Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VI - Western Visayas
DIVISION OF CAPIZ
ESTEFANIA MONTEMAYOR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Brgy. Ongol Ilaya, Dumarao, Capiz

Compilation of Reports in
Understanding Culture,
Society, and Politics
(UCSP)

GRADE 11 STEM A

Submitted to:
Sir Reynald Jay Capuso

Submitted by:
STEM A
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE REPORTERS PAGE

Apects of Culture Ronneth Grace Barrios

Elements of Culture Axel Samm Lyandre Datiles
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Clydd Jenner Generoso
Relativism
Human Biocultural and Social Mona Isabel Pilar
Evolution
Sociocultural and Political Princess Ashley Mae Genova
Evolution
Enculturation/Socialization Charmaine Leigh Padernal

Conformity and Deviance Tristhan James Alnas

Human Dignity, Rights, and the Karen Heart Ponce
Common Good
How Society is Organized Fhevie Jane Panizales
Kinship, Marriage and, Ayesha Kaye Huqueriza & Sharah
Household
Gwen Funa
 ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Reported by:
Ronneth Grace Barrios

Culture - Edward B. Tylor defined culture as “that complex whole which includes
knowledge, art, belief, law, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by
man as a member of society.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE:
Dynamic, Flexible and Adaptive - Culture constantly changes and adapts to the current
state of society. It continuously restores itself whenever customs do not fit in the current
situation anymore. It does not remain stagnant.
EXAMPLE: Because we are now more inclined to use computers and tablets especially
when playing games, some children are not able to play street games anymore. This pushed
some game developers to introduce Filipino street games as video games
Shared and Contested - Culture through its elements is enjoyed by group of people who
lived together. Culture is for group of people which may be changed in accordance to the
needs. Sometimes it causes conflict to other groups.
EXAMPLE: People may identify both as an American and as a Black American, . Ethnicities
living in the same country commonly have different cultures in areas such as language,
fashion, religion, history, heritage, music and cuisine.
Learning through Socialization or Enculturation - According to Social Psychologist, Dr.
A. Bandura, we learned our ways of living by interacting with people. Culture is learned with
practice through continued process. It is a lifelong process in which social interaction plays a
vital role.
a. Socialization - is the process by which we acquire knowledge, language, values,
skills and habits of a society. It describes how people come to understand societal
norms and expectations, accept society's beliefs, and be aware of societal values.
Ex. an individual acquires social skills, values, knowledge, etc. through family,
teachers, religious leaders, peers, media, etc.
b. Enculturation - s the process of being socialized into a certain culture. The gradual
process of an individual or group learning and adapting to the norms and values of a
culture (or subculture in which they are immersed (E.g learning new language or
clothing style)
Ex. learning and internalizing appropriate dress codes, learning the rules of a
workplace, and learning to avoid cultural taboos.
Patterned Social Interactions - Social interaction is how people living in the same society
or group interact with each other and make relationships. It follows certain structure such as
the way we talk to our parents, teachers and other members of the society.
There are five patterns of social interaction: exchange, cooperation, competition, conflict,
and coercion.
 Exchange is our expectation that whenever we do something good, we will receive
something good in return (Thompson and Hickey, 2005, p.129)
 Cooperation is when people or groups of people work together to achieve a
common goal.
 There are also negative social interactions that are necessary for us to develop and
sharpen our behavior and culture.
 Competition may be viewed as the opposite of cooperation because instead of
working together towards a common goal, competing individuals or groups battle to
achieve the target that only one can have (Thompson and Hickey, 2005, p.129).
 Conflict arises when people disobey rules, control a person by force, or hurt other
people just to achieve their goals. But conflict isn't always considered as bad. The
existence of a conflict can strengthen the unity within a group because they are
threatened by an external factor (Thompson and Hickey, 2005, p.129).
 Coercion happens when a person uses threats or force to persuade another person
(Dictionary.com). People usually coerce others when they cannot achieve their goals
on their own.
Integrated and at times unstable - Once certain part of culture changes, there is an impact
to the whole. Culture is integrated at times because it provides a unifying force that brings
people together around shared values and practices. However, it is also unstable at times
due to the introduction of new ideas or social conflicts that challenge existing cultural norms
and practices.
Requires language and other forms of communication - Language is one of the most
important parts of any culture. It is the way by which people communicate with one another,
build relationships, and create a sense of community. Culture will be successfully transmitted
if it uses language and other forms of communication within their context.
EXAMPLE: In other forms of communication you can communicate hunger through making a
gesture pointing to your stomach or your mouth, a universal sign.
Transmitted through Socialization or Enculturation - A key element of cultural
transmission is that it is, in part, transmitted across generations, or at the very least, between
individuals. These sources of cultural information are known as socialization (or socializing)
agents. Acquired through learning, cultural ideas, activities, and artifacts are handed down
from generation to generation as a super organic inheritance, which means it is inherently
passed on through generations.
EXAMPLE: establishment of School of Living Traditions (SLT) and indigenous communities
in various parts of the country to facilitate and ensure the transmission of dying or
endangered facets of Philippine traditions

References:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XsTUEtRR4do
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/aspects-of-culture-243965367/243965367#8
https://www.coursehero.com/file/78191213/UCSP-2-week-2-okpdf/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p1o9gsqd/Aspects-of-Culture-II-Patterned-Social-
Interaction-Patterned-Social-Interaction/
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-perpetual-help-system-dalta/business-
finance/lesson-2-aspects-of-culture/29527610
 ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
Reported by:
Axel Samm Lyandre Datiles

Culture and society are complexly related. As the society changes, culture follows and vice
versa.

What are the elements of culture?

Symbols - refers to anything that is used to stand for something else. It is anything that
gives meaning to the culture. Symbols are visual representations of beliefs, languages,
emotions, and other abstract concepts.

Language - is known as the storehouse of culture. Its system of words and symbols used to
communicate with other people. We have a lot of dialects in the Philippines that provide a
means of understanding. Through these, culture is hereby transmitted to future generation
through learning.

Norms - Norms are aspects of culture that humans live by, standards set up to tell one right
from wrong. Cultural norms are different from beliefs in that they are specific guidelines
passed down from parents and elders, rather than views on the world that tend to be more
philosophical.
Example:
Basic Etiquette
 Filipinos tend to dress modestly, especially when in public.
 It is expected that the elderly and those of a higher social status are treated with
respect.
 Many Filipinos avoid blasphemy and cursing as it may cause themselves to lose
face.
 It is common practice to remove one’s shoes before entering someone’s home. The
host may offer you slippers to wear inside the home.

Values - are a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society. Values are
deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs. Values are
beliefs that we have about what is important, both to us and to society as a whole.

A value, therefore, is a belief (right or wrong) about the way something should be. Values
are essential in validating norms; normative rules without reference to underlying values lack
motivation and justification. Meanwhile, without corresponding norms, values lack concrete
direction and execution (McAdams, 2001).

Festivals - celebrate a community's unique cultural identity. They often reflect the history,
beliefs, and practices of a particular group, allowing individuals to connect with their roots.
Examples:
 Dia de los Muertos
 Taiwan Lantern Festival
 Ati-atihan Festival

Rituals and Ceremonies - Cultural rituals and ceremonies are similar to festivals but often
have a more solemn and commemorative element.
Example:
In the Philippines, specific ceremonies involving offering rituals include the atang ritual
among the Ilocano people, the ritual nailing on the cross every Good Friday in Cutud,
Pampanga, and the rituals intertwined with planting staple crops in Malitbog, Central
Philippines.

Religion - it acts as one among many forms of overtly expressing and experiencing
spirituality that is inward, personal, subjective, transcendental, and unsystematic. It
influences cultural practices, provides moral guidance, and contributes to the organization of
communities.
Ex: Christianity
Islam
Judaism
Taoism

Food - Food is an essential part of every culture. It's more than just a means of sustenance,
but a way of expressing oneself, connecting with others, and passing on rich cultural
heritage. Food is deeply ingrained in our cultural identity and serves as a representation of
our heritage, history, and values.
Ex: Ukrainian borscht
Italian white truffles
Baguette bread

Architecture - Architecture and culture are strongly intertwined since a society's

planning and building of its structures reflects its values, beliefs, and ambitions.
Architecture is both shaped by and a physical expression of culture.
Ex: Qanat Quartier – Pearl-qatar
Neasden Temple

Taboos - is a Polynesian word meaning 'forbidden'. It is a belief that develops from

cultural experiences and imposes prohibitions, influencing society's life and settlement
patterns.
Examples:
 Incest
 Drugs
 Cannibalism
 Pedophilia
 Asking a lady’s age
 Homosexuality

SPORTS

Clothing and Outfits - is an expression, image and personality of a culture, because

from clothing can be reflected the norms and cultural values of a nation. Clothing tends to be
inseparable from the culture of society, because it is influenced by habits, customs that exist
in society.
Ex: Kimono, Hanbok, Kilt

Social Hierarchy - Different cultures have their own ways of organizing society into
hierarchies. A hierarchy is needed to help a culture sort out who will be the decision-makers
and get preferential treatment in social situations.
For example, conservative cultures tend to prefer men as leaders at the expense of women.
But, they may also give preferential treatment to women and children when it comes to
comforts and healthcare.
As another example, some societies sort out their social hierarchy through tribal rights or
birthright, such as in kingdoms and monarchies. By contrast, other cultures have traditions
of sorting out who will have power through democratic elections.

