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    Permeability

    Uploaded by

    haynalanggid

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Permeability

    Uploaded by

    haynalanggid
    2 views6 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2 views6 pages

    Permeability

    Uploaded by

    haynalanggid

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SOILS

    Permeability
    Darcy’s Law
    -governs the flow of water through soils.
    -the average flow of velocity through soils is proportional to the gradient of the total head. The velocity of flow is:
    v = ki
    Seepage velocity, vs = v/n
    Where:
    i = H/L = hydraulic gradient
    k = coefficient of permeability or hydraulic conductivity (m/s or m/day)
    n = porosity

    The flow of water is:


    Q = kiA

    DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY


    1. Constant-Head Test
    - Used to determine the coefficient of permeability of coarse-grained soils.

    𝑽𝑳
    𝒌=
    𝒕𝑨𝒉

    Where:

    V = volume of water collected in time t


    h = constant head
    A = cross-sectional area of the soil
    L = length of soil sample
    t = duration of water collection

    2. Falling-Head Test

    - Used for fine-grained soils because the flow of water through these soils is too slow to get reasonable measurement
    from the constant-head test.
    𝒂𝑳 𝒉𝟏
    𝒌= 𝐥𝐧( )
    𝑨(t 2 − t1 ) 𝒉𝟐

    Where:
    a = cross-sectional area of the standpipe
    h1 = head at time t1
    h2 = head at time t2

    Effect of Water Temperature on k


    The hydraulic conductivity of soil is a function of unit weight of water, and thus, it is affected by water temperature. The
    relationship is given by:
    𝑘𝑇1 𝜇𝑇2 𝛾𝑤𝑇1
    =
    𝑘𝑇2 𝜇𝑇1 𝛾𝑤𝑇2
    Where:
    kT1, kT2 = hydraulic conductivities at temperatures T1 and T2, respectively.
    µT1, µT2 = viscosity of water at temperatures T1 and T2, respectively.
    γwT1, γwT2 = unit weight of water at temperatures T1 and T2, respectively.

    Flow Trough Permeable Layers

    Based on the figure, the hydraulic gradient:


    i = h/(L/cosα)

    With reference to the figure, the hydraulic gradient:


    i = sinα
    EMPHERICAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
    1. Hazen Formula (for fairly uniform sand):
    k (cm/sec) = c(D10)2
    where: c = a constant that varies from 1 – 1.5
    D10 = effective size, mm

    2. Casagrande (For fine to medium clean sand):


    K = 1.4 e2k0.85
    where: k = hydraulic conductivity at void ratio, e
    k0.85 = k at void ratio of 0.85
    3. Kozen-Carman Equation
    k = C1(e3/1+e)
    where k is the hydraulic conductivity at a void ratio e and C1 is a constant.
    4. Samarasinhe, Huang, and Drnevich
    k = C3(en/1+e)
    where C3 and n are constants to be determined experimentally.

    EQUIVALENT HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY IN STRATIFIED SOIL

    For parallel flow:

    (kh)eq H = Σ khz

    For Normal/Perpendicular flow:


    𝑯 𝒛
    = 𝚺
    (𝒌𝒗)𝒆𝒒 𝒌𝒗

    Flow through Layers of Aquifers


    For homogeneous flow:

    Keq (H) = k1H1 + k2H2


    flow per unit width, q = keqia
    𝑫𝟏 − 𝑫𝟐
    𝒊=
    𝑳
    𝑫𝟏 − 𝑫𝟐
    𝒂= (𝟏)
    𝑳
    For Non-homogenous flow:

    𝑳 𝑳 𝟏 𝑳𝟐
    = +
    𝒌𝒆𝒒 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐

    Flow per unit width, q = keqia


    𝑫𝟏 − 𝑫𝟐
    𝒊=
    𝑳
    𝑫𝟏 − 𝑫𝟐
    𝒂= (𝟏)
    𝑳

    CONTINUITY EQUATION FOR SIMPLE FLOW PROBLEMS


    Hydraulic Wells
    1. Well in an Unconfined Aquifer underlain by an Impermeable Layer. (Gravity Well/Water Table Wells)

    𝜋k(h2 2 - h1 2 )
    Q=
    ln(R2 /R1 )

    Where:
    h1, h2, R1, R2 are in meters
    k = coefficient of permeability in m/hr
    Q = discharge in m3/hr

    2. Well in a Confined Aquifer Underlain and Overlain by Impermeable Soil Layers. (Artesian Well/Pressure
    Well)

    2𝜋kt(h2 -h1 )
    Q=
    ln(R2 /R1 )

    Where:
    h1, h2, R1, R2 are in meters
    k = coefficient of permeability in m/hr
    Q = discharge in m3/hr
    FLOW NETS

    Flow Net

    Graphical representation of flow field that satisfies Laplace’s equation and comprises a family of flow lines and
    equipotential lines.

    Flow Line

    The path followed by a particle of water as it moves through a saturated soil mass.

    Flow Channels

    The paths through which water flow within the soil.

    Equipotential Line

    A line connecting points of approximately same potential energy.

    If soil is isotropic:

    Nf
    q = kH
    Nd

    If soil is anisotropic:
    Nf
    q = √kx kz H
    Nd

    where:
    Nf = number of flow channels
    Nd = number of equipotential pressure drops
    Nf/Nd = shape factor
    Pressure head drop, ΔH = H/Nd

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