7520 +
0.0040) are acceptable. Diameters other than in this range
will be rejected.
𝑥1 = 0.7520 − 0.0040 = 0.7480, 𝑧 1
0.7480 − 0.7515
= = −1.75
0.0020
𝑥2 = 0.7520 + 0.0040 = 0.7560, 𝑧 2
0.7560 − 0.7515
= = 2.25
0.0020

Probability of plugs with approved diameter =

𝑃(0.7480 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.7560)
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧 = 0 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑧
= −1.75) + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑧
= 2.25)
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑧 = 1.75) +
+𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑧 = 2.25)
= 0.4599 + 0.4878
= 0.9477
 ∴Number of brass plugs with approved diameters =
1000 × 𝑃(0.7480 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.7560)
= 1000 × 0.9477
= 947.7 ≈ 948
Number of brass plugs that will be refused = 1000 −
Numbⅇr of brass plugs that will bⅇ approvⅇd =
1000 − 948 = 52
OR(optional)
a) a) The probability that a man aged 35 years will die
before reaching the age of 40 years may be taken as
0.018. Out of 400 men now aged 35 years, what is the
probability that 2 men will die within the next 5 years?
Ans. Here 𝑝 = 0.018 , 𝑛 = 400, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜆 = 𝑛𝑝 =
400 × 0.018 = 7.2
Poisson’s distribution formula is
𝜆𝑟 −𝜆
𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑒 , 𝑟 = 0,1,2, …
𝑟!
Here formula of Poisson’s distribution for death before
the age of 40
7.2𝑟 −7.2
= 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑒 , 𝑟 = 0,1,2, … , 𝑛
𝑟!
𝑟 = 2 ∴Probability that 2 men will die
(7.2)2
= 𝑃(2) = 𝑒 −7.2 = 0.01936.
2!

b) Normal distribution has mean 15.73 and S.D. 2.08. Find

the percentage of cases that fall between 17.81 and 13.65.
Given that the area under the normal curve for 𝑆. 𝑁. 𝑉. 1 is
0.3413.
Ans. Given 𝜇 = 15.73, 𝜎 = 2.08,
17.81 − 15.73
𝑥1 = 17.81, 𝑧1 = =1
2.08
13.65 − 15.73
𝑥2 = 13.65, 𝑧2 = = −1
2.08
 Probability of cases that fall in between 17.81 and
13.65

= 𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1)
= 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑧1 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = −1
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧 = 0 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑧1
= 1) + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑧2
= −1)
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧 = 0 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑧1
= 1) + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑧2
= 1)
= 2 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑧 = 0 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑧1 = 1)
= 2 × 0.3413
= 0.6826
∴ Required percentage = 0.6826 × 100 = 68.26%.