Culture has many elements which, combined, create a coherent cultural identity. Often, we
only personally identify with some elements of the culture. But, we can usually identify
dominant elements of our culture, even if we only choose to participate in a few of them.
This shows how culture is fluid and hard to pin down. It changes with each generation.

References:
 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Reported by:
Clydd Jenner Generoso

What is Ethnocentrism?
 The word Ethnocentrism is derived from two greek words “Ethno” which means
nation and “centrism” meaning center.
 It is the view or belief that one’s group is superior compared to another.
 The tendency to evaluate other cultures in terms of one’s own and to conclude that
other cultures are inferior, barbaric, or immoral.

William Graham Sumner (1906) stated that ethnocentrism is a technical name to see things
in which one’s own cultural identity is the center of everything over which all must be scaled,
rated, and referred to.

EXAMPLES OF ETHNOCENTRISM
One infamous examples of ethnocentrism was during World War 2 during the reign of Adolf
Hitler in Nazi, Germany wherein he promoted the idea of German Supremacy.

Ethnocentric
 It is used to describe a person who is doing the act of ethnocentrism

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIVIDUAL WITH AN ETHNOCENTRIC VIEW

 Belief in Cultural Supremacy
They believe that their own culture, values, traditions, and ways of life are inherently better
or more correct than those of other cultures.

 Judging other cultures

They tend to judge other cultures by the standards and norms of their own culture, often
viewing differences as deficiencies or flaws.

 Stereotyping
Some may rely on stereotypes to describe or assess people from other cultures, often
leading to oversimplified or biased views.
For instance, people tend to generalize that arab people are somewhat associated with
terrorism.

 Unwillingness to learn
They may show little interest in learning about or understanding other cultures, viewing such
efforts as unnecessary.
When it comes to culture, learning is the key aspect towards understanding different beliefs,
tradition, norms, and etc.

 Cultural Isolation
They may prefer to maintain cultural isolation, resisting globalization or multiculturalism, in
an effort to preserve their perceived cultural purity

Ethnocentrism Advantages
 1. Promotes solidarity and loyalty
2. Develops cultural pride

Ethnocentrism Disadvantages
1. Leads to conflict with groups considered inferior
2. Oppression
3. Discrimination
4. Racism
5. Genocide

CULTURAL RELATIVISM
 It refers to an objective analysis of one’s own culture seeing and understanding of
one’s beliefs and traditions from his/her own point of view.
 It also entails not to judge the practices of others based on your own culture; hence,
respecting it in their own cultural context.

SITUATION
For example, you may find eating insects as an unacceptable and a disgusting practice.
However, in Thailand, as well as parts of Central America like Mexico, it is considered a
delicacy.

JAMES RACHELS
“We should care about the interest of other people for the same reason we care about our
own interest; for their needs and desires are comparable to our own”

According to James Rachels (2003), the following claims have all been made by cultural
relativists:

 Each society has a diverse set of moral conducts.

 The rightfulness of an action within a society is primarily determined by the moral
standards of that society.
 There is no objective standard that can be used as a basis of comparison among
societies.
 The moral code of our own society is just part of a larger body of morality and ethical
standards.
 High tolerance among all culture must be exercised always.

CULTURAL RELATIVISM
The aspect of mutual respect and understanding must be observed. This is the first step
towards a deeper appreciation of one’s culture. Tolerance and acceptance of cultural
diversities within the bounds of our own moral and ethical standard can be a way to
understand individual differences.

References:
 Human Bio-cultural and Social Evolution
Reported by:
Mona Isabel Pilar

The Theory of Evolution was first formulated by Charles Darwin in his siminal work "On the
Origin of Species" means natural selection it was published in 1859. In his book, Darwin
describes how organisms evolve over generations through the inheritance of physical of
behavioral traits.

Biological Evolution
 HOMINIDS
 Also known as "Manlike Primates". Species of primates which were able to evolve
in 40 million years ago
 (Ex. Ramapithecus, Lucy, Australopithecus)
 HOMO HABILIS
 Also known as "Able Man" or "Handy Man".
 The apelike men who first used stone tools as weapons and protection from
enemies.
 First true human lived about 1.4 to 2.4 million years ago.
 HOMO ERECTUS
 Also known as "Upright Man".
 First manlike creature that lived about 500,000 years ago.
 He made refined stone tools for hunting and weapons for protection of enemies.
 First human species to control fire and do art.
 HOMO SAPIENS
 Also known as "The Thinking Man" or "Wise Man".
 Direct descendant of modern man who lived 250,000 years ago.
 Primitive men whose activities were largely dependent on hunting, fishing and
agriculture.
REFERENCE:
 Sociocultural and Political Evolution
Reported by:
Princess Ashley Mae Genova

Cultural evolution - The development of culture through time, as societies respond to the
threats and challenges posed by the environment.

Sociopolitical evolution - happens when societies develop new forms of economic

subsistence, acquire knowledge and apply new technology.

GERHARD LENSKI - An American Sociologist argued that human society undergoes

transformation and evolution and in the process develops technological advancement.
-“The more technology a society has, the faster it changes”

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOCIETIES:

1. HUNTING AND GATHERING
 The earliest form of society.
 Produces simple form of tools used to hunt for animals and gather plants and vegetation
for food.
 The men are tasked to hunt large animal game like deer, elk, moose, and other animals
available in their areas.The women, on the other hand, are responsible for the collection
of vegetation, berries, and small edible crops.
 They rely on nature for their food, they frequently move and do not have permanent
settlements.
 They are nomadic societies.They live in caves and pots or underground that are dug
and covered with tree branches and leaves.

2. HORTICULTURAL
 Horticultural societies developed around 10,000 years ago and they are described as
semisedentary societies because they do not frequently move as opposed to hunting
and gathering societies.
 They produce and use simple forms of hand tools to plant crops.
 They use hoes and digging sticks to bore holes in the ground for seed planting.
 In horticultural societies, there is a surplus of food. Because food supply is more than
enough to feed the members of society, some of its members engage in other forms of
subsistence like making crafts and trading.

3. PASTORAL
 Pastoral societies rely on the domestication of animals as a resource for survival.
 Pastoral groups were able to breed livestock for food, clothing, and transportation, and
they created a surplus of goods.
 Herding or pastoral societies remained nomadic because they were forced to follow their
animals to fresh feeding grounds.

4. AGRICULTURAL
 Agricultural societies relied on permanent tools for survival.
 Farmers learned to rotate the types of crops grown on their fields and to reuse waste
products such as fertilizer, which led to better harvests and bigger surpluses of food.
 New tools for digging and harvesting were made of metal, human settlements grew into
towns and cities, and particularly bountiful regions became centers of trade and
commerce.

 NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
 also called as the First Agricultural Revolution.
 Neolithic, final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among
prehistoric humans.
 It was characterized by stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, dependence on
domesticated plants or animals, settlement in permanent villages, and the appearance
of such crafts as pottery and weaving.

5. INDUSTRIAL
 Began when the industrial revolution swept through Europe during the late eighteenth
century and the first half of the nineteenth century.
 During the industrial revolution, new sources of energy where harnessed, advanced
forms of technology were applied, and machineries were invented.
 These changes led to industrialization od the transformation of an agricultural society
onto a production- and manufacturing- based one.
 During this time, people left their farm lands and transferred to the urban areas to work
in factories.

6. POST-INDUSTRIAL
 Society marked by a transition from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based
economy, a transition that is also connected with subsequent societal restructuring.
Post-industrialization is the next evolutionary step from an industrialized society and is
most evident in countries and regions that were among the first to experience the
Industrial Revolution, such as the United States, western Europe, and Japan.

POLITICAL EVOLUTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY CIVILIZATION

 The development of the early civilizations showed the political evolution of society.
 A civilization develops because of a society's highly advanced level of culture, social
organization, political developments, judicial system, arts, and other forms of culture at a
particular time.

FOUR MAJOR CIVILIZATIONS:

1. Sumer
 developed along the tigris and euphrates river in west asia
 Sumer was an ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the Fertile
Crescent situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Known for their innovations
in language, governance, architecture and more, Sumerians are considered the creators
of civilization as modern humans understand it.
 In Ancient Sumer, the social structure was very important. There were three different
classes; the upper class, the common class, and the bottom.
 In the upper class, there were the priests, landowners, and government officials. In the
common class, there were merchants, craftsmen, farmers, and fishermen. The bottom
class was all of the slaves.
2. Indus valley
 started along the indus river valley in india
 The earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent, the Indus civilization, dates
back to about 2500–1700 BCE. It was one of the world’s three earliest civilizations,
along with those of Mesopotamia and Egypt. The Indus cities are known for their urban
planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, and
clusters of large, nonresidential buildings.
 The caste system had four main groups: the Brahmins consisting of priests and kings;
the Kshatriyas, the warriors and aristocrats; the Vaishyas, cultivators, artisans and
merchants; and the Shudras or peasants and serfs.

3. Shang
 developed near the huang ho river
 The Shang Dynasty is the earliest ruling dynasty of China to be established in recorded
history, though other dynasties predated it. The Shang ruled from 1600 to 1046 B.C.
and heralded the Bronze Age in China. They were known for their advances in math,
astronomy, artwork and military technology.
 Citizens of the Shang Dynasty were classified into four social classes: the king and
aristocracy, the military, artisans and craftsmen, and peasants.

4. Egyptian
 started along the nile river
 Ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world for almost 30
centuries. The main sources of information about ancient Egypt are the many
monuments, objects and artifacts that have been recovered from archaeological sites,
covered with hieroglyphs that have only recently been deciphered. The picture that
emerges is of a culture with few equals in the beauty of its art, the accomplishment of its
architecture or the richness of its religious traditions.
 There were six classes of society: (1) the pharaoh, or king, (2) government officials, (3)
nobles and priests, (4) scribes and soldiers, (5) artisans and merchants, and (6)
peasants and slaves.

REFERENCES:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_MaG3LUVgE&t=126s
https://study.com/academy/lesson/video/gerhard-lenskis-theories-of-sociocultural-
evolution-social-stratification-technology.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6r_Kql-V34
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/sociocultural-and-political-evolution/78648614
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/sultan-kudarat-state-university/mat-
mathematics/copy-of-ucsp11-q1-mod4of12-sociocultural-evolution-v2/35582183
https://www.theschoolrun.com/homework-help/ancient-sumer-and-mesopotamia
https://www.historyofayurveda.org/library/indus-river-valley-civilization-societal-
structure
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/social-differences-in-indus-valley-civilization-class-
12-history/
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/early-civilizations-58626256/58626256
https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-china/shang-dynasty
 Enculturation/Socialization
Reported by:
Charmaine Leigh Padernal

What is Enculturation/Socialization?
Enculturation is the process where the culture that is currently established teaches
an individual the accepted norms and values of the culture or society where the
individual lives.

Types Of Enculturation
a) Formal - learned through explicit instruction.
b) Informal - Learned indirectly,often through observation
c) Conscious - Deliberately enculturating yourself.
d) Unconscious - Enculturating through immersion.

Socialization
Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the
cultural norms,values,beliefs,and behavior of their society or social group.It is a
lifelong process that begins in childhood and continues throughout one’s life.

Types Of Socialization
a. Primary Socialization - occurs when parents and other members of the child's
immediate family teach the child about cultural norms.
b. Secondary Socialization - occurs when people other than parents or immediate
family members teach children how to behave, or what the moral code of their
community is.
c. Anticipatory Socialization - Refers to the process of learning and preparing for
culture roles and responsibilities.
d. Professional or developmental Socialization - This process of socialization
occurs during the early years of an individual’s life. It develops his skills and
attitude that he will assume as an adult.
e. Resocialization -t he concept of adapting to a new social/cultural norms or
values.

IDENTITY FORMATION
a) INDENTITIES
The set of qualities, beliefs, personality traits, appearance, and/or expressions that
characterize a person or a group. Identity emerges during childhood as children start
to comprehend their self-concept, and it remains a consistent aspect throughout
different stages of life.
b) DISCIPLINE
The quality of being able to behave and work in a controlled way which involves
obeying particular rules or standards.
c) ASPIRATION
A strong desire to achieve something high or great.
NORMS AND VALUES

NORMS
Norms are those culturally determined rules that guide people regarding what
is “right”, “wrong”, “proper”, “improper”. They create predictability in daily affairs and
interactions, making it easier to live with other members of society.They are
fundamental to the establishment of social order in any societies (Newman, 2012 as
cited by Santarita and Madrid). These include society’s standards of morality, good
manners, legality, and integrity.

4 Types Of Norms
1) Folkway
 customary patterns that specify what is socially correct and proper in everyday
life.
 repetitive or typical habits and patterns of expected behavior followed within a
group or community.
Example.
Always say please and thank you
Apologizing for wronging another person
Dress appropriately
Greeting people upon meeting them
Listening when someone is speaking
Raise hand before talking
Correct manners

2) Mores
 norms of morality, or right and wrong, and if you break one, it is often considered
offensive to most people of a culture.
 Sticter than folkways.
Example.
gossiping
stealing
lying
bullying
breaking a promise

3) Law
 is a norm that is formally inscribed at the state or federal level and is enforced by
police or other government agents.
Example.
Traffic law
Curfew laws
Employment law
4) Taboos
 Very strong negative norms,strict prohibition of certain behavior that is so strict
that violating it results in extreme disgust and even expulsion from the group or
society.
Example.
Adultery
homosexuality
eating pork
cannibalism
Incest

Values
Individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. They serve as a
guide for human behavior. Generally, people are predisposed to adopt the values
that they are raised with.
Example:
HONESTY
POLITENESS
RESPECTFULNESS

STATUS AND ROLE

Status - is the rank or position that a person holds. In sociology, status's definition
often describes a particular role that correlates with a status.
2 TYPES OF STATUS
1. Achieved status - Is one that chosen or achieved it is acquired through one’s
effort.It also refers to as a result of some degree or purposive action and choice.
2. Ascribed status - Is a social status that a person acquires at birth and it
happens involuntarily.This status remains permanent throughout his/her life.

Role - is the set of expected behaviors ,obligation,and associated with a particular

status.
3 TYPES OF ROLE
1. Role conflict- describes a conflict between or among the roles corresponding to
two or more statuses fulfilled by one individual.
2. Role strain- refers to the strain experienced by people when they are not able to
fulfill the demands of their social role or carry out their responsibilities.
3. Role Exit- an individual stops engaging in a role previously central to their identity
and begins the process of establishing a new identity.

REFERENCES:
 Conformity and Deviance
Reported by:
Tristhan James Alnas
What is Conformity and Deviance?
CONFORMITY - refers to the process through which individuals change their behavior to
match that of a group or societal standards. This adjustment can be driven by a desire for
acceptance, fear of rejection, or a belief in the accuracy of the group's norms.

Types of Conformity
1. NORMATIVE CONFORMITY - This occurs when an individual conforms to be accepted or
liked by a group.
2. INFORMATIONAL CONFORMITY - This happens when an individual conforms because
they believe the group has accurate information or better knowledge.
3. COMPLIANCE - This is a form of conformity where an individual outwardly agrees with
the group's norms or behaviors but may not privately accept them.
4. IDENTIFICATION - This involves conforming to a group because the individual values the
group and wants to be part of it.
5. INTERNALIZATION - In this type, the individual's beliefs or behaviors change to align
with those of the group, and they genuinely adopt the group's norms as their own.

DEVIANCE - refers to behaviors, beliefs, or conditions that violate societal norms or

expectations.

Types of Deviance
1. PRIMARY DEVIANCE - Minor violations of norms that do not significantly impact a
person's self-identity or societal role.
2. SECONDARY DEVIANCE - More significant violations that occur as a result of a person's
reaction to being labeled deviant.
3. FORMAL DEVIANCE - Actions that violate laws or regulations and are punishable by
legal sanctions.
4. INFORMAL DEVIANCE - Actions that violate social norms but do not necessarily break
laws.
5. POSITIVE DEVIANCE - Behaviors that exceed social expectations and are viewed
positively.
6. NEGATIVE DEVIANCE - Behaviors that are harmful or disapproved of by society.

Social Control
1. GOSSIP
Informal social control where individuals spread information or opinions about others'
behavior, which can lead to social pressure to conform.
2. SOCIAL OSTRACISM
Exclusion from social groups or activities as a punishment for deviating from norms, leading
to social isolation.
3. LAWS AND PUNISHMENTS
Formal mechanisms where legal systems establish rules and impose sanctions for those
who violate them, ranging from fines to imprisonment.

Forms of Deviance
1. RITUALISM
Adhering to norms and rules rigidly, even though the original goals or values behind
them are no longer relevant or achievable.
2. RETREATISM
Rejecting both societal goals and means, often leading to withdrawal from societal
expectations
3. REBELLION
Rejecting both established societal norms and goals, and actively seeking to create and
impose new norms and goals.
4. INNOVATION
Accepting societal goals but using unconventional or unapproved criminal behavior to
achieve financial success.

REFERENCES:
 Human Dignity, Rights, and the Common Good
Reported by:
Karen Heart Ponce
Human dignity
•Respect and acknowledgement of an individual person, a human being.
•An idea that a person has an innate right to be valued, respected, and treated well.
•It is something that can’t be taken away, each person must be free from slavery,
manipulation, and exploitation.

Violation Against Human Dignity

1. Humiliation
Refers to acts that humiliate or diminish the self-worth of a person or a group.
•Injuries to people’s self-worth or their self-esteem.

2. Degredation
Acts that degrade the value of human beings
•Diminishes the importance or value of all human beings

3. Dehumanization
Acts that strip a person or a group of their human characteristics.
•Describing or treating people as animals or as a lower type of human being.

5. Objectification
•This aspect refers to treating a person as an instrument or as means to achieve
some other goal.

Human Rights
 Rights
Are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; are the fundamental
normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to
some legal system.

 Human Rights
Are natural rights of all human beings whatever their nationality, religion, ethnicity,
sex, language, and color.

Classes Of Human Rights

1. Natural Rights
Rights inherent to man and given to him by God as human being.
Ex:
Rights to live, love, and be happy

2. Statutory rights
Rights provided by the law making body of a country or by law.
Ex:
The right to receive a minimum wage and right to preliminary investigation.

3. Constitutional rights
Rights guaranteed under the fundamental charter of the country.
Ex:
Rights against unreasonable searches and confiscation, rights safeguarding the
accused.

Classification Of Constitutional Rights

1. Civil rights
 These are rights specified under the Bill of Rights
 Secures private individuals for purpose of securing enjoyment of their means of
happiness.
 Rights enjoyed by an individual by virtue of his citizenship in a state or
community.
Ex: Freedom of speech, rights to information

2. Social and Economic

 Intended to ensure the well-being and economic security of an individual
 Rights to property whether personal, real, or intellectual.
Ex: Right to use and dispose his property, right to practice one’s profession, right to
make a living.

3. Political Rights
 Rights an individual enjoy as a consequence of being a member of body politics.
Ex: Right to vote and be voted into public office.

4. Rights of the Accused

 Intended for the protection of a person accused of any crime.

Common Good
The sum of conditions of social life which allow social groups and their individual
members, relatively thorough and ready access to their fulfillment.

Essential components:
 Public Order
 Prosperity
 Intellectual, Spiritual, & Moral ValuesIn

CONCLUSION
Human dignity, rights, and the common good are essential principles that recognize
the inherent worth of every human being.All people are born free and equal in dignity
and rights. Human dignity involves respecting individuals and protecting them from
humiliation, degradation, dehumanization, and objectification. Upholding human
rights requires respecting civil, political, social, economic, and the rights of the
accused. The common good involves establishing conditions for all members of
society to fulfill themselves through public order, prosperity, and intellectual and
moral being.

REFERENCES:
 How Society is Organized
Reported by:
Fhevie Jane Panizales

Groups within Society

Social Group
 is a collection of individuals who have relations with one another that make them
interdependent to some significant degree.

Interdependence
 it is what enables its members to pursue shared goals or promote common
values and principles

Aggregate
 a mere collection of people who happen to be at the same place
at the same time but who have no other connection to one another.

Primary and Secondary Groups

Primary Group
 is a small, intimate, and less specialized group whose members engage in face
to face and emotion
 based interactions over an extended period of time.
Example
- Family
- Barkada

Secondary Group
 is larger, less intimate and more specialized group where members engage in an
impersonal and objective
 oriented relationship for a limited time
Example
- Employees to their colleagues
- Schoolmates

In-groups and Out-groups

Self-categorization theory
 It proposes that people's appreciation of their group members is influenced bye
their perception toward people who are not members of their group.

In-Group
 is a group to which one belongs and which one feels a sense of identity.
Example
- Family,
- Barkada

Out-Group
 is a group to which one does not belong and to which he or she may feel a
sense of competitiveness or hostility.
Example
- Rival Basketball Team

Reference Group
 Is a group to which an individual compares himself or herself.
 This group strongly influence an individual's behavior and attitudes
Example
- Sports Teams
- Boy Bands

Network
 Refers to the structure of relationships between social actors or groups
 These are interconnections, ties and linkages between people, their groups and
the larger social institutions to which they all belong.
Example
- Facebook
- Instagram
- Tiktok

REFERENCES:
 Kinship, Marriage And Household
Reported by:
Ayesha Kaye Huqueriza & Sharah Gwen Funa

What Is Kinship?
Kinship is a system of social relationships that connect people through blood,
marriage, or adoption. It plays a crucial role in many cultures, influencing social
structure, inheritance, and familial responsibilities

Types Of Kinship
1. Consanguineal Kinship: This is based on blood relationships.
Ex. include the relationship between parents and children, and among siblings.
2 .Affinal Kinship: This is based on marriage.
Ex. include the relationship between a husband and wife, and between in-laws.
3. Fictive Kinship: These are social ties that are not based on blood or marriage but
are treated as if they are.
Ex. include godparents or close family friends who are considered part of the family.
4. Primary Kinship: Direct relationships, such as between parents and children or
between siblings.
5.Secondary Kinship: Relationships that are one step removed from primary
kinship.
For example, the relationship between grandparents and grandchildren, or between
a person and their spouse’s siblings.
5. Tertiary Kinship: Relationships that are two steps removed from primary kinship.
For example, the relationship between great-grandparents and great-grandchildren,
or between a person and their spouse’s cousins

MARRIAGE
Marriage is a legally and socially recognized union between two individuals, typically
involving mutual rights and obligations. It is often formalized through a wedding
ceremony or a legal process.

Here are some key aspects of marriage:

Legal Recognition: Marriage is recognized by law, which grants certain rights and
responsibilities to the married couple. These can include property rights, inheritance,
and tax benefits.
Social and Cultural Significance: Marriage is often seen as a significant social
institution that helps to structure family life and community relationships. It can vary
widely across different cultures and religions.
Emotional and Personal Commitment: Marriage is also a personal commitment
between two people who agree to support and care for each other. This emotional
bond is often celebrated and reinforced through various cultural and religious
practices.

Types of Marriage: There are different forms of marriage, including monogamy (one
spouse), polygamy (multiple spouses), and same-sex marriage. The acceptance and
legality of these forms can vary by country and culture.
Purpose of Marriage: Traditionally, marriage has been associated with procreation
and the raising of children. However, in modern times, it is also seen as a
partnership for mutual support, companionship, and love.

HOUSEHOLD
A household is a social unit consisting of individuals who live together and share
resources. It can include members related by blood (consanguineal kinship),
marriage (affinal kinship), or other social ties (fictive kinship). Households often
function as the basic economic and social units in many societies.

INTERCONNECTIONS
Formation of Households: Marriage often leads to the formation of new
households, where the couple lives together and may raise children. This household
can include extended family members, creating a complex web of kinship ties.
Social Roles and Responsibilities: Kinship and marriage define social roles and
responsibilities within the household. For example, parents are responsible for
raising children, while children may have duties towards their parents and siblings.
Inheritance and Succession: Kinship and marriage influence inheritance patterns
and the transfer of property and titles within a household. In many cultures, these
rules are strictly defined by kinship ties.
Support Systems: Households often serve as support systems, providing
emotional, financial, and social support to their members. Kinship ties strengthen
these support networks, ensuring that individuals have a safety net in times of need

KINSHIP BY BLOOD
Kinship by blood, also known as consanguineal kinship or consanguinity, refers to
the relationships between individuals who share a common ancestor.

DESCENT AND MARRIAGE

Descent and marriage are fundamental concepts in kinship studies, shaping social
structures and relationships within societies.

DESCENT
Descent refers to the socially recognized links between ancestors and descendants.
It determines how individuals trace their lineage and establish kinship ties.

Types of descent systems

1. Unilineal Descent: Traces lineage through one parent only.
Patrilineal Descent: Lineage is traced through the father’s line. This often results in
men holding significant authority within the family and community.
Matrilineal Descent: Lineage is traced through the mother’s line. Property, family
name, and status may be inherited via the female ancestors
2. Double Descent: Recognizes both maternal and paternal lines, assigning
different roles and responsibilities to each. For example, immovable property might
be inherited through the father’s line, while movable property is inherited through the
mother’s line
3. Cognatic (Bilateral) Descent: Traces kinship through both parents equally,
creating a more inclusive family network. This system is common in many Western
societies
4. Ambilineal Descent: Allows individuals to choose whether to trace their lineage
through their mother or father, or even alternate between the two. This system offers
flexibility and can adapt to different social and economic circumstances

KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Kinship by marriage, also known as affinal kinship, refers to the relationships formed
through marriage rather than through bloodMarriage rules can vary significantly
across different cultures, reflecting diverse social norms, traditions, and legal
frameworks.

Here are some key aspects of marriage rules cross-culturally:

1. Marriage Types
Monogamy: One spouse at a time, common in many Western cultures.
Polygamy: Multiple spouses, which can be further divided into:
Polygyny: One man with multiple wives, practiced in some African and Middle
Eastern cultures.
Polyandry: One woman with multiple husbands, found in some Himalayan cultures

2. Marriage Arrangements
Arranged Marriages: Families or matchmakers select the spouse, common in South
Asia, the Middle East, and some African cultures.
Love Marriages: Individuals choose their own partners based on mutual affection,
more common in Western culture

3. Dowry and Bride Price

Dowry: The bride’s family provides gifts or money to the groom’s family, practiced in
South Asia and some parts of Africa.
Bride Price: The groom’s family provides gifts or money to the bride’s family,
common in many African cultures

4. Legal and Religious Requirements

Civil Marriages: Legally recognized by the state, often requiring a marriage license
and ceremony conducted by a legal official.
Religious Marriages: Conducted according to religious rites and recognized by
religious authorities, such as Christian, Hindu, Muslim, or Jewish weddings

5. Gender Roles and Expectations

Traditional Roles: In many cultures, traditional gender roles are emphasized, with
men often seen as providers and women as caretakers.
Evolving Roles: In more egalitarian societies, gender roles within marriage are
becoming more flexible and shared.

6. Intercultural Marriages
Challenges: Intercultural marriages can face challenges such as differing cultural
norms, language barriers, and family expectations.
Benefits: They can also bring diverse perspectives, enrich cultural understanding,
and create stronger, more adaptable family units.
KINSHIP BY RITUAL
Ritual kinship involves creating social bonds through specific ceremonies or rituals.
These bonds are recognized and respected within the community, even though they
are not based on biological or marital connections.

Examples of Ritual Kinship

Godparenthood (Compadrazgo): Common in many cultures, especially in Latin
America and the Philippines, where godparents (compadres and comadres) are
chosen during a child’s baptism. This relationship creates a strong social bond
between the child’s family and the godparents.
Fraternal Orders: Members of organizations like fraternities or sororities often refer
to each other as “brothers” or “sisters,” creating a sense of family and mutual
support.
Adoption Ceremonies: In some cultures, adoption is formalized through rituals that
establish the adopted child as a full member of the family, with all the rights and
responsibilities that come with it.

REFERENCES: